Iprototype yokuqala yomncedisi welanga kunye nomlawuli wentlawulo. Ifoto:
NgoSeptemba 2018, umntu onomdla ovela kwi-Low-tech Magazine . Injongo yayikukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kangangokuba iphaneli enye yelanga iya kuba yanele kwi-server yokuzimela ekhaya. Oku akukho lula, kuba isiza kufuneka sisebenze iiyure ezingama-24 ngosuku. Makhe sibone ukuba kwenzeka ntoni ekugqibeleni.
Ungaya kumncedisi , khangela ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwangoku kunye nenqanaba lentlawulo yebhetri. Indawo yenzelwe inani elincinci lezicelo ezivela kwiphepha kunye netrafikhi encinci, ngoko ke kufuneka imelane nokunyuka kwetrafikhi evela kuHabr. Ngokwezibalo zomphuhlisi, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwindwendwe eyodwa yi-0,021 Wh.
Ngaphambi nje kokusa kwe-31 kaJanuwari 2020, yayinebhetri engama-42%. I-Dawn e-Barcelona ngo-8: 04 ixesha lendawo, emva kokuba i-current ihambe ukusuka kwipaneli yelanga.
Kutheni?
Kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo iingcali ukuba uphuhliso lwe-Intanethi lunegalelo "kwi-dematerialization" yoluntu, i-digitalization jikelele - kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngokubanzi. Babephosisile. Enyanisweni, i-Intanethi ngokwayo yayifuna , yaye le miqulu isaqhubeka isanda.
Iinkampani ze-IT ziqalise amanyathelo okutshintshela kwezinye iindawo zombane, kodwa oku akunakwenzeka. Onke amaziko edatha asebenzisa amandla aphindwe kathathu kunalo lonke ukufakelwa kwesola nomoya ehlabathini. Okubi nakakhulu, imveliso kunye nokutshintshwa rhoqo kweepaneli zelanga kunye nee-injini zomoya , ngoko ke, akunakwenzeka namhlanje ukulahla i-oyile, igesi, i-uranium). Kodwa aba vimba abazukuhlala ixesha elide, ke kuya kufuneka sicinge ngendlela yokuphila kwimithombo evuselelekayo. Kubandakanya ukusebenza kweziseko zophuhliso zekhompyutha, kuquka iiseva zewebhu.
Ubuchwephesha obuphantsi Magazine Amaphepha ewebhu adumbe ngokukhawuleza. I-avareji yesayizi yephepha inyuke ukusuka kwi-2010 ukuya kwi-2018 , kunye namaziko eselula - ukusuka kwi-0,15 MB ukuya kwi-1,6 MB, uqikelelo olulondolozayo.
Ukunyuka komthamo wezithuthi (amandla afunekayo ukuhambisa i-1 megabyte yolwazi), nto leyo ebangela ukwanda okuthe gqolo kusetyenziso lwamandla kwi-Intanethi. Iziza ezinzima kunye nezilayishiweyo azigcini nje ukwandisa umthwalo kwiziseko zenethiwekhi, kodwa zinciphisa "umjikelo wobomi" beekhompyuter kunye nee-smartphones, ekufuneka ziphoswe ngaphandle rhoqo kwaye ziveliswe ezintsha, nazo. .
Kwaye ke, umsebenzi owongeziweyo wenziwa yindlela yokuphila ngokwayo: abantu bachitha phantse lonke ixesha labo kwi-Intanethi kwaye bathembele kakhulu kwiinkonzo ezahlukeneyo zewebhu. Sele kunzima ukucinga ngoluntu lwanamhlanje ngaphandle kweziseko ze-IT zefu (uthungelwano lwentlalo, izithunywa ezikhawulezayo, i-imeyile, njl.njl.)
Umncedisi kunye noqwalaselo lwewebhusayithi
В Ubumbeko lwehardware kunye nesoftware yestack yomncedisi wewebhu ichazwe ngokweenkcukacha.
Ikhompyuter yebhodi enye ikhethelwe ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi kunye nezinto eziluncedo ezongezelelweyo ezifana netshiphu yolawulo lwamandla . Ikuvumela ukuba ucele izibalo kwi-voltage yangoku kunye nekhoyo ngoku kwibhodi kunye nebhetri. I-microcircuit iguqula ngokuzenzekelayo amandla phakathi kwebhetri kunye ne-DC connector, apho ikhoyo ngoku iphuma kwipaneli yelanga. Ngaloo ndlela, unikezelo lwamandla olungaphazamisekiyo kumncedisi kunye nenkxaso yebhetri kunokwenzeka.
Olimex Olinuxin A20 Lime 2
Ekuqaleni, ibhetri ye-lithium-polymer enomthamo we-6600 mAh (malunga ne-24 Wh) ikhethwe njengebhetri, emva koko ibhetri ye-lead-acid enomthamo we-84,4 Wh ifakwe.
Inkqubo yokusebenza iqala kwikhadi le-SD. Nangona i-OS ithatha akukho ngaphezu kwe-1 GB kunye newebhusayithi ye-static malunga ne-30 MB, kwakungekho ngqiqo yezoqoqosho ekuthengeni ikhadi elincinane kuneKlasi ye-10 16 GB.
Umncedisi udibanisa kwi-Intanethi nge-100Mbps uxhulumaniso lwasekhaya e-Barcelona kunye nomzila oqhelekileyo wabathengi. Idilesi ye-IP engatshintshiyo igcinelwe yona. Phantse nabani na unokuseta indawo enjalo kwigumbi labo; kufuneka utshintshe kancinane useto lwe-firewall ukuhambisa amazibuko kwi-IP yendawo:
Izibuko 80 ukuya 80 kwi-HTTP Port 443 ukuya 443 ye-HTTPS Isibuko 22 ukuya 22 ye-SSH
kwinkqubo yokusebenza isekwe kunikezelo lweDebian kunye nekernel , eyenzelwe iibhodi enye kunye ne-AllWinner chips.
Iphaneli yelanga ye-50-watt yomncedisi wewebhu kunye nepaneli yelanga ye-10-watt yokukhanyisa igumbi lokuhlala kwindlu yombhali
Indawo engatshintshiyo eyenziwe yinkqubo (ijenereyitha yesiza kwiPython). Iisayithi ezimileyo zilayisha ngokukhawuleza kwaye zincinci i-CPU, ngoko ke zinamandla ngakumbi kunamaphepha enziwe ngokuguquguqukayo. Jonga ikhowudi yemvelaphi yomxholo. .
Inqaku elibaluleke kakhulu kuxinzelelo lomfanekiso, kuba ngaphandle kolu lungelelwaniso phantse akunakwenzeka ukwenza amaphepha ewebhu abe mancinci kune-megabyte eyi-1. Ukuphucula, kwaye kwagqitywa ekubeni kuguqulwe iifoto zibe yimifanekiso yehalftone. Umzekelo, nantsi ifoto yabasetyhini abasebenza ngefowuni kwi-switchboard kwinkulungwane edlulileyo, .
Kwaye nanku umfanekiso ongwevu olungiselelwe ubungakanani ngemibala emithathu (emnyama, emhlophe, engwevu). Ngenxa ye-optical illusion, kubonakala kumbukeli ukuba kukho imibala engaphezu kwemithathu.
Iifoto ze-halftone azikhethwanga kuphela ukukhulisa ubungakanani (isigqibo esithandabuzekayo), kodwa nangenxa yezizathu zobuhle. Le ndlela yokulungisa umfanekiso omdala ineempawu ezithile zesimbo, ngoko ke isiza sinoyilo olwahlukileyo.
Emva kokulungiswa, imifanekiso ye-623 kwiwebhusayithi ye-Low-tech Magazine iyancipha ngobukhulu ukusuka kwi-194,2 MB ukuya kwi-21,3 MB, oko kukuthi, nge-89%.
Onke amanqaku amadala aguqulelwa kuMarkdown ukuze kube lula ukubhala amanqaku amatsha, kunye nokulula ukugcina i-backup nge. . Zonke izikripthi kunye nabalandeleli, kunye neelogo, zasuswa kwindawo. Ifonti engagqibekanga kwibhrawuza yomxhasi isetyenziswa. Njenge “logo” - igama lemagazini ngoonobumba abakhulu kunotolo oluya ngasekhohlo: LOW←TECH MAGAZINE. Iibytes ezili-16 kuphela endaweni yomfanekiso.
Kwimeko yokunciphisa ixesha, kunokwenzeka ukuba "ukufunda ngaphandle kwe-intanethi" kulungiselelwe: imibhalo kunye nemifanekiso ithunyelwa ngaphandle kwi-RSS feed. I-Caching yomxholo we-100% yenziwe, kuquka i-HTML.
Olunye ulungiselelo luvumela useto lwe-HTTP2 kwi-nginx, enciphisa kancinci i-traffic kunye nokunciphisa ixesha lokulayisha iphepha xa kuthelekiswa ne-HTTP/1.1. Itheyibhile ithelekisa iziphumo zamaphepha amahlanu ahlukeneyo.
| | IFP | WE | HS | FW | CW | |----------|-------|--------------------------------- -| | HTTP/1.1 | 1.46s | 1.87s | 1.54s | 1.86s | 1.89s | | HTTP2 | 1.30s | 1.49s | 1.54s | 1.79s | 1.55s | | Imifanekiso | 9 | 21 | 11 | 19 | 23 | | ukonga | 11% | 21% | 0% | 4% | 18% |
Uqwalaselo olupheleleyo lwe nginx:
root@solarserver:/var/log/nginx# cat /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/solar.lowtechmagazine.com
# Expires map
map $sent_http_content_type $expires {
default off;
text/html 7d;
text/css max;
application/javascript max;
~image/ max;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name solar.lowtechmagazine.com;
location / {
return 301 https://$server_name$request_uri;
}
}
server{
listen 443 ssl http2;
server_name solar.lowtechmagazine.com;
charset UTF-8; #improve page speed by sending the charset with the first response.
location / {
root /var/www/html/;
index index.html;
autoindex off;
}
#Caching (save html pages for 7 days, rest as long as possible, no caching on frontpage)
expires $expires;
location @index {
add_header Last-Modified $date_gmt;
add_header Cache-Control 'no-cache, no-store';
etag off;
expires off;
}
#error_page 404 /404.html;
# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
#error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
#location = /50x.html {
# root /var/www/;
#}
#Compression
gzip on;
gzip_disable "msie6";
gzip_vary on;
gzip_comp_level 6;
gzip_buffers 16 8k;
gzip_http_version 1.1;
gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript;
#Caching (save html page for 7 days, rest as long as possible)
expires $expires;
# Logs
access_log /var/log/nginx/solar.lowtechmagazine.com_ssl.access.log;
error_log /var/log/nginx/solar.lowtechmagazine.com_ssl.error.log;
# SSL Settings:
ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/solar.lowtechmagazine.com/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/solar.lowtechmagazine.com/privkey.pem;
# Improve HTTPS performance with session resumption
ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:10m;
ssl_session_timeout 5m;
# Enable server-side protection against BEAST attacks
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
ssl_ciphers ECDH+AESGCM:ECDH+AES256:ECDH+AES128:DH+3DES:!ADH:!AECDH:!MD5;
# Disable SSLv3
ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;
# Lower the buffer size to increase TTFB
ssl_buffer_size 4k;
# Diffie-Hellman parameter for DHE ciphersuites
# $ sudo openssl dhparam -out /etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem 4096
ssl_dhparam /etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem;
# Enable HSTS (https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Security/HTTP_Strict_Transport_Security)
add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=63072000; includeSubdomains";
# Enable OCSP stapling (http://blog.mozilla.org/security/2013/07/29/ocsp-stapling-in-firefox)
ssl_stapling on;
ssl_stapling_verify on;
ssl_trusted_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/solar.lowtechmagazine.com/fullchain.pem;
resolver 87.98.175.85 193.183.98.66 valid=300s;
resolver_timeout 5s;
}Iziphumo zeenyanga ze-15 zomsebenzi
Ngexesha elisusela kwi-12 kaDisemba, i-2018 ukuya kwi-28 kaNovemba ka-2019, iseva ibonise . Oku kuthetha ukuba ngenxa yemozulu embi ixesha lonyaka libe ziiyure ezingama-399.
Kodwa ukuba awuyi kuqwalasela iinyanga ezimbini zokugqibela, ixesha lokuphumla laliyi-98,2%, kwaye ixesha lokuphumla laliyi-152 iiyure kuphela, abaphuhlisi babhala. I-Uptime yehle ukuya kwi-80% kwiinyanga ezimbini ezidlulileyo xa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunyukile ngenxa yohlaziyo lwesoftware. Rhoqo ebusuku indawo yehla iiyure ezininzi.
Ngokwezibalo, kunyaka (ukususela ngoDisemba 3, 2018 ukuya kwi-24 Novemba 2019), ukusetyenziswa kombane womncedisi kwakuyi-9,53 kWh. Ilahleko enkulu kwinkqubo ye-photovoltaic ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwe-voltage kunye nokukhutshwa kwebhetri kuye kwabhalwa. Umlawuli welanga ubonise ukusetyenziswa konyaka kwe-18,10 kWh, oku kuthetha ukuba ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo malunga ne-50%.
Idayagram eyenziwe lula. Ayibonisi i-voltage converter ukusuka kwi-12 ukuya kwi-5 volts kunye nebhetri ye-ampere-hour meter.
Ngexesha lokufunda, iindwendwe ezikhethekileyo ze-865 zatyelela indawo. Kubandakanya zonke iilahleko zamandla kufakelo lwelanga, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngondwendwe olulodwa kwaba yi-000 Wh. Ngaloo ndlela, i-kilowatt-yure enye yamandla elanga eyenziwe yanele ukukhonza iindwendwe eziphantse zibe ngama-0,021.
Ngexesha lovavanyo, iipaneli zelanga ezinobukhulu obuhlukeneyo zavavanywa. Itheyibhile ibonisa izibalo zokuba kuya kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukubiza iibhetri zamandla ahlukeneyo xa usebenzisa iiphaneli zelanga ezinobukhulu obahlukeneyo.
Umyinge wokusetyenziswa kwamandla omncedisi wewebhu kunyaka wokuqala, kuquka yonke ilahleko yamandla, yayiyi-1,97 Watts. Ubalo lubonisa ukuba ukuqhuba iwebhusayithi ngobusuku obufutshane bonyaka (iiyure ezisi-8 imizuzu engama-50, ngoJuni 21) kufuna i-17,40 watt-iiyure zamandla okugcina, kwaye ngobusuku obude (iiyure ezili-14 zemizuzu engama-49, ngoDisemba 21) udinga i-29,19. .XNUMX Wh.
Kuba iibhetri zelead-asidi akufuneki zikhuphe umthamo ongaphantsi kwesiqingatha somthamo, iseva ifuna ibhetri ye-60 Wh ukuze iphile kobona busuku bude ngokukhanya kwasemini okona kulungileyo (2x29,19 Wh). Ubuninzi bonyaka, inkqubo isebenze kunye nebhetri ye-86,4 Wh kunye nepaneli yelanga ye-50-watt, kwaye emva koko i-95-98% yokuphumla ekhankanywe ngasentla yaphunyezwa.
Ixesha lokuphumla 100%
Kwi-100% yexesha, kuyimfuneko ukwandisa umthamo webhetri. Ukuhlawulela usuku olunye lwemozulu embi kakhulu (ngaphandle kokuvelisa amandla amakhulu), ii-watts ezingama-47,28 (iiyure ezingama-24 × i-1,97 watts) ziyafuneka.
Ukusukela nge-1 kaDisemba, 2019 ukuya kuJanuwari 12, 2020, ibhetri ye-168-watt yafakwa kwinkqubo, enomthamo osebenzayo wokugcina iiyure ezingama-84. Oku kukugcinwa okwaneleyo ukugcina indawo isebenza ubusuku obubini kunye nosuku olunye. Ulungelelwaniso lwavavanywa ngexesha lobumnyama bonyaka, kodwa imozulu yayintle kakhulu - kwaye ngexesha elichaziweyo ixesha lokuphumla laliyi-100%.
Kodwa ukuze uqiniseke nge-100% ixesha lokuphumla iminyaka eliqela, kuya kufuneka unikezele ngeyona meko imbi kakhulu, xa imozulu embi izingisa iintsuku ezininzi. Ubalo lubonisa ukuba ukugcina iwebhusayithi kwi-intanethi iintsuku ezine kunye nesizukulwana esiphantsi okanye esingenawo amandla, uya kufuna ibhetri ye-lead-acid enomthamo we-440 watt-yure, ubukhulu bebhetri yemoto.
Ngokuziqhelanisa, kwiimeko ezintle zemozulu, ibhetri ye-48 Wh i-lead-acid iya kugcina iseva isebenza ubusuku bonke ukusuka ngoMatshi ukuya kuSeptemba. Ibhetri ye-24 Wh iya kuhlala iseva ubuninzi beeyure ze-6, oku kuthetha ukuba iya kuvala ubusuku bonke, nangona ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo kuxhomekeke kwinyanga.
Ngokubanzi, ezinye iisayithi azidingi ukusebenza ebusuku, xa inani leendwendwe lincinci, bathi abafana abavela kwi-Low-tech Magazine. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba oku kupapasho lwedolophu yengingqi, apho iindwendwe ezivela kwezinye iindawo zexesha zingafiki, kodwa ngabahlali basekuhlaleni kuphela.
Oko kukuthi, kwiindawo ezinezithuthi ezahlukeneyo kunye nexesha elahlukileyo, iibhetri zamandla ahlukeneyo kunye neepaneli zelanga ezinobungakanani obuhlukeneyo ziyafuneka.
Umbhali unika isibalo sokuba angakanani amandla afunekayo imveliso iipaneli zelanga ngokwazo (amandla aqulethwe) kunye nokuba kungakanani na ukuba uyahlula le mali ngenkonzo elindelekileyo yeminyaka eyi-10.
Ngale ndlela, kunokwenzeka ukubala ukulingana kwamafutha e-fossil asetyenziswa kwimveliso kunye nokusebenza kweepaneli. I-Low-tech Magazine yafumanisa ukuba kunyaka wokuqala wokusebenza, inkqubo yabo (iphaneli ye-50 W, ibhetri ye-86,4 Wh) "yenziwe" malunga ne-9 kg ye-emissions, okanye ilingana nokutshisa iilitha ezi-3 zepetroli: malunga nokufana ne-50- Unyaka ubudala imoto yomkhweli km uhambo.
Ukuba umncedisi unikwe amandla kungekhona kwiipaneli zelanga, kodwa ukusuka kwigridi yamandla ngokubanzi, ngoko ukukhutshwa okulinganayo kubonakala kuphantsi ngokuphindwe kathandathu: 1,54 kg (icandelo lamandla aseSpain linesabelo esiphezulu sezinye amandla kunye nezityalo zamandla enyukliya). Kodwa oku akusiyo uthelekiso oluchanekileyo ngokupheleleyo, umbhali ubhala, kuba ithathela ingqalelo amandla aqulethwe kwiziseko zelanga, kodwa ayithatheli ngqalelo esi salathisi kuthungelwano lwamandla ngokubanzi, oko kukuthi, iindleko zokwakhiwa kwayo kunye nenkxaso. .
Uphuculo olongezelelweyo
Kwixesha elidlulileyo, inani lezinto ezilungisiweyo zenziwa eziye zanciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla eseva. Ngokomzekelo, ngexesha elithile umphuhlisi waqaphela ukuba i-6,63 TB ye-11,15 TB ye-traffic iyonke iveliswe ngokuphunyezwa kokuphakelayo kwe-RSS okungalunganga okutsala umxholo yonke imizuzu embalwa. Emva kokulungisa le bug, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla omncedisi (kungabandakanywa ilahleko yamandla) kwehle ukusuka kwi-1,14 W ukuya malunga ne-0,95 W. Inzuzo ingabonakala incinci, kodwa umehluko we-0,19 W uthetha i-4,56 watt-iyure ngosuku, ehambelana neeyure ezingaphezu kwe-2,5 zobomi bebhetri kumncedisi.
Kunyaka wokuqala, ukusebenza kakuhle kwaba ngama-50% kuphela. Ilahleko yabonwa xa utshaja kwaye ukhupha ibhetri (22%), kunye naxa uguqula i-voltage ukusuka kwi-12 V (inkqubo ye-PV yelanga) ukuya kwi-5 V (i-USB), apho ilahleko yayifikelela kwi-28%. Umphuhlisi uyavuma ukuba une-converter ye-voltage engaphantsi (umlawuli ngaphandle kwe-USB eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi), ngoko unokwandisa eli nqaku okanye utshintshele kwi-5V yofakelo lwelanga.
Ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokugcinwa kwamandla, iibhetri ze-lead-acid zingatshintshwa ngeebhetri ze-lithium-ion ezibiza kakhulu, ezinelahleko ephantsi / yokukhupha (<10%). Ngoku umyili uqwalasela i-compact (i-CAES), enexesha lokuphila lamashumi eminyaka, oku kuthetha ukuba i-carbon footprint encinci kwimveliso yayo.
Isiqokeleli samandla omoya esixineneyo,
Ukufakela i-injini yomoya eyongezelelweyo kuyaqwalaselwa (kungaba njalo ) kunye nokufakela i-solar tracker ukujika iipaneli ezijonge elangeni. I-tracker ikuvumela ukuba ukwandise imveliso yombane nge-30%.
Enye indlela yokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo kukukala. Phakamisa iiwebhusayithi ezininzi kwiseva kwaye uqalise iiseva ezininzi. Emva koko ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwindawo nganye kuya kuncipha.
Inkampani yokubamba iSolar. Umzekeliso: Diego Marmolejo
Ukuba uvala i-balcony yendlu yakho yonke ngeepaneli zelanga kwaye uvule inkampani yokubamba i-solar web, iindleko zomthengi ngamnye ziya kuba sezantsi kakhulu kunewebhusayithi enye: uqoqosho lwesikali.
Ngokubanzi, olu vavanyo lubonisa ukuba, ngokunikezelwa kwemida ethile, kunokwenzeka ngokupheleleyo ukuba iziseko zekhompyutha zisebenze kwimithombo yamandla avuselelekayo.
Ngokwethiyori, iseva enjalo inokwenza ngaphandle kwebhetri ukuba iboniswe kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi. Umzekelo, faka izipili eNew Zealand naseChile. Kukho iipaneli zelanga ziya kusebenza xa kusebusuku e-Barcelona.
umthombo: www.habr.com