Sithetha ngabantu bexesha elizayo abachaza umhla omkhulu wendalo. Kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini idlulileyo, inani ledatha yebhayoloji enokuhlalutywa liye landa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngenxa yokulandelelana kwegenome yomntu. Ngaphambi koku, sasingenakuyicinga nokuyicinga into yokuba ukusebenzisa inkcazelo egcinwe ngokoqobo egazini lethu, kwakunokwenzeka ukwazi imvelaphi yethu, ukujonga indlela umzimba oya kusabela ngayo kumayeza athile, kwanokutshintsha nemfuzo yethu yebhayoloji.
Eli kunye namanye amanqaku avela kuqala kwi kwiwebhusayithi yethu. Konwabele ukufunda.
Iimpawu ze-avareji ye-bioinformatician ziyafana nezo zomenzi weprogram - amehlo abomvu, isimo esigobileyo kunye namanqaku avela kwiikomityi zekofu kwi-desktop. Nangona kunjalo, kule theyibhile umsebenzi awukho kwi-algorithms engabonakaliyo kunye nemiyalelo, kodwa kwikhowudi yendalo ngokwayo, engasixelela okuninzi ngathi kunye nehlabathi elisingqongileyo.
Iingcali kule nkalo zijongene nezixa ezinkulu zedatha (umzekelo, iziphumo zokulandelelana kwe-genome yomntu omnye zithatha malunga ne-gigabytes eyi-100). Ke ngoko, ukusetyenzwa koluhlu olunjalo lolwazi kufuna iindlela zeSayensi yeDatha kunye nezixhobo. Kusengqiqweni ukuba ingcali yebhayoloji ephumeleleyo iqonde kungekuphela nje ibhayoloji kunye nekhemistri, kodwa neendlela zokuhlalutya idatha, izibalo kunye nemathematika - oku kwenza ukuba umsebenzi wakhe unqabile kwaye uyimfuneko. Iingcali ezinjalo zifuneka ngokukodwa kwiinkalo zeyeza ezintsha kunye nophuhliso lwamachiza. Iingxilimbela zobuchwephesha ezifana ne-IBM kunye ne-Intel , ezinikezelwe kuphononongo lwe-bioinformatics.
Kuthatha ntoni ukuba yi-bioinformatics?
- Ibhayoloji neKhemistri (inqanaba ledyunivesithi);
- I-Matstat, i-algebra yomgca, ithiyori enokwenzeka;
- Iilwimi zokuCwangcisa (Python kunye ne-R, rhoqo zisebenzisa iC ++);
- Kwi-bioinformatics yolwakhiwo: ukuqonda uhlalutyo lwemathematika kunye nethiyori yee-equations ezahlukeneyo.
Ungangena kwicandelo le-bioinformatics ngemvelaphi yebhayoloji kunye nolwazi lwenkqubo kunye nemathematika. Kwixesha langaphambili, ukusebenza kunye neenkqubo ze-bioinformatics esele zenziwe zifanelekile, ekugqibeleni, iprofayili ye-algorithmic ekhethekileyo.
Zenza ntoni ii-bioinformatics?
I-bioinformatics yanamhlanje yohlulwe yangamacandelo amabini aphambili - i-bioinformatics yolwakhiwo kunye ne-bioinformatics ngokulandelelana. Kwimeko yokuqala, sibona umntu ehleli phambi kwekhompyutheni kwaye eqhuba iinkqubo ezinceda ukufunda izinto eziphilayo (umzekelo, i-DNA okanye iiprotheni) kwi-3D visualizations. Bakha iimodeli zekhompyuter ezenza ukuba kube lula ukuqikelela ukuba imolekyuli yechiza iya kusebenzisana njani neprotheni, ukuba ubume beprotein bubukeka njani kwiseli, zeziphi iipropathi zemolekyuli ezichaza ukusebenzisana kwayo kunye nezakhiwo zeselula, njl.
Iindlela ze-bioinformatics zesakhiwo zisetyenziswa ngokusebenzayo kwisayensi yezemfundo nakwishishini: kunzima ukucinga inkampani yamayeza enokuyenza ngaphandle kweengcali ezinjalo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iindlela zekhompyutha zenze lula kakhulu inkqubo yokukhangela amayeza anokubakho, nto leyo eyenza ukuba uphuhliso lwamayeza lube yinkqubo ekhawulezayo nefikelelekayo.
I-SARS-CoV-2 RNA exhomekeke kwi-RNA polymerase (ekhohlo), kunye nokunxulumana kwayo ne-RNA duplex.
Yintoni igenome?
I-genome lulo lonke ulwazi malunga nokwakheka kwemfuzo yezinto eziphilayo. Phantse kuzo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo, umthwali we-genome yi-DNA, kodwa kukho izinto eziphilayo ezihambisa ulwazi lwazo lwelifa ngendlela ye-RNA. I-genome idluliselwa ukusuka kubazali ukuya kubantwana, kwaye ngeli xesha le nkqubo yokudluliselwa, iimpazamo ezibizwa ngokuba ziinguqu zinokwenzeka.
Ukusebenzisana kwechiza le-remdesivir kunye ne-RNA exhomekeke kwi-RNA polymerase yentsholongwane ye-SARS-CoV-2.
Ulandelelwano lwe-bioinformatics lujongene nenqanaba eliphezulu lombutho wezinto eziphilayo - ukusuka kwi-nucleotides nganye, i-DNA kunye nofuzo, ukuya kwi-genomes epheleleyo kunye nokuthelekisa kwabo kunye nomnye.
Khawube nomfanekiso-ngqondweni womntu obona phambi kwakhe uluhlu loonobumba bealfabhethi (kodwa ingelilo eliqhelekileyo, kodwa elemfuza okanye iamino acid) aze akhangele iipateni kuzo, azicacise aze aziqinisekise ngokwezibalo, esebenzisa iindlela zekhompyutha. Ulandelelwano lwe-bioinformatics luchaza ukuba yiyiphi inguqu ehambelana nesifo esithile okanye kutheni izinto ezinobungozi ziqokelelana egazini lomguli. Ukongeza kwidatha yezonyango, ii-bioinformatics ezilandelelanayo zifunda iipateni zokusasazwa kwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni wonke, iiyantlukwano zabemi phakathi kwamaqela ezilwanyana, kunye neendima kunye nemisebenzi yemfuza ethile. Ngombulelo kule nzululwazi, kunokwenzeka ukuvavanya ukusebenza kweziyobisi kunye nokufunda iindlela zebhayoloji ezichaza isenzo sabo.
Ngokomzekelo, ngenxa yohlalutyo lwe-bioinformatics, ukuguqulwa kwenguqu ekhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kwe-cystic fibrosis, isifo se-monogenic esibangelwa ukuchithwa kwejene enye yeendlela ze-chloride, zifunyenwe kwaye zichazwe. Kwaye ngoku sazi ngcono ukuba ngubani esona sizalwane sebhayoloji esisondeleyo somntu kunye nendlela ookhokho bethu abazinza ngayo emhlabeni. Ngaphezu koko, wonke umntu, ngokufunda i-genome yakhe, unokufumanisa apho ivela khona intsapho yakhe kunye nokuba ungowaluphi uhlanga. Abaninzi basemzini (, kunye nesiRashiya (, ) iinkonzo zikuvumela ukuba ufumane le nkonzo ngexabiso eliphantsi (malunga nama-ruble angama-20 amawaka).
Iziphumo zohlalutyo lovavanyo lwe-DNA yemvelaphi kunye nokuzibandakanya kwabantu abavela kwi-MyHeritage.
Iziphumo zovavanyo lwabemi be-DNA ukusuka kwi-23andMe.
Ifundwa njani igenome?
Namhlanje, ulandelelwano lwe-genome yinkqubo yesiqhelo eya kubiza nabani na malunga amawaka eeruble (kubandakanywa eRashiya). Ukufunda i-genome yakho, kufuneka nje unikele ngegazi kwi-vein kwi-laboratory ekhethekileyo: kwiiveki ezimbini uya kufumana umphumo ogqityiweyo kunye nenkcazo ecacileyo yeempawu zakho zofuzo. Ukongeza kwi-genome yakho, unokuhlalutya i-genomes ye-intestinal microbiota yakho: uya kufunda iimpawu zeebhaktheriya ezihlala kwindlela yakho yokugaya, kwaye ufumane iingcebiso kwingcali yezondlo.
I-genome inokufundwa ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo, enye yezona ziphambili ngoku kuthiwa "ukulandelelana kwesizukulwana esilandelayo". Ukwenza le nkqubo, iisampulu zebhayoloji kufuneka ziqale zifunyanwe. Iseli nganye yomzimba ine-genome efanayo, ngoko ke igazi lidla ngokuthathwa ukuze kufundwe i-genome (yeyona ilula le). Emva koko iiseli ziyaqhekeka zize zahlule iDNA kuyo yonke enye into. Emva koko, i-DNA ephumayo iye yahlulahlulwe yaziingceba ezininzi kwaye iiadaptha ezikhethekileyo “zithungelwa” kuzo zonke ezi - artificially synthesized nucleotide sequences. Emva koko i-DNA strands iyahlukana, kwaye i-single-stranded strands ifakwe ngokusebenzisa i-adapters kwipleyiti ekhethekileyo apho ulandelelwano lwenziwa khona. Ngexesha lokulandelelana, i-nucleotides ehambelanayo ebhalwe nge-fluorescently yongezwa kulandelelwano lwe-DNA. I-nucleotide nganye ephawulweyo, xa incanyathiselwe, ikhupha umtha wokukhanya wobude obuthile, orekhodwa ekhompyutheni. Le yindlela ikhompyutha efunda ngayo ulandelelwano olufutshane lweDNA yoqobo, ethi emva koko idityaniswe kwigenome yokuqala kusetyenziswa iindlela ezikhethekileyo.
Umzekelo wedatha elandelelanisa i-bioinformatics esebenza kunye: ulungelelwaniso lokulandelelana kwe-amino acid.
Basebenza phi i-bioinformatics kwaye bafumana malini?
Indlela ye-bioinformatics ngokwesiko yahlulahlulwe yaba ziindawo ezimbini eziphambili—ishishini nenzululwazi. Umsebenzi njengenzululwazi ye-bioinformatics udla ngokuqala ngesithuba esithweswe isidanga kwiziko elikhulu. Ekuqaleni, i-bioinformatics ifumana umvuzo osisiseko ngokusekelwe kwiziko labo, inani lezibonelelo abathatha inxaxheba kuzo, kunye nenani labo lokusebenzisana-indawo abaqeshwe ngokusemthethweni. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, inani lezibonelelo kunye nobudlelwane liyakhula, kwaye emva kweminyaka embalwa yokusebenza kwindawo yemfundo, i-bioinformatics ifumana ngokulula umvuzo ophakathi (i-70-80 lamawaka eeruble), kodwa okuninzi kuxhomekeke kwinkuthalo kunye nokusebenza nzima. Abona bantu banamava e-bioinformatics baphetha beqhuba ezabo iilebhu kwiindawo zabo zobungcali.
Ufundela phi i-bioinformatics?
- IYunivesithi yaseMoscow State-Faculty of Bioengineering kunye ne-Bioinformatics
- HSE - Uhlalutyo lweDatha kwiBiology kunye neMedicine (inkqubo yeMasters)
- I-MIPT - iSebe le-Bioinformatics
- Iziko leBioinformatics (NPO)
Ngokungafaniyo ne-academy, akukho mntu kwishishini uya kuchitha ixesha lakhe efundisa umqeshwa izakhono eziyimfuneko, ngoko ukufika apho kudla ngokuba nzima. Umkhondo wekhondo lomsebenzi we-bioinformatics kwishishini lohluka kakhulu ngokuxhomekeke kubungcali babo kunye nendawo. Ngokomyinge, imivuzo kweli candelo iyaguquguquka amawaka eeruble, kuxhomekeke kumava kunye nobuchule.
Iingcali zebhayoloji ezidumileyo
Imbali ye-bioinformatics inokulandelwa emva kuFrederick Sanger, isazinzulu seNgesi esafumana ibhaso leNobel kwiKhemistry ngo-1980 ngokufumanisa kwakhe indlela yokufunda ukulandelelana kweDNA. Ukusukela ngoko, iindlela zokufunda ngokulandelelana ziye zaphucuka minyaka le, kodwa indlela “yolandelelwano lweSanger” yasebenza njengesiseko salo lonke uphando olongezelelweyo kule ndawo.
Ngendlela, iinkqubo ezininzi ezidalwe zizazinzulu zaseRashiya ngoku zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwihlabathi jikelele - umzekelo, i-genome assembler. , - iSt. Petersburg genome assembler, eyenziwe kwiSt. Petersburg Institute, inceda izazinzulu ezivela kwihlabathi lonke ukuba zidibanise ulandelelwano olufutshane lweDNA lube lulandelelwano olukhulu ukuze bakhe ngokutsha iigenomes zantlandlolo zezinto eziphilayo.
Ukufunyanwa kunye nempumelelo ye-bioinformatics
Namhlanje, ii-bioinformatics zenza izinto ezininzi eziluncedo. Kuya kuba nzima ukucinga uphuhliso lwamachiza e-coronavirus ngaphandle kokuchaza i-genome kunye nohlalutyo oluntsonkothileyo lwe-bioinformatics lweenkqubo ezenzeka ngexesha lesi sifo. Amazwe ngamazwe Izazinzulu ezisebenzisa i-genomics ethelekisayo kunye neendlela zokufunda koomatshini ziye zakwazi ukuqonda ukuba zeziphi ii-coronavirus ezifanayo nezinye iintsholongwane.
Kwavela ukuba enye yale mpawu kukuqiniswa kwezibonakaliso zendawo ye-nyukliya (NLS) yeentsholongwane ze-pathogenic ezenzeka ngexesha lokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Olu phando lunokunceda ukufunda iindidi zeentsholongwane ezinokuba yingozi ebantwini kwixesha elizayo, kwaye mhlawumbi zikhokelele kuphuhliso lwamachiza othintelo.
Ukongeza, ii-bioinformatics ziye zadlala indima ephambili ekuphuhliseni iindlela ezintsha zokuhlela i-genome, ngakumbi inkqubo ye-CRISPR/Cas9 (iteknoloji esekelwe kwi-immune system. ). Ngombulelo kuhlalutyo lwe-bioinformatics yesakhiwo sezi proteni kunye nophuhliso lwazo lwendalo, ukuchaneka kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwale nkqubo kuye kwanda kakhulu kwiminyaka yamuva nje, okwenze ukuba kube lula ukuhlela i-genomes yezinto ezininzi eziphilayo (kubandakanywa nabantu).
Unokufumana umsebenzi ofunwayo ukusuka ekuqaleni okanye kwiNqanaba eliphezulu ngokwezakhono kunye nomvuzo ngokuthatha izifundo ze-intanethi ze-SkillFactory:
Izifundo ezingakumbi
umthombo: www.habr.com