Ngaphambi kweNetscape: Iibrowser zeWebhu ezilityelweyo zakwa-1990s zakuqala

Ngaba ukho umntu omkhumbulayo u-Erwise? Viola? Mholo? Masikhumbule.

Xa uTim Berners-Lee wafika eCERN, ilabhoratri ye-physics ye-particle eyaziwayo yaseYurophu, ngo-1980, waqeshwa ukuba ahlaziye iinkqubo zokulawula ii-accelerator ze-particle accelerators. Kodwa umqambi wephepha lewebhu langoku wabona ingxaki ngokukhawuleza: amawaka abantu ayehlala esiza kwaye esiya kwiziko lophando, abaninzi babo babesebenza apho okwethutyana.

“Ibingumceli mngeni kubaqulunqi benkqubo bekhontrakthi ukuzama ukuqonda iinkqubo, ezingabantu kunye nezokubala, ebeziqhuba eli bala lokudlala limnandi,” wabhala kamva uBerners-Lee. "Uninzi lolwazi olubalulekileyo lwalukho kuphela kwiintloko zabantu."

Ke ngexesha lakhe lokuphumla, wabhala isoftware yokulungisa le ntsilelo: inkqubo encinci ayibiza ngokuba yi-Enquire. Ivumele abasebenzisi ukuba benze "ii-nodes" -amaphepha afana nekhadi lesalathisi azaliswe ngolwazi kunye nekhonkco kwamanye amaphepha. Ngelishwa, esi sicelo, esibhalwe kwi-Pascal, sisebenza kwi-OS ye-CERN yobunikazi. “Iqaqobana labantu ababone le nkqubo bacinge ukuba licebo elilungileyo, kodwa akukho bani walisebenzisayo. Ngenxa yoko, i-disc yalahleka, kwaye nayo i-Enquire yasekuqaleni.

Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, uBerners-Lee wabuyela eCERN. Ngeli xesha uqalise kwakhona iprojekthi yakhe yeWebhu yehlabathi ngokubanzi ngendlela eya kwandisa amathuba okuphumelela kwayo. Ngo-Agasti 6, 1991, wapapasha inkcazo yeWWW kwiqela le-alt.hypertext usenet. Kwakhona wakhupha ikhowudi yelayibrari ye-libWWW, awayibhala kunye nomncedisi wakhe uJean-François Groff. Ithala leencwadi livumele abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba benze ezabo iibhrawuza zewebhu.

"Umsebenzi wabo-abaphequluli abangaphezu kwesihlanu abahlukeneyo kwiinyanga ze-18-bahlangule iprojekthi yeWebhu ecela umngeni kwaye baqalise uluntu lwabaphuhlisi bewebhu," kuphawula umbhiyozo wesikhumbuzo kwiMyuziyam yeMbali yeKhompyutha eMountain View, eCalifornia. Eyona nto idumileyo kwiiphequluli zokuqala yayinguMosaic, ebhalwe nguMarc Andreessen kunye no-Eric Bina weZiko leSizwe le-Supercomputing Applications (NCSA).

Kungekudala uMosaic waba yiNetscape, kodwa yayingeyiyo isikhangeli sokuqala. Imephu eqokelelwe yimyuziyam inika umbono wenqanaba lehlabathi leprojekthi yokuqala. Yintoni emangalisayo ngezi zicelo zakuqala kukuba sele ziqulathe uninzi lweempawu zabakhangeli bamva. Kwaye nalu ukhenketho lokukhangela usetyenziso lwewebhu njengoko lwalunjalo ngaphambi kokuba ludume.

Izikhangeli ezivela kwiCERN

Isikhangeli sokuqala sikaTim Berners-Lee, iWorldWideWeb ukusukela ngo-1990, yayisisikhangeli kunye nomhleli. Wayenethemba lokuba iiprojekthi zebrawuza ezizayo ziya kuhamba kweli cala. I-CERN iqokelele ukuphinda kuveliswe imixholo yayo. Umfanekiso weskrini ubonisa ukuba ngo-1993 uninzi lweempawu zeziphequluli zanamhlanje zazisele zikhona.

Umda ophambili wesoftware yayikukuba yayisebenza kwi-NEXTSstep OS. Kodwa kungekudala emva kwe-WorldWideWeb, umfundi we-CERN wezibalo uNicola Pellow wabhala isikhangeli esinokuthi siqhube kwezinye iindawo, kubandakanywa uthungelwano kwi-UNIX kunye ne-MS-DOS. Ngaloo ndlela, umbhali-mbali we-Internet uBill Stewart uthi, “wonke umntu wayekwazi ukungena kwi-Intanethi, ngelo xesha eyayiquka incwadi yemfonomfono yeCERN.”

Umkhangeli zincwadi wewebhu weCERN wokuqala, ca. 1990

Ngobulumko

Emva koko kwafika uErwise. Yabhalwa ngabafundi abane bekholeji yaseFinland ngo-1991, kwaye yakhululwa ngo-1992. Wayekwazi nokukhangela amagama kwiphepha.

U-Berners-Lee uphonononge i-Erwise ngo-1992. Waqaphela amandla ayo okuphatha iifonti ezahlukeneyo, ukukrwela amakhonkco, kukuvumela ukuba ucofe kabini ikhonkco ukutsibela kwamanye amaphepha, kwaye uxhase iifestile ezininzi.

"Ngokunjalo ibonakala ihlakaniphile," wabhengeza, nangona kukho imfihlelo kuyo, "ibhokisi engaqhelekanga ejikeleze igama elinye kuxwebhu, njengeqhosha okanye ifom yokukhetha. Nangona engeyiyo enye okanye enye - mhlawumbi le yinto yeenguqulelo ezizayo. "

Kutheni isicelo singandululwa? Kudliwano-ndlebe lwamva, omnye wabadali be-Erwise waphawula ukuba iFinland yayikwimeko yokudodobala kwezoqoqosho ngelo xesha. Kwakungekho batyali-mali bezingelosi kweli lizwe.

“Ngelo xesha, ngekhe sikwazi ukwenza ishishini elisekelwe e-Erwise,” utshilo. Ekuphela kwendlela yokwenza imali yayikukuqhubeka nophuhliso ukuze iNetscape ekugqibeleni isithenge. Nangona kunjalo, sinokufikelela kwinqanaba lokuqala likaMoses ngomsebenzi nje omncinane ngakumbi. Bekufuneka siyigqibe i-Erwise kwaye siyikhulule kumaqonga amaninzi. "

Isikhangeli esingalunganga

ViolaWWW

ViolaWWW yakhutshwa ngoAprili 1992. Umbhekisi phambili uPei-Yuan Wei wayibhala kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, eBerkeley, esebenzisa ulwimi lokubhalwa kweViola olusebenza phantsi kweUNIX. U-Wei akazange adlale i-cello, "iyenzeka nje ngenxa ye-acronym ebambekayo" Ulwimi olujoliswe kwi-Visual Interactive Object, njengoko uJames Gillies noRobert Caillou babhala kwimbali yabo yeWWW.

U-Wei ubonakala ephefumlelwe yinkqubo yokuqala ye-Mac ebizwa HyperCard, eyavumela abasebenzisi ukuba benze iimatrices kumaxwebhu afomathiweyo kunye nama-hyperlink. "Emva koko i-HyperCard yayiyiprojekthi enomdla kakhulu, enemifanekiso, kunye nezi hyperlink," wakhumbula kamva. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo "yayingekho yehlabathi kwaye yayisebenza kuphela kwiMac. Kwaye bendingenayo eyam iMac. ”

Kodwa wayenokufikelela kwii-terminals ze-UNIX X kwiziko leKhompyutha loMvavanyo laseBerkeley. "Ndinemiyalelo yeHyperCard, ndiyifundile kwaye ndasebenzisa iikhonsepthi ukuzisebenzisa kwiifestile ze-X." Kuphela, ngendlela echukumisayo, wayisebenzisa esebenzisa ulwimi lwesiViola.

Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kunye nezinto ezintsha zeViolaWWW yayikukuba umphuhlisi unokubandakanya izikripthi kunye ne "applets" kwiphepha. Oku kwafanekisela amaza amakhulu eJava applets avele kwiiwebhusayithi ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-90.

В amaxwebhu U-Wei uphinde waqaphela iimpazamo ezahlukeneyo zesikhangeli, eyona nto iphambili kukunqongophala kwenguqulelo yePC.

• Ayifakwanga kwiqonga lePC.
• Ushicilelo lwe-HTML aluxhaswanga.
• I-HTTP ayiphazamiseki kwaye ayinakufundeka okuninzi.
• Ummeli akaxhaswa.
• Itoliki yolwimi ayinamisonto emininzi.

"Umbhali usebenza kwezi ngxaki, njl.," Wei wabhala ngelo xesha. Sekunjalo, "i-browser ecocekileyo kakhulu, esetyenziswa nguye nabani na, enomdla kakhulu kwaye ecacileyo," uBerners-Lee waqukumbela kwingxelo yakhe. uphononongo. "Iimpawu ezongezelelweyo aziyi kusetyenziswa yi-90% yabasebenzisi bokwenyani, kodwa ziimpawu ezifunwa ngabasebenzisi bamandla."

Isikhangeli seViolaWWW Hypermedia

IMidas kunye neSamba

NgoSeptemba 1991, ingcali yefiziksi uPaul Kunz waseStanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC) watyelela iCERN. Wabuya nekhowudi efunekayo ukuqhuba umncedisi wewebhu waseMntla waseMelika kwi-SLAC. “BendiseCERN,” uKunz uxelele unoncwadi oyintloko uLouis Addis, “kwaye ndiye ndafumanisa le nto imangalisayo iphuhliswa ngumhlobo, uTim Berners-Lee. Yile nto kanye oyifunayo kwisiseko sakho. "

UAddis wavuma. Igosa lethala leencwadi lithumele uphando oluphambili kwiwebhu. Iingcali zefiziksi ezivela kwiFermilab zenza okufanayo kamva kancinane.

Ke ngehlobo lika-1992, ingcali yefiziksi evela kwiSLAC UTony Johnson wabhala uMidas, umkhangeli wemifanekiso yeengcali zefiziksi zaseStanford. Enkulu inzuzo Inqaku eliphantsi yayikukuba inokubonisa amaxwebhu kwifomathi ye-postscript, ethandwa ziingcali zefiziksi ngokukwazi kwayo ukuvelisa ngokuchanekileyo iifomyula zesayensi.

"Ngezi zibonelelo ziphambili, iwebhu iye yasetyenziswa ngokusebenzayo kuluntu lwenyama," yaphela. uvavanyo I-US Department of Energy Progress SLAC yomhla wama-2001.

Ngeli xesha, eCERN, uPellow noRobert Caillau bakhuphe isikhangeli sewebhu sokuqala sekhompyuter yeMacintosh. UGillies noCaillau bachaza uphuhliso lweSamba ngolu hlobo.

KwiPellow, inkqubela phambili ekusungulweni kweprojekthi yeSamba yayicotha kuba zonke iikhonkco ezimbalwa zesikhangeli ziya konakala kwaye akukho mntu unokuqonda ukuba kutheni. "I-browser ye-Mac yayizele zizinambuzane," u-Tim Berners-Lee ebuhlungu watsho kwincwadana yeendaba evela ngo-'92. “Ndinikezela ngesikipa esinombhalo othi W3 kuye nabani na onokusilungisa!” - wabhengeza. I-T-shirt yaya kwizitalato zikaJohn eFermilab, owalandela i-bug, evumela uNicola Pellow ukuba aqhubeke nokuphuhlisa inguqulelo yokusebenza yeSamba.

I-Samba "yayingumzamo wokufaka umzobo wokuqala endiwubhale kumatshini we-NEXT kwiqonga le-Mac," uyongeza Berners-Lee, kodwa ayizange igqitywe de iNCSA ikhuphe inguqulelo kaMosaic yeMac eyayisibekele.

Samba

KaMoses

UMosaic “waba yintlantsi eyabangela ukwanda kwewebhu ngowe-1993,” bachaza oko ababhali-mbali uGillies noCaillou. Kodwa ngekhe iphuhliswe ngaphandle kwabanduleli bayo, kwaye ngaphandle kweeofisi ze-NCSA kwiYunivesithi yase-Illinois, zixhotyiswe ngoomatshini abagqwesileyo be-UNIX. I-NCSA yayinoGqr. Kwaye usanda kuqesha umncedisi ogama linguMarc Andreessen.

"Ucinga ntoni ngokubhala i-GUI yesikhangeli?" -Fu wacebisa umncedisi wakhe omtsha. “Yintoni ibhrawuza?” – Andreessen wabuza. Kodwa kwiintsuku ezimbalwa kamva, omnye wabasebenzi be-NCSA, uDave Thompson, wenza intetho malunga nesikhangeli sokuqala sikaNicola Pellow kunye nesikhangeli sikaPei Wei sikaViolaWWW. Kwaye ngaphambi nje kweenkcazo-ntetho, uTony Johnson wakhupha inguqulelo yokuqala yeMidas.

Inkqubo yokugqibela yammangalisa uAndreessen. “Iyamangalisa! Imnandi! Ingakholeleki! Damn iyamangalisa! -wabhalela uJohnson. U-Andreessen emva koko wabhalisa ingcaphephe ye-NCSA ye-UNIX, u-Eric Bina, ukuba amncede abhale esakhe isikhangeli se-X.

I-Mosaic ineempawu ezininzi ezitsha ezakhelwe kuyo kwiwebhu, njengenkxaso yeevidiyo, iaudio, iifom, iibhukhimakhi, kunye nembali. "Kwaye into emangalisayo kukuba, ngokungafaniyo nazo zonke iiphequluli zokuqala ze-X, yonke into yayiqulethwe kwifayile enye," uGillies noCaillau bachaza:

Inkqubo yokuhlohla yayilula - uyikhuphela kwaye uyiqhube. UMosaic kamva waduma ngokuzisa ithegi, eyathi okokuqala yavumela imifanekiso ukuba ifakwe ngokuthe ngqo kumbhalo, endaweni yokuba ivele kwifestile eyahlukileyo, njengakwi-browser yokuqala kaTim ye-NeXT. Oku kwavumela abantu ukuba benze amaphepha ewebhu afana ngakumbi namajelo ashicilelweyo abawaqhelileyo; Ayingabo bonke abaqambi abayithandileyo le mbono, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo yenza uMosaic waduma.

"Yintoni eyenziwa nguMarko kakuhle, ngokombono wam," uTim Berners-Lee kamva wabhala, "yayikukwenza ukufakela kube lula kakhulu, kunye nenkxaso yokulungiswa kwempazamo nge-imeyile, nangaliphi na ixesha lemini okanye ebusuku. Unokumthumelela umyalezo ngale mpazamo, yaye kwiiyure ezimbalwa kamva uya kukulungisa.”

Eyona mpumelelo inkulu kaMosaic, ngokwembono yanamhlanje, ibikukusebenza kwayo kweqonga. “Ngamandla ekungekho mntu undinike wona, ndibhengeza ukuba iX-Mosaic ikhululiwe,” watsho ngokuzingca u-Andreessen kwiqela le-www-talk ngoJanuwari 23, 1993. UAlex Totik wakhupha inguqulelo yakhe yeMac kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva. Inguqulo yePC yenziwe nguChris Wilson noJohn Mittelhauser.

Isikhangeli sikaMosaic sasisekelwe kwiViola kunye neMidas, njengoko kuphawuliwe kumboniso wemyuziyam yekhompyuter. Kwaye wasebenzisa ilayibrari evela CERN. "Kodwa ngokungafaniyo nabanye, yayithembekile, kwanabangengabo oochwephesha banokuyifaka, kwaye ngokukhawuleza yongeza inkxaso yemizobo yemibala kumaphepha kunefestile nganye."

Isikhangeli sikaMosaic besikhona kwiX Windows, iMac kunye neMicrosoft Windows

Umfana waseJapan

Kodwa uMosaic yayingeyiyo kuphela imveliso entsha eyavela ngelo xesha. Umfundi weYunivesithi yaseKansas Lou Montulli uhlengahlengise isikhangeli solwazi sekhampasi yakhe kwi-Intanethi nakwiwebhu. Yaqaliswa ngoMatshi 1993. Umbhali-mbali uStewart uthi: “I-Lynx yaba sisikhangeli esithandwayo kwiitheminali ezisekelwe kubalinganiswa ngaphandle kwemizobo, kwaye isasetyenziswa nanamhlanje.

Kwaye kwiSikolo soMthetho saseCornell, uTom Bruce wayebhala isicelo sewebhu kwiiPC, "kuba ezo yayiziikhompyuter ezazisetyenziswa ngamagqwetha," inqaku likaGillies kunye noCaillau. UBruce wapapasha isiphequluli sakhe seCello ngoJuni 8, 1993, "kwaye kungekudala yakhutshelwa amaxesha angama-500 ngosuku."

cello

Kwiinyanga ezintandathu kamva, u-Andreessen wayeseMountain View, eCalifornia. Iqela lakhe licwangcise ukukhulula uMosaic Netscape ngo-Okthobha we-13, 1994. Yena, uTotik kunye noMittelhauser balayishe ngovuyo isicelo kwiseva yeFTP. Umphuhlisi wokugqibela ukhumbula lo mzuzu. “Kwadlula imizuzu emihlanu kwaye sasihleli sonke apho. Akukho nto yenzekileyo. Kwaye ngequbuliso ukhuphelo lokuqala lwenzekile. Yayingumfana waseJapan. Safunga ukuba siza kumthumelela isikipa!”

Eli bali elintsonkothileyo lisikhumbuza ukuba akukho nto intsha eyenziwe ngumntu omnye. Isikhangeli sewebhu singene ebomini bethu sibulela kubabonisi abavela kwihlabathi liphela, abantu ababehlala bengayiqondi ngokucacileyo into abayenzayo, kodwa bashukunyiswa kukufuna ukwazi, ukuqwalaselwa okusebenzayo, okanye umnqweno wokudlala. Iintlantsi zabo zobukrelekrele zayigcina yonke le nkqubo. Njengoko uTim Berners-Lee egxininisa ukuba iprojekthi ihlale isebenzisana kwaye, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ivulekile.

"Iintsuku zokuqala zewebhu zazixhalabele kakhulu uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali," wabhala Yena. "Kwakuninzi ekufuneka kwenziwe, idangatye elincinane kangaka ukugcina uphila."

umthombo: www.habr.com