Ngaphezulu kweebhiliyoni zeedilesi ze-IP ezizodwa ezidlula kwiNethiwekhi ye-Cloudflare yonke imihla; isebenza ngaphezu kwe-11 yezigidi zezicelo ze-HTTP ngomzuzwana; ungaphakathi kwe-100ms ye-95% yabemi be-intanethi. Inethiwekhi yethu ithatha izixeko ezingama-200 kumazwe angaphezu kwama-90, kwaye iqela lethu leenjineli lakhe isiseko esikhawulezayo nesithembekileyo.
Siyazingca kakhulu ngomsebenzi wethu kwaye sizimisele ukunceda ukwenza i-Intanethi ibengcono kwaye ibe yindawo ekhuselekileyo. Iinjineli ze-Cloudflare ze-hardware zinokuqonda okunzulu kweeseva kunye namacandelo azo ukuqonda kunye nokukhetha eyona hardware ilungileyo ukwandisa ukusebenza kwayo.
Isitaki sethu sesoftware siphatha umthwalo omkhulu wekhompyuter kwaye sixhomekeke kakhulu kwi-CPU, ifuna iinjineli zethu ukuba ziqhubeke nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-Cloudflare kunye nokuthembeka kuwo onke amanqanaba esitaki. Kwicala leseva, eyona ndlela ilula yokunyusa amandla okusebenza kukongeza ii-CPU cores. I-cores eninzi iseva inokulingana, idatha eninzi inokuqhubekeka. Oku kubalulekile kuthi kuba iindidi zeemveliso zethu kunye nabathengi zikhula ngokuhamba kwexesha, kwaye ukukhula kwezicelo kufuna ukwanda kokusebenza kwiiseva. Ukonyusa ukusebenza kwabo, bekufuneka sandise ukuxinana kwee-cores - kwaye yile nto kanye esiyifezileyo. Apha ngezantsi sinikezela ngedatha eneenkcukacha kwiiprosesa zeeseva esithe sazisebenzisa ukusukela ngo-2015, kubandakanya nenani leecores:
-
Gen 6
Gen 7
Gen 8
Gen 9
Qalisa
2015
2016
2017
2018
ICPU
I-Intel Xeon E5-2630 v3
I-Intel Xeon E5-2630 v4
Intel Xeon Isilivere 4116
I-Intel Xeon Platinum 6162
Iintsimbi zomzimba
2 x 8
2 x 10
2 x 12
2 x 24
TDP
I-2 x 85W
I-2 x 85W
I-2 x 85W
I-2 x 150W
TDP ngondoqo
10.65W
8.50W
7.08W
6.25W
Ngo-2018, senze umtsi omkhulu kwinani lilonke lee-cores kwiseva nganye ngeGen 9. Impembelelo yokusingqongileyo iye yancitshiswa nge-33% xa kuthelekiswa nesizukulwana se-8, isinika ithuba lokunyusa umthamo kunye namandla ekhompyutheni kwi-rack nganye. Iimfuno zoyilo zokulahla ubushushu (, TDP) zikhankanywa ukuba ziqaqambise ukuba ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla kwethu kuye kwanda ngokuhamba kwexesha. Esi salathisi sibalulekile kuthi: okokuqala, sifuna ukukhupha i-carbon encinci kwi-atmosfera; okwesibini, sifuna ukusebenzisa kakuhle amandla avela kumaziko edatha. Kodwa siyazi ukuba ikho into esimele sizabalazele ukuyenza.
Eyona nto sichaza i-metric yethu linani lezicelo ngewatt nganye. Sinokunyusa inani lezicelo ngesekhondi ngokongeza ii-cores, kodwa kufuneka sihlale kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwethu lwamandla. Sithintelwe yisiseko sesiseko samandla sedatha, leyo, kunye neemodyuli zethu zokuhambisa amandla ezikhethiweyo, isinika umda othile ophezulu kwi-rack server nganye. Ukongeza iiseva kwi-rack kwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla. Iindleko zokusebenza ziya kunyuka kakhulu ukuba sidlula umda wamandla we-rack nganye kwaye kufuneka songeze iirack ezintsha. Kufuneka sonyuse amandla okusebenza ngelixa sihlala kuluhlu olufanayo losetyenziso lwamandla, oluya kwandisa izicelo nge-watt nganye, i-metric yethu engundoqo.
Njengoko ubunokuqikelela, sifunde ngononophelo ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwinqanaba loyilo. Itheyibhile engentla ibonisa ukuba akufuneki sichithe ixesha ngokuhambisa ii-CPU ezilambileyo ngakumbi ukuba i-TDP ngondoqo iphezulu kunesizukulwana sangoku - oku kuya kuba nefuthe elibi kwi-metric yethu, izicelo nge-watt nganye. Sifunde ngononophelo iinkqubo ezilungele ukuqhutywa kwisizukulwana sethu X kwimarike kwaye senze isigqibo. Sisuka kwi-48-core yethu ye-Intel Xeon Platinum 6162 yoyilo lwesokethi ezimbini ukuya kwi-48-core ye-AMD EPYC 7642 yoyilo lwesokethi enye.
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Intel
AMD
ICPU
Xeon Platinum 6162
EPYC 7642
microarchitecture
"Skylake"
"Zen 2"
Codename
"Skylake SP"
"iRoma"
Itekhnoloji yenkqubo
14nm
7nm
iicores
2 x 24
48
Ukuphindaphinda
1.9 GHz
2.4 GHz
L3 Cache/socket
24 x 1.375MiB
16 x 16MiB
Inkumbulo/isiseko
Iitshaneli ezi-6, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-DDR4-2400
Iitshaneli ezi-8, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-DDR4-3200
TDP
I-2 x 150W
225W
PCIe/socket
Imizila engama-48
Imizila engama-128
YI
X86-64
X86-64
Ukususela kwiinkcukacha kucacile ukuba i-chip esuka kwi-AMD iya kusivumela ukuba sigcine inani elifanayo leentsimbi ngelixa sinciphisa i-TDP. Isizukulwana se-9 sasine-TDP ngombindi we-6,25 W, kwaye isizukulwana se-X siya kuba yi-4,69 W. Yehliswe ngama-25%. Enkosi ngokunyuka rhoqo, kwaye mhlawumbi uyilo olulula kunye nesokethi enye, kunokucingelwa ukuba i-chip ye-AMD iya kwenza ngcono ekusebenzeni. Ngoku siqhuba iimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo kunye nokulinganisa ukubona ukuba i-AMD iza kwenza ngcono kangakanani na.
Okwangoku, masiqaphele ukuba i-TDP yimetric eyenziwe lula evela kwiinkcukacha zomenzi, esithe sayisebenzisa kumanqanaba okuqala oyilo lweseva kunye nokukhetha kweCPU. Ukukhangela ngokukhawuleza kukaGoogle kubonisa ukuba i-AMD kunye ne-Intel zineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuchaza i-TDP, okwenza ukuba iinkcukacha zingathembeki. Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okwenyani eCPU, kwaye okona kubaluleke kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwamandla eseva, yeyona nto siyisebenzisayo xa sisenza isigqibo sethu sokugqibela.
Ukulungela inkqubo yendalo
Ukuqala uhambo lwethu lokukhetha iprosesa yethu elandelayo, sijonge uluhlu olubanzi lwee-CPU ezivela kubavelisi abahlukeneyo ababelungele isitaki sethu sesoftware kunye neenkonzo (ezibhalwe kwiC, LuaJIT kunye neGo). Sele sichaze ngokweenkcukacha isethi yezixhobo zokulinganisa isantya . Kule meko, sisebenzise isethi efanayo - ivumela ukuba sivavanye ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-CPU ngexesha elifanelekileyo, emva koko iinjineli zethu zingaqala ukulungelelanisa iinkqubo zethu kwiprosesa ethile.
Siye savavanya iindidi ngeendidi zeeprosesa ngenani lamanani angundoqo, ukubalwa kweesokethi, kunye neefrikhwensi. Kuba eli nqaku limalunga nokuba kutheni sizinzile kwi-AMD EPYC 7642, zonke iitshathi kule bhlog zijolise kwindlela abaqhubekisi be-AMD abaqhuba ngayo xa kuthelekiswa ne-Intel Xeon Platinum 6162 evela. .
Iziphumo zihambelana nemilinganiselo yomncedisi kunye nokwahluka kweprosesa nganye - oko kukuthi, kunye neeprosesa ezimbini ze-24 ezivela kwi-Intel, okanye kunye neprosesa enye ye-48 evela kwi-AMD (umncedisi we-Intel kunye neziseko ezimbini kunye neseva ye-AMD EPYC enye). Kwi-BIOS sibeka iiparameters ezihambelana namaseva asebenzayo. Le yi-3,03 GHz ye-AMD kunye ne-2,5 GHz ye-Intel. Ukwenza lula kakhulu, silindele ukuba ngenani elifanayo le-cores, i-AMD iya kwenza i-21% engcono kune-Intel.
Ubhalo ngokufihlakeleyo
Ijongeka iyathembisa kwi-AMD. Yenza ngcono i-18% kwi-cryptography yezitshixo zoluntu. Ngesitshixo se-symmetric, ilahlekelwa kwiinketho ze-encryption ze-AES-128-GCM, kodwa iyonke yenza ngokuthelekisayo.
Uxinzelelo
Kwiiseva ezisekupheleni, sicinezela idatha eninzi ukugcina kwi-bandwidth kunye nokwandisa isantya sokuhanjiswa komxholo. Sidlulisela idatha kwiilayibrari ze-C zlib kunye ne-brotli. Zonke iimvavanyo ziqhutywe kwifayile ye-HTML ye-blog.cloudflare.com kwimemori.
I-AMD iphumelele ngomndilili wama-29% xa isebenzisa i-gzip. Kwimeko ye-brotli, iziphumo zingcono ngakumbi kwiimvavanyo ezinomgangatho we-7, esiwusebenzisa ukunyanzeliswa okuguquguqukayo. Kuvavanyo lwe-brotli-9 kukho ukuhla okubukhali - sichaza oku ngokuba i-Brotli idla imemori eninzi kwaye iphuphuma i-cache. Nangona kunjalo, i-AMD iphumelela ngomda omkhulu.
Uninzi lweenkonzo zethu zibhalwe kwiGo. Kwezi grafu zilandelayo, sijonga kabini isantya sofihlo kunye noxinzelelo kwi-Go with RegExp kwi-32 KB imigca kusetyenziswa ilayibrari yeentambo.
Yiya kwi-cryptography
Yiya kwiCompress
Yiya kwiRegexp
Yiya kwiintambo
I-AMD iqhuba ngcono kuzo zonke iimvavanyo nge-Go ngaphandle kwe-ECDSA P256 Sign, apho ibisemva ngama-38% - into engaqhelekanga, kuba iqhube ngcono ngama-24% kwi-C. Kufanelekile ukucinga ukuba kuqhubeka ntoni apho. Ngokubanzi, i-AMD ayiphumeleli kakhulu, kodwa isabonisa ezona ziphumo zibalaseleyo.
LuaJIT
Sihlala sisebenzisa i-LuaJIT kwi-stack. Le yiglu ebamba zonke iindawo ze-Cloudflare kunye. Kwaye siyavuya kuba i-AMD iphumelele apha.
Ngokubanzi, iimvavanyo zibonisa ukuba i-EPYC 7642 yenza ngcono kune-Xeon Platinum 6162 ezimbini. I-AMD ilahlekelwa kwiimvavanyo ezimbalwa - umzekelo, i-AES-128-GCM kunye ne-Go OpenSSL ECDSA-P256 Sign - kodwa iphumelele kuzo zonke ezinye, ngomlinganiselo ye-25%.
Ukulinganisa komsebenzi
Emva kovavanyo lwethu olukhawulezayo, siqhube iiseva ngenye isethi yokulinganisa apho kufakwe umthwalo wokwenziwa kwi-software edge stack. Apha silinganisa umsebenzi wemeko eneentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezicelo ezinokufunyanwa kumsebenzi wokwenyani. Izicelo ziyahluka kumthamo wedatha, i-HTTP okanye i-HTTPS protocol, imithombo ye-WAF, Abasebenzi, kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi eziguquguqukayo. Apha ngezantsi kukho uthelekiso lwesiphumo see-CPU ezimbini zeentlobo zezicelo esidibana nazo rhoqo.
Iziphumo kwitshathi zilinganiswa ngokubhekiselele kwisiseko se-9th isizukulwana se-Intel-based machines, eqhelekileyo kwixabiso le-1,0 kwi-x-axis. Umzekelo, ukuthatha izicelo ezilula ze-10 KB ngaphezulu kwe-HTTPS, siyabona ukuba i-AMD yenza amaxesha angama-1,5 angcono kune-Intel ngokwezicelo ngesekhondi. Ngokomyinge, i-AMD yenze i-34% ngcono kune-Intel kwezi mvavanyo. Ukuqwalasela ukuba i-TDP ye-AMD EPYC 7642 enye yi-225 W, kwaye kwiiprosesa ezimbini ze-Intel yi-300 W, kuvela ukuba ngokwe "izicelo nge-watt nganye" i-AMD ibonisa amaxesha e-2 iziphumo ezingcono kune-Intel!
Ngeli xesha, sasisele sijonge ngokucacileyo kwi-socket enye ye-AMD EPYC 7642 njengekamva lethu le-Gen X CPUs. abancedisi kwezinye ukusuka kumaziko edatha.
Umsebenzi wokwenene
Isinyathelo sokuqala, ngokwemvelo, yayikukulungiselela iiseva zomsebenzi kwiimeko zokwenyani. Bonke oomatshini kwiinqwelo zethu basebenza kunye neenkqubo kunye neenkonzo ezifanayo, ezinika ithuba elihle lokuthelekisa ngokuchanekileyo ukusebenza. Njengamaziko amaninzi edatha, sinezizukulwana ezininzi zeeseva ezisetyenzisiweyo, kwaye siqokelela iiseva zethu zibe ngamaqela ukuze iklasi nganye iqulethe iiseva ezimalunga nezizukulwana ezifanayo. Kwezinye iimeko, oku kunokubangela iigophe zokurisayikilisha ezahluka phakathi kwamaqela. Kodwa hayi nathi. Iinjineli zethu ziye zaphucula ukusetyenziswa kwe-CPU kuzo zonke izizukulwana ukuze nokuba i-CPU yomatshini othile inama-core ayi-8 okanye angama-24, ukusetyenziswa kwe-CPU kuyafana nokunye.
Igrafu ibonisa izimvo zethu malunga nokufana kokusetyenziswa - akukho mahluko ubalulekileyo phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwe-AMD CPUs kwi-Gen X iiseva zesizukulwana kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-Intel processors kwi-server ye-Gen 9. Oku kuthetha ukuba zombini iiseva zovavanyo kunye nesiseko zilayishwe ngokulinganayo. . Kakhulu. Yile nto kanye esiyilwelayo kwiiseva zethu, kwaye sifuna oku kuthelekiso olufanelekileyo. Iigrafu ezimbini ezingezantsi zibonisa inani lezicelo eziqhutywe ngundoqo we-CPU kunye nazo zonke iinqununu kwinqanaba leseva.
Izicelo ngondoqo ngamnye
Izicelo kumncedisi
Kuyabonakala ukuba ngokomndilili we-AMD iqhuba i-23% yezicelo ezingaphezulu. Akunjalo kwaphela! Sihlala sibhala kwiblogi yethu malunga neendlela zokunyusa ukusebenza kweGen 9. Kwaye ngoku sinenani elifanayo lee-cores, kodwa i-AMD yenza umsebenzi omningi ngamandla amancinci. Kucacile ngokukhawuleza kwiinkcukacha zenani le-cores kunye ne-TDP ukuba i-AMD ibonelela ngesantya esikhulu kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla.
Kodwa njengoko besesitshilo, i-TDP ayisiyiyo inkcazo esemgangathweni kwaye ayifani kubo bonke abavelisi, ke makhe sijonge kowona setyenziso lwamandla. Ngokulinganisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla omncedisi ngokuhambelana nenani lezicelo ngomzuzwana, sifumene le grafu ilandelayo:
Ngokusekwe kwizicelo ngesekondi ngewatt nganye echithiweyo, iiseva ze-Gen X ezisebenza kwiiprosesa ze-AMD zine-28% esebenzayo ngakumbi. Umntu unokulindela okungakumbi, ngenxa yokuba i-TDP ye-AMD ingaphantsi ngama-25%, kodwa kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba i-TDP luphawu olungaqondakaliyo. Sibonile ukuba awona mandla osetyenziso lwe-AMD aphantse afane ne-TDP echaziweyo kumaza angaphezulu kakhulu kunesiseko; I-Intel ayinayo loo nto. Esi sesinye isizathu sokuba kutheni i-TDP ingeloqikelelo oluthembekileyo lokusetyenziswa kwamandla. Ii-CPU ezisuka kwi-Intel kwiiseva zethu ze-Gen 9 zidityanisiwe kwi-multi-node system, ngelixa ii-CPU ezivela kwi-AMD zisebenza kwi-server ye-1U yefom ye-former factor. Oku akuhambisani ne-AMD, kuba iiseva ze-multinode kufuneka zibonelele ngoxinaniso olukhulu ngokusetyenziswa kwamandla amancinci kwindawo nganye, kodwa i-AMD isagqithise i-Intel malunga nokusetyenziswa kwamandla kwindawo nganye.
Kuninzi kuthelekiso kuyo yonke i-specs, ukulinganisa kovavanyo, kunye nokusebenza kwehlabathi lokwenyani, uqwalaselo lwe-1P AMD EPYC 7642 luqhube ngcono kakhulu kune-2P Intel Xeon 6162. Kwezinye iimeko, i-AMD ingenza ngcono ukuya kuthi ga kwi-36%, kwaye sikholelwa ukuba ngokulungisa. hardware kunye nesoftware, sinako ukufikelela olu phuculo ngokuqhubekayo.
Kwavela ukuba i-AMD iphumelele.
Iigrafu ezongezelelweyo zibonisa i-latency ephakathi kunye ne-p99 latency eqhuba i-NGINX kwixesha leeyure ze-24. Ngokomyinge, iinkqubo kwi-AMD ziqhube ama-25% ngokukhawuleza. Kwi-p99 ibaleka nge-20-50% ngokukhawuleza kuxhomekeke kwixesha losuku.
isiphelo
I-Cloudflare's Hardware kunye neenjineli zokuSebenza zenza inani elibalulekileyo lovavanyo kunye nophando ukumisela ukumiswa kweseva kubathengi bethu. Siyakuthanda ukusebenza apha kuba sinokusombulula iingxaki ezinkulu ezifana nezi, kwaye sinokukunceda ukusombulula iingxaki zakho ngeenkonzo ezifana ne-server edge computing kunye noluhlu lwezisombululo zokhuseleko ezifana ne-Magic Transit, i-Argo Tunnel, kunye nokhuseleko lwe-DDoS. . Zonke iiseva kwinethiwekhi ye-Cloudflare ziqwalaselwe ukuba zenze ngokuthembekileyo, kwaye sihlala sizama ukwenza isizukulwana ngasinye seseva sibe ngcono kuneso sangaphambili. Sikholelwa ukuba i-AMD EPYC 7642 iyimpendulo xa isiza kwi-Gen X processors.
Ukusebenzisa abaSebenzi be-Cloudflare, abaphuhlisi bahambisa izicelo zabo kuthungelwano lwethu olwandayo kwihlabathi jikelele. Siyazingca ukuvumela abathengi bethu bagxile ekubhaleni ikhowudi ngelixa sigxile kukhuseleko kunye nokuthembeka kwilifu. Kwaye namhlanje sonwabe ngakumbi ukubhengeza ukuba umsebenzi wabo uza kuthunyelwa kwiiseva zethu zesizukulwana X eziqhuba isizukulwana sesibini se-AMD EPYC.
Iiprosesa ze-EPYC 7642, igama lekhowudi "iRoma" [iRoma]
Ngokusebenzisa i-EPYC 7642 ye-AMD, sikwazile ukwandisa ukusebenza kwethu kwaye senze kube lula ukwandisa uthungelwano lwethu kwizixeko ezitsha. IRoma ayakhiwanga ngemini enye, kodwa iya kuba kufutshane nabaninzi benu.
Kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo besilinga iitshiphusi ezininzi ze-x86 ezivela kwi-Intel kunye ne-AMD, kunye neeprosesa ezivela kwi-ARM. Silindele ukuba aba benzi be-CPU baqhubeke nokusebenza nathi kwixesha elizayo ukuze sonke sakhe i-Intanethi engcono kunye.
umthombo: www.habr.com