“Phantse akukho ndawo yokuphucula itekhnoloji esebenza kumaza kanomathotholo. Izisombululo ezilula ziyaphela"
NgoNovemba 26, 2018 ngo-22: 53 pm ixesha laseMoscow, i-NASA yaphumelela kwakhona-i-InSight probe yafika ngempumelelo phezu kwe-Mars emva kokungena kwakhona, ukuhla kunye nokuhlalisa, okwathi kamva kwabizwa ngokuba "yimizuzu emithandathu enesiqingatha yoloyiko." Inkcazo efanelekileyo, kuba iinjineli ze-NASA azikwazanga kwangoko ukwazi ukuba i-space probe ifike ngempumelelo kumphezulu weplanethi, ngenxa yokulibaziseka kwexesha kunxibelelwano phakathi koMhlaba kunye ne-Mars, eyayimalunga nemizuzu eyi-8,1. Ngeli xesha lefestile, i-InSight ayinakuthembela kwii-eriyali zayo zale mihla nezinamandla - yonke into ixhomekeke kunxibelelwano lwe-UHF yakudala (le ndlela kudala isetyenziswa kuyo yonke into ukusuka kusasazo lweTV kunye nee-walkie-talkies ukuya kwizixhobo zeBluetooh).
Ngenxa yoko, idatha ebalulekileyo kwimeko ye-InSight yathunyelwa kumaza onomathotholo kunye ne-401,586 MHz ukuya kwiisathelayithi ezimbini -, I-WALL-E kunye ne-EVE, eyathi ke idlulisa idatha ngesantya se-8 Kbps ukuya kwii-antenna zemitha ezingama-70 eziseMhlabeni. IiCubesats zasungulwa kwirokethi enye ne-InSight, kwaye bayikhapha kuhambo lwayo oluya kuMars ukuya kujonga ukuhla kunye nokuhambisa idatha ukubuyela ekhaya kwangoko. Ezinye iinqanawa zaseMartian ezijikelezayo, ezifana (MRS), bebekwimeko engonwabanga kwaye bebengakwazi ekuqaleni ukubonelela ngemiyalezo yexesha lokwenyani kunye nomnini-mhlaba. Anditsho ukuba ukuhla konke kuxhomekeke kwiiCubesats ezimbini zovavanyo ezinobungakanani besutikheyisi nganye, kodwa i-MRS iya kuba nakho ukuhambisa idatha kwi-InSight emva kokulinda ixesha elide.
Ukufika kwe-InSight eneneni kubeka uvavanyo loyilo lonke lwe-NASA lonxibelelwano, "iMars Network", kuvavanyo. Umqondiso osuka kwi-InSight lander, ogqithiselwe kwiisathelayithi ezijikelezayo, ngewufike eMhlabeni, nokuba iisathelayithi zisilele. I-WALL-E kunye no-EVE babefuneka ukuze kudluliselwe ulwazi olukhawulezileyo, kwaye bakwenzile oko. Ukuba ezi Cubsats azizange zisebenze ngesizathu esithile, uMRS wayekulungele ukudlala indima yabo. Ngamnye kubo usebenze njenge-node kuthungelwano olufana ne-Intanethi, ukuhambisa iipakethi zedatha kwiitheminali ezahlukeneyo ezenziwe ngezixhobo ezahlukeneyo. Namhlanje, eyona nto isebenzayo kubo yi-MRS, ekwazi ukudlulisa idatha ngesantya ukuya kwi-6 Mbps (kwaye le yirekhodi yangoku ye-interplanetary missions). Nangona kunjalo, i-NASA kuye kwafuneka isebenze ngesantya esicothayo kwixesha elidlulileyo - kwaye iya kufuna ukuhanjiswa kwedatha ngokukhawuleza kwikamva.
Njenge-ISP yakho, iNASA ivumela abasebenzisi be-Intanethi ukuba unxibelelwano nesiphekepheke ngexesha lokwenyani.
Uthungelwano lweSithuba esinzulu
Ngokunyuka kobukho be-NASA esithubeni, iinkqubo zonxibelelwano eziphuculweyo zihlala zivela, zigubungela indawo eninzi nangakumbi: okokuqala ibiyi-orbit yomhlaba ephantsi, emva koko i-geosynchronous orbit kunye neNyanga, kwaye kungekudala unxibelelwano lwangena nzulu esithubeni. Yonke le nto yaqala ngerediyo ekrwada ephathwa ngesandla esebenzisa iziseko zomkhosi wase-US eNigeria, eSingapore, naseCalifornia ukufumana itelemetry evela kwi-Explorer 1, isathelayithi yokuqala eyasungulwa ngempumelelo ngabantu baseMelika ngo-1958. Kancinci kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo, esi siseko siye savela kwiinkqubo zanamhlanje zokuthumela imiyalezo.
UDouglas Abraham, intloko yeqhinga kunye noqikelelo lweenkqubo kwi-NASA's Interplanetary Network Directorate, uqaqambisa uthungelwano oluphuhliswe ngokuzimeleyo lokuthumela imiyalezo emajukujukwini. INethiwekhi yoMhlaba oMfutshane isebenza ngesiphekepheke kumjikelo ophantsi woMhlaba. “Yiseti yee-eriyali, ubukhulu becala ziyi-9m ukuya kwi-12m. Kukho ezimbalwa ezinkulu, ezizi-15m ukuya kwi-18m,” utsho u-Abraham. Emva koko, ngaphezu kwe-geosynchronous orbit of the Earth, kukho iisathelayithi ezininzi zokulandelela kunye nedatha (TDRS). UAbraham ucacisa esithi: “Banokukhangela phantsi kwiisathelayithi ezikwindlela ephantsi yoMhlaba baze banxibelelane nazo, baze badlulisele le nkcazelo ngeTDRS emhlabeni. "Le nkqubo yokuhanjiswa kwedatha yesathelayithi ibizwa ngokuba yi-NASA space network."
Kodwa kwaneTDRS yayinganelanga ukunxibelelana nesiphekepheke esasihamba kude ngaphaya komjikelo weNyanga ukuya kwezinye iiplanethi. “Ke ngoko kuye kwafuneka senze inethiwekhi egubungela yonke inkqubo yelanga. Kwaye le yi-Deep Space Network, DSN, utshilo u-Abraham. Uthungelwano lweMartian lulwandiso .
Xa kujongwe ubungakanani kunye nezicwangciso, iDSN yeyona nto intsonkothileyo kwezi nkqubo zidwelisiweyo. Enyanisweni, le isethi yee-antenna ezinkulu, ukusuka kwi-34 ukuya kwi-70 m ububanzi. Indawo nganye kwezi zintathu ze-DSN zineeriyali ezininzi ezingama-34m kunye ne-eriyali enye eyi-70m. Isiza esinye siseGoldstone (eCalifornia), esinye kufutshane neMadrid (eSpain), kunye nesesithathu eCanberra (eOstreliya). Ezi sayithi zibekwe malunga ne-120 degrees ngokuqelelene kwihlabathi jikelele, kwaye zibonelela ngokhuselo lwe-XNUMX/XNUMX yazo zonke iziphekepheke ezingaphandle kwe-geosynchronous orbit.
Ii-eriyali ezingama-34m zezona zixhobo zingundoqo ze-DSN kwaye ziza kwiindidi ezimbini: ii-eriyali ezindala ezisebenza kakuhle kakhulu kunye nee-eriyali ezintsha. Umahluko kukuba i-eriyali ye-antenna inezipili zeRF ezichanekileyo ezintlanu ezibonisa imiqondiso phantsi kombhobho ukuya kwigumbi lokulawula elingaphantsi komhlaba, apho i-elektroniki ehlalutya ezo miqondiso ikhuselwe ngcono kuyo yonke imithombo yokuphazamiseka. Ii-antenna zeemitha ezingama-34, zisebenza ngabanye okanye ngamaqela ezitya ezi-2-3, zinokubonelela ngonxibelelwano olufunwa yi-NASA. Kodwa kwiimeko ezikhethekileyo apho imigama iba mide kakhulu nakwii-eriyali ezimbalwa ze-34m, ulawulo lwe-DSN lusebenzisa ii-monsters ezingama-70m.
“Zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiimeko ezininzi,” utsho uAbraham ngeempondo ezinkulu. Eyokuqala xa i-spacecraft ikude kakhulu eMhlabeni ukuba akuyi kuba nzima ukuseka unxibelelwano kunye nayo usebenzisa isitya esincinci. “Imizekelo emihle iya kuba yimishini yeNew Horizons, esele ibhabha ngaphaya kwePluto, okanye isiphekepheke seVoyager, esingaphandle kwesixokelelwano sezijikelezi-langa. Zii-eriyali eziziimitha ezingama-70 kuphela ezikwaziyo ukufikelela kuzo kwaye zizise idatha yazo eMhlabeni, ”ucacisa u-Abraham.
Izitya zeemitha ezingama-70 zikwasetyenziswa xa isiphekepheke singakwazi ukusebenzisa i-eriyali ye-booster, mhlawumbi ngenxa yemeko ebalulekileyo ecetywayo efana nokungena kwe-orbital, okanye ngenxa yokuba kukho into engahambi kakuhle. I-antenna yeemitha ezingama-70, umzekelo, yayisetyenziselwa ukubuyisela ngokukhuselekileyo i-Apollo 13 emhlabeni. Kwakhona wamkela umgca odumileyo kaNeil Armstrong, "Inyathelo elincinci lomntu, inyathelo elikhulu loluntu." Kwaye nanamhla oku, i-DSN iseyeyona nkqubo yonxibelelwano ikwinqanaba eliphezulu kwaye inovakalelo kwihlabathi. UAbraham ulumkisa ngelithi: “Kodwa ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi, sele ifikelele esiphelweni. “Phantse akukho ndawo yokuphucula itekhnoloji esebenza kumaza kanomathotholo. Izisombululo ezilula ziyaphela."
Izikhululo ezithathu eziphantsi komhlaba zihlukaniswe ngama-120 degrees
Iipleyiti zeDSN eCanberra
I-DSN complex eMadrid
DSN kwi Goldstone
Igumbi lokulawula kwiJet Propulsion Laboratory
Irediyo kunye nento eza emva kwayo
Eli bali alikho litsha. Imbali yonxibelelwano lwendawo enzulu iqulathe umzabalazo othe gqolo wokunyusa amaza omoya kunye nokunciphisa ubude bamaza. I-Explorer 1 esetyenzisiweyo izakhelo ze-108 MHz. I-NASA emva koko yazisa ii-eriyali ezinkulu, ezifunyenwe ngcono ezixhasa iifrikhwensi ezivela kwi-L-band, ukusuka kwi-1 ukuya kwi-2 GHz. Emva koko kwafika ukujika kwe-S-band, kunye ne-frequencies ukusuka kwi-2 ukuya kwi-4 GHz, kwaye i-arhente yatshintshela kwi-X-band, kunye ne-frequencies ye-7-11,2 GHz.
Namhlanje, iinkqubo zonxibelelwano lwendawo ziphinda zenze utshintsho - ngoku zifudukela kwibhendi ye-26-40 GHz, iKa-band. “Isizathu salo mkhwa kukuba okukhona umfutshane ubude bamaza kunye nokuphakama kwamaza, kokukhona unokufumana amanani edatha,” utshilo u-Abraham.
Kukho izizathu zokuba nethemba, kuba ngokwembali isantya sophuhliso lonxibelelwano kwiNASA siphezulu kakhulu. Iphepha lophando lika-2014 elivela kwiJet Propulsion Laboratory lichaza le datha ilandelayo yokuthelekisa: ukuba sisebenzise itekhnoloji yonxibelelwano ye-Explorer 1 ukuhambisa ifoto ye-iPhone eqhelekileyo ukusuka kuJupiter ukuya eMhlabeni, kuyakuthatha amaxesha angama-460 ixesha elide kunendalo yangoku. Oovulindlela besi-2 nabe-4 ukususela ngeminyaka yee-1960 babeza kuthabatha iminyaka engama-633. I-Mariner 000 esuka kwi-9 yayiza kuyenza kwiiyure ezingama-1971. Namhlanje izakuthatha imizuzu emithathu iMPC.
Ingxaki kuphela, ngokuqinisekileyo, kukuba inani ledatha efunyenwe yi-spacecraft ikhula ngokukhawuleza, ukuba ayikhawulezi ngaphezu kokukhula kwamandla okuhambisa. Ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-40 yokusebenza, iVoyagers 1 kunye ne-2 zivelise i-5 TB yolwazi. I-satellite ye-NISAR yeSayensi yoMhlaba, ecwangciselwe ukuqaliswa kwi-2020, iya kuvelisa i-85 TB yedatha ngenyanga. Kwaye ukuba iisathelayithi zoMhlaba ziyakwazi ukwenza oku, ukudlulisa umthamo onjalo wedatha phakathi kweeplanethi libali elahluke ngokupheleleyo. Nokuba i-MRS ekhawulezayo iyakusasaza i-85 TB yedatha kuMhlaba iminyaka engama-20.
“Amaxabiso aqikelelweyo okudluliselwa kwedatha ekuphononongweni kweMars ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-2020s nasekuqaleni koo-2030 aya kuba yi-150 Mbps okanye ngaphezulu, ngoko masenze izibalo,” utsho uAbraham. Ukuba isiphekepheke sodidi lwe-MPC kumgama omde ukusuka kuthi ukuya kuMars sinokuthumela malunga ne-1 Mbps kwi-eriyali yeemitha ezingama-70 eMhlabeni, kuya kufuneka uluhlu lwe-eriyali ezingama-150 150 yeemitha ukuseka unxibelelwano ngesantya esiyi-70 Mbps. . Ewe, kunjalo, sinokuza neendlela ezilumkileyo zokunciphisa kancinci le mali ingenangqondo, kodwa ingxaki ikhona ngokucacileyo: ukulungelelanisa unxibelelwano lwe-interplanetary ngesantya se-150 Mbps kunzima kakhulu. Ukongeza, siphelelwa kuluhlu lweefrikhwensi ezivumelekileyo. ”
Njengoko uAbraham ebonisa, esebenza kwi-S okanye i-X band, i-mission eyodwa enomthamo we-25 Mbps iya kuthatha yonke i-spectrum ekhoyo. Kukho indawo eninzi kwi-Ka-band, kodwa zimbini kuphela iisathelayithi ze-Mars ezine-bandwidth ye-150 Mbps eziya kuhlala kuyo yonke i-spectrum. Ukubeka nje, i-intanethi ye-interplanetary iya kufuna okungaphezulu kunomathotholo ukuba usebenze - iya kuxhomekeka kwiilaser.
Ukufika konxibelelwano lwamehlo
I-Lasers ivakala njengekamva, kodwa umbono wonxibelelwano lwe-optical unokulandelwa emva kwipatent efakwe ngu-Alexander Graham Bell ngeminyaka yoo-1880. I-Bell iphuhlise inkqubo apho ukukhanya kwelanga, okugxininise kumqadi omxinwa kakhulu, kwakujoliswa kwi-diaphragm ekhanyayo eyayingcangcazela ngenxa yezandi. Ukungcangcazela kubangele ukwahluka ekukhanyeni okudlula kwilensi ukuya kwisixhobo esikrwada sokufota. Utshintsho ekuchaseni ifotodetector yatshintsha ikhoyo ngoku ehamba ngefowuni.
Inkqubo yayingazinzanga, umthamo wawuphantsi kakhulu, kwaye uBell ekugqibeleni wayishiya le ngcamango. Kodwa phantse iminyaka eli-100 kamva, bexhobe ngeelaser kunye nefiber optics, iinjineli zeNASA zibuyele kumbono wakudala.
"Sasiyazi imida yeenkqubo ze-RF, ngoko ke ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1970, ekuqaleni kwee-1980, i-JPL yaqala ukuxoxa ngokudlulisa imiyalezo kwindawo enzulu kusetyenziswa i-laser yendawo," watsho uAbraham. Ukuqonda ngcono ukuba yintoni na kwaye ayinakwenzeka kunxibelelwano lwe-optical space, ilebhu yagunyazisa uphononongo lweminyaka emine, i-Deep Space Relay Satellite System (DSRSS), ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1980. Uphononongo bekufanele luphendule imibuzo ebalulekileyo: kuthekani ngemozulu kunye neengxaki zokubonakala (emva koko, amaza erediyo anokudlula ngokulula emafini, ngelixa iilaser zingenako)? Kuthekani ukuba i-engile ye-Sun-Earth-probe iba bukhali kakhulu? Ngaba isixhobo sokubona eMhlabeni siya kwahlula umqondiso obuthathaka wokukhanya kwelanga? Kwaye ekugqibeleni, iya kuba yimalini yonke le nto kwaye iya kuba nexabiso? UAbraham uvuma ngelithi: “Sisafuna iimpendulo zale mibuzo. "Nangona kunjalo, iimpendulo ziya ziqinisekisa ngakumbi ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuhanjiswa kwedatha."
I-DSRSS icebise ukuba indawo engaphezulu kwe-atmosfera yoMhlaba ifaneleka ngcono kunxibelelwano lwe-optical nonomathotholo. Kwabangwa ukuba inkqubo yonxibelelwano yamehlo efakwe kwisikhululo se-orbital iya kusebenza bhetele kunalo naliphi na i-architecture yomhlaba, kuquka nee-eriyali eziziimitha ezingama-70. Bekufanele ukuba ibeke isitya seemitha ezili-10 kufutshane ne-Earth orbit, kwaye emva koko iphakanyiswe kwi-geosynchronous. Nangona kunjalo, iindleko zenkqubo enjalo-ebandakanya isathelayithi enesitya, i-rocket yokuqalisa kunye ne-terminals yabasebenzisi abahlanu-yayinqatshelwe. Ngaphezu koko, uphononongo aluzange lubandakanye iindleko zenkqubo yokuncedisa efunekayo, eya kuqala ukusebenza xa kukho ukungaphumeleli kwesatellite.
Njengale nkqubo, iLebhu yaqala ukujonga ulwakhiwo lomhlaba oluchazwe kwiGround Based Advanced Technology Study (GBATS) eqhutywa kwiLebhu ngexesha elinye neDRSS. Abantu ababesebenza kwi-GBATS beza nezindululo ezimbini ezizezinye. Eyokuqala kukufakelwa kwezikhululo ezithandathu ezineeriyali eziziimitha ezili-10 kunye nee-eriyali ezisecaleni zeemitha, ezibekwe ngamadigri angama-60 ukusuka komnye nomnye malunga ne-ikhweyitha. Izitishi kwafuneka zakhiwe kwiincopho zeentaba, apho ubuncinci i-66% yeentsuku zonyaka yayicacile. Ngaloo ndlela, izikhululo ezi-2-3 ziya kuhlala zibonakala kuyo nayiphi na i-spacecraft, kwaye ziya kuba nemozulu eyahlukileyo. Inketho yesibini yizitishi ezisithoba, zihlanganiswe ngamaqela amathathu, kwaye zifumaneka kwii-120 degrees ukusuka komnye nomnye. Izitishi phakathi kweqela ngalinye kufuneka zibe kumgama oziikhilomitha ezingama-200 ngokuqelelene ukuze zibe kumgca wokubona, kodwa kwiiseli zemozulu ezahlukeneyo.
Zombini ii-architecture ze-GBATS bezingabizi kakhulu kunendlela yendawo, kodwa nazo zineengxaki. Okokuqala, ngenxa yokuba imiqondiso kwakufuneka idlule kwiatmosfera yoMhlaba, ulwamkelo lwasemini luya kuba lubi kakhulu kunolwamkelo lwasebusuku ngenxa yesibhakabhaka esikhanyayo. Nangona ilungiselelo lobuqili, izikhululo zamehlo eziphantsi komhlaba ziya kuxhomekeka kwimozulu. Isiphekepheke esijolise kwi-laser kwisikhululo esiphantsi ekugqibeleni kuya kufuneka siqhelane neemeko zemozulu ezimbi kwaye siphinde simisele unxibelelwano nesinye isikhululo esingasithwanga ngamafu.
Nangona kunjalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zeziphi iingxaki, i-DSRSS kunye neeprojekthi ze-GBATS zabeka isiseko sethiyori kwiinkqubo ze-optical space kunye nophuhliso lwangoku lweenjineli kwi-NASA. Kwahlala kuphela ukwakha inkqubo enjalo kwaye ibonise ukusebenza kwayo. Ngethamsanqa, oko kwakusele kusele iinyanga ezimbalwa.
Ukuphunyezwa kweprojekthi
Ngelo xesha, ukuhanjiswa kwedatha ye-optical emajukujukwini kwakusele kwenzekile. Uvavanyo lokuqala lwenziwa ngo-1992 xa iGalileo probe yayisingise kuJupiter kwaye yajikela ikhamera yayo enesigqibo esiphezulu ibheke eMhlabeni ukuze ifumane ngempumelelo iseti yelaser pulses esuka kwi-60 cm yeTable Mountain Observatory Telescope kunye ne-1,5 m USAF Starfire Optical Telescope. eNew Mexico. Ngelo xesha, uGalileo wayeyi-1,4 yezigidi zeekhilomitha ukusuka eMhlabeni, kodwa yomibini imiqadi yelaser yabetha ikhamera yakhe.
Ii-Arhente zaseJapan nezaseYurophu nazo zikwazile ukuseka unxibelelwano lwe-optical phakathi kwezikhululo ezisemhlabeni kunye neesathelayithi ezikwi-orbit yomhlaba. Baye bakwazi ukuseka unxibelelwano lwe-50 Mbps phakathi kweesathelayithi ezimbini. Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, iqela laseJamani laseka i-5,6 Gbps ehambelanayo ye-bi-directional optical link phakathi kwe-satellite ye-NFIRE kwi-Earth orbit kunye nesikhululo esisezantsi eTenerife, eSpain. Kodwa zonke ezi meko zazinxulunyaniswa ne-close-Earth orbit.
Elona khonkco lokuqala lokudibanisa isikhululo esiphantsi komhlaba kunye nesiphekepheke esijikeleza esinye isijikelezi-langa kwisixokelelwano selanga lafakwa ngoJanuwari 2013. Umfanekiso we-152 x 200 pixel omnyama nomhlophe we-Mona Lisa wathunyelwa ukusuka kwiSikhululo esilandelayo seSatellite Laser Range kwi-NASA's Goddard Space Flight Centre ukuya kwiLunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) nge-300 bps. Unxibelelwano lwalucalanye. I-LRO ithumele umfanekiso ofunyenwe eMhlabeni ngonomathotholo oqhelekileyo. Umfanekiso ubufuna ukulungiswa kwempazamo encinci yesoftware, kodwa nangaphandle koku kufakwa kwekhowudi kwakulula ukuyiqonda. Kwaye ngelo xesha, ukuqaliswa kwenkqubo enamandla ngakumbi kwiNyanga yayisele icwangcisiwe.
Ukusuka kwiprojekthi yeLunar Reconnaissance Orbiter ngo-2013: Ukucoca iimpazamo zothumelo eziveliswe yi-atmosphere yomhlaba (ekhohlo), izazinzulu kwiZiko leeFlight le-Goddard Space zisebenzisa ukulungiswa kwempazamo yeReed-Solomon (ekunene), esetyenziswa kakhulu kwiiCD kunye neeDVD. Iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo ziquka iipikseli ezilahlekileyo (ezimhlophe) kunye neempawu zobuxoki (ezimnyama). Ibha emhlophe ibonisa ukunqumama okuncinci kuthumelo.
«» (I-LADEE) ingene kwi-orbit yenyanga ngo-Okthobha 6, 2013, kwaye emva kweveki yasungula i-laser yayo yokuhambisa idatha. Ngeli xesha, i-NASA yazama ukuququzelela unxibelelwano lweendlela ezimbini kwisantya se-20 Mbps kuloo ndlela kunye nesantya serekhodi ye-622 Mbps kwelinye icala. Ingxaki kuphela yayibubomi obufutshane bobuthunywa. Unxibelelwano lwamehlo iLRO yasebenza imizuzu nje embalwa. I-LADEE yanxibelelana nelaser yakhe iiyure ezili-16 zizonke iintsuku ezingama-30. Le meko kufuneka itshintshe xa i-Laser Communications Demonstration Satellite (LCRD) iqaliswe, icwangciselwe ngoJuni 2019. Umsebenzi wayo kukubonisa indlela iinkqubo zonxibelelwano zexesha elizayo kwindawo eziza kusebenza ngayo.
I-LCRD iyaphuhliswa kwiLebhu ye-Jet Propulsion ye-NASA ngentsebenziswano ne-Lincoln Laboratory e-MIT. Iza kuba neetheminali ezimbini ze-optical: enye yeyonxibelelwano kwi-orbit yomhlaba ephantsi, enye isithuba esinzulu. Eyokuqala kuya kufuneka isebenzise differential phase shift keying (DPSK). I-transmitter iya kuthumela i-laser pulses kwi-frequency ye-2,88 GHz. Ukusebenzisa le teknoloji, incinci nganye iya kufakwa kwikhowudi ngumahluko wesigaba seepulses ezilandelelanayo. Iya kukwazi ukusebenza kwi-2,88 Gbps, kodwa iya kufuna amandla amaninzi. Abachongi bayakwazi ukubona kuphela umahluko wepulse kwimiqondiso ephezulu yamandla, ke iDPSK isebenza kakuhle ngonxibelelwano olukufutshane noMhlaba, kodwa ayisiyiyo eyona ndlela ilungileyo yendawo enzulu, apho ukugcinwa kwamandla kuyingxaki. Umqondiso othunyelwe ukusuka kuMars uya kulahlekelwa amandla ngaphambi kokuba ufikelele eMhlabeni, ngoko i-LCRD iya kusebenzisa iteknoloji esebenzayo, i-pulse-phase modulation, ukubonisa unxibelelwano lwamehlo kunye nendawo enzulu.
Iinjineli zeNASA zilungiselela i-LADEE yokuvavanya
Kwi-2017, iinjineli zavavanya iimodem zendiza kwindawo yokucoca i-thermal vacuum
UAbraham uthi: “Kubala ukubala iifotoni. – Ixesha elifutshane elabelwe unxibelelwano lahlulwe ngokwamacandelo amaninzi exesha. Ukufumana idatha, kufuneka ujonge ukuba iifotoni kwindawo nganye yezithuba zingqubanise nomtshina. Le yindlela idatha efakwe ngayo kwi-FIM. " Kufana nekhowudi yeMorse, kuphela ngesantya esiphezulu. Kunokuba kubekho ilitha ngomzuzu othile, okanye akukho, kwaye umyalezo ukhowudwa ngokulandelelana kokudanya. "Nangona oku kucotha kakhulu kune-DPSK, sisenako ukuseka unxibelelwano lwe-optical ngesantya samashumi okanye amakhulu e-Mbps ukuya kuthi ga kwi-Mars," wongezelela uAbraham.
Kakade ke, iprojekthi yeLCRD ayiphelelanga nje kwezi ndawo zimbini. Kufuneka kwakhona isebenze njengendawo ye-Intanethi esithubeni. Emhlabeni, kuya kubakho izikhululo ezithathu ezisebenza i-LCRD: enye kwi-White Sands eNew Mexico, enye kwiNtaba yeTafile eCalifornia, kunye nesinye kwisiqithi saseHawaii okanye i-Maui. Umbono kukuvavanya utshintsho ukusuka kwesinye isikhululo esisezantsi ukuya kwesinye kwimeko yemozulu embi kwesinye sezikhululo. Uthumo luya kuvavanya kwakhona ukusebenza kwe-LCRD njenge-data transmitter. Isignali ye-optical evela kwesinye sezitishi iya kwisathelayithi ize idluliselwe kwesinye isikhululo - kwaye konke oku ngonxibelelwano lokukhanya.
Ukuba akunakwenzeka ukudlulisa idatha ngokukhawuleza, i-LCRD iya kuyigcina kwaye idlulisele xa kunokwenzeka. Ukuba idatha ingxamisekile, okanye akukho ndawo yaneleyo yokugcina ebhodini, i-LCRD iya kuyithumela ngokukhawuleza nge-antenna ye-Ka-band. Ke, isandulela sesathelayithi zokusasaza ezizayo, i-LCRD iya kuba yinkqubo ye-hybrid radio-optical system. Olu luhlobo kanye lweyunithi ekufuneka i-NASA ibeke kwi-orbit ejikeleze i-Mars ukuze iququzelele inethiwekhi ye-interplanetary exhasa ukuphononongwa komntu kwindawo enzulu ngo-2030s.
Ukuzisa iMars kwi-intanethi
Kulo nyaka uphelileyo, iqela lika-Abraham libhale amaphepha amabini achaza ikamva lonxibelelwano olunzulu lwasesithubeni, oluya kuboniswa kwinkomfa ye-SpaceOps eFransi ngoMeyi 2019. Omnye uchaza unxibelelwano olunzulu lwendawo ngokubanzi, enye (““) inike inkcazo eneenkcukacha yeziseko ezingundoqo ezikwaziyo ukubonelela ngenkonzo efana ne-Intanethi koosomajukujuku kwiPlanethi eBomvu.
I-Peak avareji yedatha yedatha iqikelelwe kwi-215 Mbps yokukhuphela kunye ne-28 Mbps yokulayisha. I-intanethi ye-Martian iya kuba neenethiwekhi ezintathu: i-WiFi egubungela indawo yophando phezu komhlaba, inethiwekhi yeplanethi ehambisa idatha ukusuka phezulu ukuya eMhlabeni, kunye nenethiwekhi yomhlaba, inethiwekhi yonxibelelwano yendawo enzulu kunye neziza ezintathu ezinoxanduva lokufumana le datha kunye nokuthumela iimpendulo. ubuyele kuMars.
“Xa kusenziwa isiseko esinjalo, zininzi iingxaki. Kufuneka ithembeke kwaye izinzile, nangona kumgama omkhulu ukuya kwi-Mars ye-2,67 AU. ngamaxesha okudibana kwelanga okugqwesileyo, xa uMars ezimela emva kweLanga,” utsho njalo uAbraham. Ukudibanisa okunjalo kwenzeka rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini kwaye kwaphula ngokupheleleyo unxibelelwano kunye neMars. “Namhlanje asikwazi ukujongana nayo. Zonke izikhululo zokumisa kunye ne-orbital ezikuMars ziphulukana nokunxibelelana noMhlaba kangangeeveki ezimbini. Ngonxibelelwano lwamehlo, ukulahleka konxibelelwano ngenxa yoqhagamshelo lwelanga kuya kuba kude, iiveki ezili-10 ukuya kwezili-15. ” Kwiirobhothi, izikhewu ezinjalo azoyiki kakhulu. Ukuzihlukanisa okunjalo akubangeli iingxaki, kuba abakhathali, abanalo isithukuthezi, akufuneki babone abo babathandayo. Kodwa ebantwini, akunjalo kwaphela.
UAbraham uhlabela mgama esithi: “Ngoko ke, sivumela ukuba kumiselwe oomatshini ababini bokuhambisa ii-orbital transmitters ezibekwe kumjikelo ojikelezayo we-ikhweyitha oziikhilomitha ezili-17300 1500 ngaphezu komphezulu weMars. Ngokophononongo, kufuneka balinganise i-20 kg nganye, baphathe isethi yee-terminals ezisebenza kwi-X-band, i-Ka-band, kunye ne-optical band, kwaye inikwe amandla ngamapaneli elanga anamandla angama-30-XNUMX kW. Bamele baxhase iProtocol ye-Delay Tolerant Network-eyona nto i-TCP / IP, eyenzelwe ukujongana nokulibaziseka okuphezulu ukuba i-interplanetary networks iya kuba nayo. Izikhululo ze-orbital ezithatha inxaxheba kuthungelwano kufuneka zikwazi ukunxibelelana ne-astronauts kunye neenqwelo eziphezu komhlaba, kunye nezikhululo zomhlaba kunye nomnye.
"Le crosstalk ibaluleke kakhulu kuba inciphisa inani lee-antenna ezifunekayo ukuhambisa idatha kwi-250 Mbps," utsho uAbraham. Iqela lakhe liqikelela ukuba uluhlu lwee-eriyali ezintandathu eziziimitha ezingama-250 ziya kufuneka ukufumana idatha ye-34 Mbps kwenye yee-eriyali ezijikelezayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba i-NASA iya kufuna ukwakha ii-eriyali ezintathu ezongezelelweyo kwiindawo ezinzulu zonxibelelwano, kodwa oku kuthatha iminyaka ukwakha kwaye kubiza kakhulu. "Kodwa sicinga ukuba izikhululo ezibini ze-orbital zinokwabelana ngedatha phakathi kwazo kwaye ziyithumele ngaxeshanye ngesantya se-125 Mbps, apho umthumeli omnye uya kuthumela isiqingatha sepakethi yedatha kwaye enye iya kuthumela enye," utshilo u-Abraham. . Nanamhla oku, ii-eriyali zonxibelelwano zesithuba esiziimitha ezingama-34 ngaxeshanye zinokufumana idatha ngaxeshanye kwiziphekepheke ezine ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye, nto leyo ebangela imfuneko yee-eriyali ezintathu ukugqibezela umsebenzi. "Kuthatha inani elifanayo lee-eriyali ukufumana ukuhanjiswa kwe-125 Mbps ukusuka kwindawo efanayo yesibhakabhaka njengoko kuthatha ukufumana ukuhanjiswa okunye," kuchaza uAbraham. "Ii-eriyali ezininzi ziyafuneka kuphela ukuba ufuna ukunxibelelana ngesantya esiphezulu."
Ukujongana nengxaki yokuqhagamshelwa kwelanga, iqela lika-Abraham licebise ukusungula isathelayithi yokuhambisa kwiindawo ze-L4/L5 ze-Sun-Mars/Sun-Earth orbit. Emva koko, ngexesha lokuxhamla, ingasetyenziselwa ukuhambisa idatha malunga neLanga, endaweni yokuthumela iimpawu ngayo. Ngelishwa, ngeli xesha, isantya siya kuhla siye kwi-100 Kbps. Ukubeka nje, kuya kusebenza, kodwa kuyingozi.
Okwangoku, oosomajukujuku kuMars kuya kufuneka balinde nje imizuzu emithathu ukuze bafumane ifoto yekati, singabali ukulibaziseka okunokuba yimizuzu engama-40. Ngethamsanqa, ngexesha amabhongo oluntu asiqhubela kude kuneRed Planet, i-intanethi ye-interplanetary iya kube sele isebenza kakuhle kakhulu ixesha elininzi.
umthombo: www.habr.com