Petersburg, ngo-2012
Umbhalo awukho malunga nefilosofi kwi-Intanethi kwaye hayi malunga nefilosofi ye-Intanethi - ifilosofi kunye ne-Intanethi zihlukaniswe ngokungqongqo kuyo: inxalenye yokuqala yombhalo inikezelwe kwifilosofi, eyesibini kwi-Intanethi. Ingcamango "yokuziphendukela kwemvelo" isebenza njenge-axis yokudibanisa phakathi kwamacandelo amabini: incoko iya kugxininisa ifilosofi yendaleko kwaye malunga Ukuvela kwi-Intanethi. Okokuqala, kuya kuboniswa indlela ifilosofi - ifilosofi yendaleko yehlabathi, exhotywe ngengcamango "yobunye" - ngokuqinisekileyo isikhokelela kwingcamango yokuba i-intanethi yiprototype yenkqubo ye-post-social evolutionary system; kwaye ke i-Intanethi ngokwayo, okanye kunoko ingqiqo yophuhliso lwayo, iya kuqinisekisa ilungelo lefilosofi yokuxoxa ngezihloko ezibonakala ngathi zetekhnoloji.
Ububunye bobugcisa
Ingcamango "yobunye" kunye ne-epithet "iteknoloji" yaziswa yi-mathematician kunye nombhali uVernor Vinge ukuba atyumbe inqaku elikhethekileyo kwi-axis yexesha lophuhliso lwempucuko. Extrapolating ukusuka umthetho odumileyo Moore kaThixo, ngokutsho inani lezinto kwiiprosesa zekhompyutha kabini rhoqo 18 iinyanga, wenza ingqikelelo yokuba kwindawo ethile malunga 2025 (ukunika okanye ukuthatha 10 iminyaka) chips computer kufuneka zilingane amandla computing ingqondo yomntu (of. kunjalo, ngokusesikweni - ngokwenani elilindelekileyo lemisebenzi). UVinge wathi ngaphaya kwalo mda kukho into engenabuntu, i-superintelligence eyenziweyo, isilindele (ubuntu), kwaye kufuneka sicinge ngononophelo malunga nokuba singakwazi (kunye nokuba sifanele) sithintele olu hlaselo.
Ubunye beplanethi yendaleko
Umdla wesibini kwingxaki yobunye wavela emva kokuba izazinzulu ezininzi (uPanov, uKurzweil, Snooks) zenze uhlalutyo lwamanani lwento yokukhawulezisa ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, oko kukuthi, ukuncitshiswa kwamaxesha phakathi kweengxaki zendaleko, okanye, umntu unokuthi, “inguquko. ” kwimbali yoMhlaba. Olo tshintsho lubandakanya intlekele yeoksijini kunye nenkangeleko ehambelana nayo yeeseli zenyukliya (eukaryotes); Ukuqhuma kweCambrian - ngokukhawuleza, phantse ngokukhawuleza ngemigangatho ye-paleontological, ukubunjwa kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto eziphilayo, kuquka i-vertebrates; amaxesha okubonakala kunye nokuphela kweedinosaurs; imvelaphi ye-hominids; I-Neolithic kunye neenguqu zedolophu; ukuqala kwamaXesha Aphakathi; iinguqu kwimizi-mveliso nolwazi; ukuwa kwenkqubo ye-bipolar impiriyali (ukuwa kwe-USSR). Kwaboniswa ukuba olu luhlu kunye namanye amaxesha amaninzi enguqu kwimbali yeplanethi yethu angena kwipatheni-formula ethile enesisombululo esinye malunga nowama-2027. Kule meko, ngokungafaniyo nentelekelelo yentelekelelo kaVinge, sijongana “nobunye” ngokwengqiqo yezibalo zemveli – inani leentlekele kweli nqanaba, ngokweformula efunyenwe ngokwamandla, liba lingenasiphelo, kwaye izikhewu phakathi kwazo zithande ukubakho. u-zero, oko kukuthi, isisombululo senxaki asiqinisekanga.
Kucacile ukuba ukwalatha kwinqanaba lokuzivelela kobunye kukhokelela kuthi kwinto ebaluleke ngakumbi kunokonyuka kwe-banal kwimveliso yekhompyuter - siyaqonda ukuba sikufutshane nesiganeko esibalulekileyo kwimbali yeplanethi.
Ubunye bezopolitiko, inkcubeko, uqoqosho njengemiba yentlekele yempucuko
Ubume bexesha elisondeleyo lembali (iminyaka eyi-10 ukuya kwengama-20 ezayo) ikwaboniswa luhlalutyo lwezoqoqosho, ezopolitiko, ezenkcubeko, ezenzululwazi kuluntu (oluqhutywa ndim emsebenzini ""): ukongezwa kweendlela zophuhliso ezikhoyo kwiimeko zenzululwazi kunye nenkqubela phambili yeteknoloji ngokuqinisekileyo kukhokelela kwiimeko "zesinye".
Inkqubo yanamhlanje yezemali kunye nezoqoqosho, eneneni, sisixhobo sokulungelelanisa ukuveliswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kweempahla ezahlulwe ngexesha kunye nendawo. Ukuba sihlalutya iintsingiselo kuphuhliso lwenethiwekhi yeendlela zonxibelelwano kunye ne-automation yemveliso, sinokufikelela kwisigqibo sokuba ngokuhamba kwexesha, isenzo ngasinye sokusetyenziswa siya kuba sisondele kakhulu kwisenzo sokuvelisa, esiya kuphelisa eyona mfuno. kwinkqubo ekhoyo yemali noqoqosho. Oko kukuthi, iteknoloji yolwazi lwanamhlanje sele isondela kwinqanaba lophuhliso xa ukuveliswa kwemveliso eyodwa kuya kumiselwa kungekhona ngenani le-statistical factor yemarike yokusetyenziswa, kodwa ngomyalelo womthengi othile. Oku kuya kwenzeka kwakhona ngenxa yokuba ukunciphisa kwendalo kwiindleko zexesha lokusebenza ukuveliswa kwemveliso enye ekugqibeleni kuya kukhokelela kwimeko apho ukuveliswa kwale mveliso kuya kufuna umgudu omncinci, kuncitshiswe kwisenzo. yokuodola. Ngaphezu koko, ngenxa yenkqubela phambili yezobuchwepheshe, imveliso ephambili ayikho isixhobo sobugcisa, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo - inkqubo. Ngenxa yoko, uphuhliso lobuchwepheshe bolwazi lubonisa ukungathinteleki kobunzima obupheleleyo benkqubo yezoqoqosho yanamhlanje kwixesha elizayo, kunye nokuba nokwenzeka kwenkxaso yetekhnoloji ecacileyo yolungelelwaniso olutsha lwemveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa. Kusengqiqweni ukubiza lo mzuzu wenguqu ochaziweyo kwimbali yoluntu ukuba bubunye boqoqosho.
Isiphelo malunga nokusondela kobunye bezopolitiko sinokufunyanwa ngokuhlalutya ubudlelwane phakathi kwezenzo ezimbini zolawulo ezahlulwe ngexesha: ukwenza isigqibo esibalulekileyo soluntu kunye nokuvavanya isiphumo saso - bakholisa ukuhlangana. Oku kubangelwa ikakhulu kukuba, kwelinye icala, ngenxa yezizathu zeteknoloji kuphela, ixesha phakathi kokwenza izigqibo ezibalulekileyo ekuhlaleni kunye nokufumana iziphumo liyancipha ngokuthe ngcembe: ukusuka kwiinkulungwane okanye kumashumi eminyaka ngaphambili ukuya kwiminyaka, iinyanga, okanye iintsuku ihlabathi lanamhlanje. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokuphuhliswa kobuchwepheshe bolwazi lwenethiwekhi, ingxaki enkulu yokulawula ayiyi kuba kukuqeshwa komenzi wesigqibo, kodwa ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kwesiphumo. Okokuthi, ngokuqinisekileyo sifika kwimeko apho ithuba lokwenza isigqibo linikezelwa kuwo wonke umntu, kwaye ukuhlolwa kwesiphumo sesigqibo akufuni naziphi na iindlela ezikhethekileyo zezopolitiko (ezifana nokuvota) kwaye zenziwa ngokuzenzekelayo.
Kunye nobunye betekhnoloji, ezoqoqosho, kunye nezopolitiko, singakwazi ukuthetha malunga nobunye benkcubeko obubonakaliswe ngokugqibeleleyo: malunga notshintsho olusuka kwindawo ephambili yeendlela zobugcisa ezilandelelanayo ezilandelelanayo (kunye nexesha elifinyezwayo lokuchuma kwazo) ukuya kubomi obufanayo, obungaxeshanye yonke iyantlukwano enokwenzeka yeefom zenkcubeko, kwinkululeko yokuyila komntu kunye nokusetyenziswa komntu ngamnye kweemveliso zobu buchule.
Kwinzululwazi kunye nefilosofi, kukho utshintsho kwintsingiselo kunye nenjongo yolwazi ukusuka ekudalweni kweenkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo ezisesikweni (iithiyori) ukuya ekukhuleni kokuqonda komntu ngamnye okuhlangeneyo, ukusekwa kwento ebizwa ngokuba yi-post-science common sense, okanye isithuba. -imbonakalo yehlabathi eyodwa.
Ubunye njengokuphela kwexesha lendaleko
Ngokwemveli, incoko malunga nobunye - zombini ubunye betekhnoloji obunxulunyaniswa neenkxalabo malunga nokukhotyokiswa kwabantu ngobukrelekrele bokwenziwa, kunye nobunye beplanethi, obuphuma kuhlalutyo lweentlekele zokusingqongileyo kunye nempucuko - iqhutywa ngokwemeko yentlekele. Nangona kunjalo, ngokusekwe kuqwalaselo lwendaleko ngokubanzi, umntu akafanelanga ukuba acinge ngobunye obuzayo njengesiphelo sehlabathi. Kunengqiqo ngakumbi ukucinga ukuba sijongene nesiganeko esibalulekileyo, esinomdla, kodwa esingaqhelekanga kwimbali yeplanethi - kunye nokutshintshwa kwinqanaba elitsha lokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Oko kukuthi, inani lezisombululo ezizimeleyo ezivelayo xa i-extrapolating trends kuphuhliso lweplanethi, uluntu, kunye neteknoloji yedijithali ibonisa ukugqitywa kwenqanaba elilandelayo (loluntu) lokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwimbali yehlabathi jikelele kunye nokuqala kwesithuba esitsha. -yentlalontle. Oko kukuthi, sijongana nesehlo sembali esithelekiseka ngokubaluleka kwiinguqu ukusuka kwi-protobiological evolution ukuya kwibiological (malunga ne-4 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo) kunye nokusuka kwi-biological evolution ukuya kwi-social evolution (malunga ne-2,5 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo).
Ngexesha lenguqu ekhankanyiweyo, izisombululo ezikwisinye nazo zabonwa. Ke, ngexesha lotshintsho ukusuka kwinqanaba le-protobiological lokuzivelela ukuya kwinqanaba lebhayoloji, ulandelelwano lwe-random syntheses yee-polymers ezintsha zendalo zathatyathelw' indawo yinkqubo eqhubekayo yokuvelisa kwazo, enokuthiwa "njenge-synthesis singularity." Kwaye ukutshintshela kwinqanaba lentlalo lihamba kunye "nobunye bokulungelelaniswa": uchungechunge lwezinto eziphilayo lwakhula lwaba yinkqubo eqhubekayo yokuvelisa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo eziguquguqukayo, oko kukuthi, izinto ezivumela umntu ukuba phantse ngokukhawuleza aziqhelanise nalo naluphi na utshintsho. indawo engqongileyo (yabanda - yafaka ingubo yoboya, yaqala ukuna - yavula i-ambulera). Iindlela zobunye ezibonisa ukugqitywa ezentlalo Inqanaba lendaleko linokutolikwa “njengenye yezinto ezintsha zobukrelekrele”. Ngapha koko, kumashumi eminyaka adlulileyo besiqwalasela obu bunye njengotshintsho lwetyathanga lezinto ezifunyenweyo kunye nezinto eziqanjiweyo, ebezisahlulwe ngaphambili ngamaxesha abalulekileyo, zibe yimpompozo eqhubekayo yezenzululwazi nezobugcisa. Oko kukuthi, ukutshintshela kwinqanaba le-post-social liya kuzibonakalisa njengokutshintshwa kwembonakalo elandelelanayo yezinto ezintsha zokudala (ukufumanisa, ukuveliswa) kunye nesizukulwana sabo esiqhubekayo.
Ngaloo ndlela, kwinqanaba elithile singakwazi ukuthetha ngokuqulunqwa (oko kukuthi ukubunjwa, kungekhona ukudalwa) kobukrelekrele bokwenziwa. Ukuya kuthi ga ngoku, ukuveliswa kwentlalo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo eziguqukayo kunokubizwa ngokuba "ubomi bokwenziwa," kwaye ubomi ngokwawo ngokwembono yokuqhubeka nokuveliswa kwe-organic synthesis kunokubizwa ngokuba "yi-artificial synthesis." Ngokubanzi, utshintsho ngalunye lwendaleko lunxulunyaniswa nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kweenkqubo ezisisiseko zenqanaba langaphambili lendaleko kwiindlela ezintsha, ezingezizo ezodwa. Ubomi yindlela engeyoyekhemikhali yokuvelisa kwakhona ukuhlanganiswa kweekhemikhali; ubukrelekrele yindlela engeyoyebhayoloji yokuqinisekisa ubomi. Ukuqhubela phambili le ngqiqo, sinokuthi inkqubo ye-post-social iya kuba yindlela "engenangqiqo" yokuqinisekisa umsebenzi wengqondo yomntu. Akunjalo ngengqiqo "yesidenge", kodwa ngokulula kwifomu engahambelani nomsebenzi onengqondo womntu.
Ngokusekelwe kwingcamango ecetywayo ye-evolutionary-hierarchical logic, umntu unokwenza ingqikelelo malunga nekamva lentlalontle yabantu (izinto ze-sociosystem). Kanye njengokuba i-bioprocesses ayizange ithathe indawo ye-chemical reactions, kodwa, eneneni, imele ulandelelwano oluntsokothileyo kuphela, kanye njengoko ukusebenza koluntu kungazange kukhuphele i-biological (ebalulekile) isiseko somntu, ngoko inkqubo ye-post-social ayiyi kuphela. ithatha indawo yengqondo yomntu, kodwa ayiyi kugqitha kuyo. Inkqubo ye-post-social iya kusebenza ngesiseko sobulumko bomntu kunye nokuqinisekisa imisebenzi yayo.
Ukusebenzisa uhlalutyo lweepatheni zenguqu kwiinkqubo ezintsha zokuziphendukela kwemvelo (ibhayoloji, intlalontle) njengendlela yokubikezela kwehlabathi, sinokubonisa imigaqo ethile yenguqu ezayo emva kokuziphendukela kwentlalo. (1) Ukhuseleko kunye nokuzinza kwenkqubo yangaphambili ngexesha lokusekwa kwentsha - umntu kunye nobuntu, emva kokutshintshwa kwenguqu ukuya kwinqanaba elitsha, baya kugcina imigaqo esisiseko yombutho wabo wentlalo. (2) Ubume obungeyiyo intlekele yenguqu kwi-post-social system - utshintsho aluyi kubonakaliswa ekutshatyalalisweni kwezakhiwo zenkqubo ye-evolutionary yangoku, kodwa ihambelana nokusekwa kwenqanaba elitsha. (3) Ukubandakanywa ngokupheleleyo kwezinto zenkqubo ye-evolution yangaphambili ekusebenzeni kwelandelayo - abantu baya kuqinisekisa inkqubo eqhubekayo yokudala kwi-post-social system, ukugcina isakhiwo sabo sentlalo. (4) Ukungenakwenzeka kokuqulunqa imigaqo yenkqubo entsha yendaleko ngokwemiqathango yangaphambili - asinayo kwaye asiyi kuba nolwimi okanye iingcamango zokuchaza inkqubo ye-post-social.
Inkqubo yasemva kwezentlalo kunye nothungelwano lolwazi
Zonke iinguqulelo ezichaziweyo zobunye, ezibonisa inguqu ezayo yendaleko, ngandlel' ithile ziqhagamshelene nenkqubela phambili yenzululwazi neteknoloji, okanye ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi ngophuhliso lothungelwano lolwazi. Ubunye bobuchwepheshe bukaVinge bubonisa ngokuthe ngqo ekudalweni kobukrelekrele bokwenziwa, ubukrelekrele obunamandla obukwazi ukufunxa onke amacandelo omsebenzi womntu. Igrafu echaza ukukhawuleziswa kokuvela kweplanethi ifikelela kwindawo enye xa ukuphindaphindwa kweenguqu zenguqu, ukuphindaphindwa kwezinto ezintsha kucingelwa ukuba zingenasiphelo, nto leyo esengqiqweni ukudibanisa nolunye uhlobo lwempumelelo kubuchwepheshe bothungelwano. Ubunye boqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko - indibaniselwano yezenzo zemveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa, ukudibana kwamaxesha okuthatha izigqibo kunye novavanyo lwesiphumo sawo - nazo zisisiphumo esithe ngqo sophuhliso lweshishini lolwazi.
Uhlalutyo lweenguqu zangaphambili zokuziphendukela kwemvelo zisixelela ukuba inkqubo ye-post-social kufuneka iphunyezwe kwizinto ezisisiseko zenkqubo yentlalontle - iingqondo zomntu ngamnye ezidityaniswe ngobudlelwane obungeyontlalontle (engaveliyo). Oko kukuthi, njengokuba ubomi buyinto eqinisekisa ukuhlanganiswa kweekhemikhali ngeendlela ezingezizo iikhemikhali (ngokuvelisa), kwaye isizathu siyinto eqinisekisa ukuveliswa kobomi ngeendlela ezingezizo zebhayoloji (kwimveliso), ngoko ke inkqubo ye-post-social. kufuneka kuthathwe njengento eqinisekisa imveliso ekrelekrele ngeendlela ezingezizo ezoluntu . Iprototype yenkqubo enjalo kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, ngokuqinisekileyo, inethiwekhi yolwazi yehlabathi. Kodwa ngokuchanekileyo njengeprototype-ukuze ugqobhoze kwindawo yobunye, yona ngokwayo kufuneka isasinda ngaphezulu kwengxaki enye ukuze iguquke ibe yinto yokuzimela, edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yiwebhu ye-semantic.
Ithiyori yeNyaniso yamaHlabathi amaninzi
Ukuxoxa ngemigaqo enokwenzeka yombutho we-post-social system kunye nokuguqulwa kothungelwano lolwazi lwanamhlanje, ukongeza kwingqwalasela yendaleko, kuyimfuneko ukulungisa iziseko ezithile zefilosofi kunye nengqiqo, ngakumbi malunga nobudlelwane phakathi kwe-ontology kunye nenyaniso enengqondo.
Kwifilosofi yanamhlanje, kukho iithiyori ezininzi ezikhuphisanayo zenyaniso: umnxibelelanisi, igunya, ipragmatic, eqhelekileyo, ehambelanayo kunye nabanye, kubandakanywa ne-deflationary, ekhanyela imfuneko yengcamango "yenyaniso". Kunzima ukucinga le meko njenge-solvable, enokuthi iphele ekuphumeleleni kwenye yeethiyori. Endaweni yoko, kufuneka siqonde umgaqo wonxulumano lwenyaniso, onokuthi uqulunqwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Inyaniso yesivakalisi inokuchazwa kuphela kwaye ngokukodwa ngaphakathi kwemida yeendlela ezininzi ezivaliweyo okanye ezingaphantsi., elikwinqaku elithi ““Ndicebise ukufowuna imihlaba enengqondo. Kucacile kuthi ngamnye kuthi, ukuze siqinisekise ubunyani besivakalisi esithe sasithetha, esichaza imeko ethile ngokwenyani yobuqu, kwi-ontology yethu, akukho nkcazo efunekayo kuyo nayiphi na ithiyori yenyaniso: isivakalisi sithi. yinyani nje ngokuzinziswa kwi-ontology yethu, kwihlabathi lethu elinengqondo . Kucacile ukuba kukho kwakhona super-yomntu logical imihlaba, ontologies jikelele abantu edityaniswe omnye okanye omnye umsebenzi - zenzululwazi, zonqulo, zobugcisa, njl Kwaye kuyacaca ukuba ngalinye kwezi hlabathi ezinengqiqo inyaniso yezivakalisi ibhalwe ngokuthe ngqo. - ngokwendlela ebandakanywe ngayo kumsebenzi othile. Luhlobo oluthile lomsebenzi kwi-ontology ethile emisela iseti yeendlela zokulungisa kunye nokuvelisa izivakalisi eziyinyani: kwamanye amazwe indlela yolawulo yongamele (kwinkolo), kwamanye iyahambelana (kwenzululwazi), kwamanye iqhelekile. (kwimigaqo yokuziphatha, kwezopolitiko).
Ngoko ke, ukuba asifuni ukukhawulela inethiwekhi ye-semantic kwinkcazo yendawo ethile kuphela (ithi, inyaniso ebonakalayo), ngoko kufuneka siqale siqhubele phambili kwinto yokuba ayinakuba nengqiqo enye, umgaqo omnye wenyaniso - inethiwekhi. kufuneka yakhelwe kumgaqo wokulingana kokunqumlana, kodwa imihlaba enengqiqo engenakuncitshiswa ngokusisiseko omnye komnye, ebonisa intaphane yayo yonke imisebenzi enokucingeleka.
Umsebenzi we-ontologies
Kwaye apha sisuka kwifilosofi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ukuya kwi-Intanethi, ukusuka kwizinto ezingabonakaliyo ukuya kwiingxaki ze-utilitarian web semantic.
Iingxaki eziphambili zokwakha uthungelwano lwe-semantic ubukhulu becala zinxulumene nokulinywa kwendalo, ifilosofi yenzululwazi ngabaqulunqi bayo, oko kukuthi, ngeenzame zokudala i-ontology echanekileyo kuphela ebonisa into ebizwa ngokuba yinyani. Kwaye kuyacaca ukuba ubunyani bezivakalisi kule ontoloji kufuneka bumiselwe ngokwemigaqo efanayo, ngokwethiyori yendalo yonke yenyaniso (esoloko ithetha ithiyori ehambelanayo, kuba sithetha malunga nembalelwano yezivakalisi kwezinye “zenjongo yokwenyani” ).
Apha umbuzo kufuneka ubuzwe: yintoni ekufuneka ichaze i-ontology, yintoni na le "njongo yenyani" ekufuneka ihambelane nayo? Isethi engapheliyo yezinto ezibizwa ngokuba lihlabathi, okanye umsebenzi othile ngaphakathi kweseti elinganiselweyo yezinto? Yintoni enomdla kuthi: inyaniso ngokubanzi okanye ubudlelwane obusisigxina beziganeko kunye nezinto ngokulandelelana kwezenzo ezijoliswe ekufezekiseni iziphumo ezithile? Ekuphenduleni le mibuzo, kufuneka sifikelele kwisigqibo sokuba i-ontology iyavakala kuphela njengokuphela kwaye ngokukodwa njenge-ontology yomsebenzi (izenzo). Ngenxa yoko, akukho ngqiqweni ukuthetha nge-ontology enye: imisebenzi emininzi njengoko kukho i-ontology. Akukho mfuneko yokuyila i-ontology, kufuneka ichongwe ngokumisela umsebenzi ngokwawo.
Kakade ke, kucacile ukuba xa sithetha nge-ontology yezinto zejografi, i-ontology yokuhambahamba, kuya kufana nayo yonke imisebenzi engagxili ekutshintsheni i-landscape. Kodwa ukuba siphendukela kwiindawo apho izinto zingenalo uxhulumaniso olusisigxina kwi-spatio-temporal coordinates kwaye azihambelani nokwenyani ngokomzimba, ngoko i-ontologies iphindaphinda ngaphandle kwezithintelo: sinokupheka isidlo, ukwakha indlu, ukudala indlela yokuqeqesha. bhala inkqubo yeqela lezopolitiko, ukudibanisa amagama abe ngumbongo ngeendlela ezininzi ezingenasiphelo, kwaye indlela nganye yi-ontology eyahlukileyo. Ngolu lwazi lwe-ontologies (njengeendlela zokurekhoda imisebenzi ethile), zinokuthi kwaye zifanele zidalwe kuphela kulo msebenzi. Ewe kunjalo, ngaphandle kokuba sithetha ngemisebenzi eyenziwa ngokuthe ngqo kwikhompyuter okanye erekhodwe kuyo. Kwaye kungekudala akuyi kubakho bambi konke konke; ezo zingasayi “kufakwa ekhompyutheni” akufuneki zibe nomdla kuthi.
I-Ontology njengesona siphumo siphambili somsebenzi
Nawuphi na umsebenzi ubandakanya imisebenzi yomntu ngamnye eseka unxibelelwano phakathi kwezinto zommandla osisigxina. Umdlali we-actor (emva koko siya kumbiza ngokuba ngumsebenzisi) ngokuphindaphindiweyo - nokuba ubhala inqaku lesayensi, ugcwalisa itafile ngedatha, udweba ishedyuli yomsebenzi - wenza isethi epheleleyo yokusebenza, ekugqibeleni ekhokelela ekufezekiseni isiphumo esisisigxina. Kwaye kule siphumo uyayibona intsingiselo yomsebenzi wakhe. Kodwa ukuba ujonge kwisikhundla esingesiso se-utilitarian yendawo, kodwa ngokwenkqubo yehlabathi, ke ixabiso eliphambili lomsebenzi walo naluphi na uqeqesho alukho kwinqaku elilandelayo, kodwa kwindlela yokuyibhala, kwi-ontology yomsebenzi. Oko kukuthi, umgaqo wesibini osisiseko wothungelwano lwe-semantic (emva kwesiphelo "kufuneka kubekho inani elingenamkhawulo lee-ontologies; imisebenzi emininzi, njengee-ontologies ezininzi") kufuneka ibe yithisisi: intsingiselo yawo nawuphi na umsebenzi ayikho kwimveliso yokugqibela, kodwa kwi-ontology erekhodwe ngexesha lokuphunyezwa kwayo.
Kakade ke, imveliso ngokwayo, ithi, inqaku, iqulethe i-ontology - yona, ngokwenene, yi-ontology equlethwe kwisicatshulwa, kodwa kwifom enomkhenkce imveliso kunzima kakhulu ukuyihlalutya nge-ontologically. Kuphezu kweli litye - imveliso esisigxina yokugqibela yomsebenzi - ukuba indlela ye-semantic iphula amazinyo ayo. Kodwa kufuneka kucace ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuchonga i-semantics (i-ontology) yesicatshulwa kuphela ukuba sele unayo i-ontology yesi sicatshulwa. Kunzima nokuba umntu asiqonde isicatshulwa esine-ontology eyahluke kancinane (enesigama esitshintshiweyo, igridi yengqiqo), nangaphezulu kwenkqubo. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko kucacile kwindlela ecetywayo, akukho mfuneko yokuhlalutya i-semantics yesicatshulwa: ukuba sijongene nomsebenzi wokuchonga i-ontology ethile, ngoko akukho mfuneko yokuhlalutya imveliso emiselweyo, kufuneka sijike. ngqo kumsebenzi ngokwawo, ngexesha evele ngalo.
Umhlalutyi weOntology
Ngokusisiseko, oku kuthetha ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuyila imeko yesoftware eya kuthi ngaxeshanye ibe sisixhobo sokusebenza somsebenzisi oqeqeshiweyo kunye ne-ontological parser erekhoda zonke izenzo zakhe. Umsebenzisi akadingeki ukuba enze nantoni na ngaphandle kokusebenza nje: yenza ulwandlalo lwesicatshulwa, uhlele, khangela kwimithombo, ukugqamisa izicatshulwa, uzibeke kumacandelo afanelekileyo, wenze imibhalo esemazantsi kunye nezimvo, cwangcisa isalathiso kunye nethesorasi, njl. , njl njl. Elona nyathelo liphezulu elongezelelweyo kukumakisha amagama amatsha kunye nokuwanxibelelanisa ne-ontology usebenzisa imenyu yokuma. Nangona nayiphi na ingcali iya kuvuya kuphela lo "mthwalo" owongezelelweyo. Oko kukuthi, umsebenzi uthe ngqo: kufuneka senze isixhobo somntu oqeqeshiweyo kuyo nayiphi na intsimi ukuba wayengenako ukwala, isixhobo esingakuvumeli kuphela ukuba wenze yonke imisebenzi esemgangathweni yokusebenza nazo zonke iintlobo zolwazi (ukuqokelela, ukusetyenzwa, uqwalaselo), kodwa ngokuzenzekelayo zenze imisebenzi ngokusesikweni, sakha i-ontology yalo msebenzi, kwaye siyilungise xa "amava" eqokelelwe. .
Indalo yonke yezinto kunye ne-ontologies yeqela
Kucacile ukuba indlela echazwe yokwakhiwa kwenethiwekhi ye-semantic iya kusebenza ngokwenene kuphela ukuba umgaqo wesithathu udibene: ukuhambelana kwesofthiwe yazo zonke ii-ontologies ezidalwe, oko kukuthi, ukuqinisekisa uqhagamshelwano lwabo lwenkqubo. Ewe, wonke umsebenzisi, yonke ingcali idala i-ontology yakhe kwaye isebenza kwindawo yayo, kodwa ukuhambelana kwe-ontologies nganye ngokwedatha kwaye ngokwembono yombutho kuya kuqinisekisa ukuyilwa kwento enye. indalo yezinto (idatha).
Ukuthelekisa ngokuzenzekelayo kwe-ontologies nganye kuya kuvumela, ngokuchonga iindawo zabo zokuhlangana, ukudala umxholo i-ontologies yeqela -Izinto ezilungelelanisiweyo ezingezizo ezomntu ngamnye. Ukusebenzisana kwe-ontology yomntu kunye neqela kuya kwenza lula kakhulu umsebenzi womsebenzisi, ukukhokela kunye nokuwulungisa.
Ukwahluka kwezinto
Imfuneko ebalulekileyo yothungelwano lwe-semantic kufuneka ibe kukuqinisekisa ukungafani kwezinto, ngaphandle kokuba akunakwenzeka ukuqonda ukudibanisa kwe-ontologies nganye. Ngokomzekelo, nayiphi na isicatshulwa kufuneka ibe kwisistim kwikopi enye - ke yonke ikhonkco kuyo, yonke isicatshulwa iya kubhalwa: umsebenzisi unokulandelela ukufakwa kwesicatshulwa kunye namaqhekeza awo kumaqela athile okanye i-ontologies yomntu. Kucacile ukuba ngokuthi "ikopi enye" asithethi ukuyigcina kwiseva enye, kodwa ukwabela isibonisi esisodwa kwinto engaxhomekekanga kwindawo yayo. Oko kukuthi, umgaqo wokuphela komthamo wezinto ezizodwa kunye nobuninzi kunye nokungabi nasiphelo kombutho wabo kwi-ontology kufuneka uphunyezwe.
Usercentrism
Esona siphumo sisisiseko sokuququzelela uthungelwano lwe-semantic ngokweskim esicetywayo siya kuba kukukhatywa kwe-sitecentrism - isakhelo esijolise kwisiza se-Intanethi. Inkangeleko kunye nobukho bento kuthungelwano kuthetha kuphela kwaye ngokukodwa ukuyinika isichongi esisodwa kwaye ibandakanywe ubuncinane kwi-ontology enye (yithi, i-ontology yomntu ngamnye othumele into). Into, umzekelo, umbhalo, akufuneki ube nayo nayiphi na idilesi kwiWebhu - ayibotshelelwanga kwindawo okanye kwiphepha. Ekuphela kwendlela yokufikelela okubhaliweyo kukuboniswa kwisikhangeli somsebenzisi emva kokuyifumana kwi-ontology ethile (inokuba yinto ezimeleyo, okanye ngekhonkco okanye ngokucaphula). Uthungelwano luba luzinzo lomsebenzisi kuphela: ngaphambi nangaphandle koqhagamshelwano lomsebenzisi, sinendalo iphela yezinto kunye nee-ontologies ezininzi zeqela ezakhiwe kule ndalo iphela, kwaye kuphela emva koqhagamshelwano apho indalo iphela imisela ngokunxulumene nesakhiwo se-ontology yomsebenzisi - ngokuqinisekileyo, kunye nethuba lokutshintsha ngokukhululekileyo "iimbono zokujonga", ukutshintshela kwizikhundla zabanye, i-ontologies engummelwane okanye ekude. Umsebenzi oyintloko wesikhangeli awubonisi umxholo, kodwa udibanisa kwi-ontologies (amaqela) kunye nokuhamba ngaphakathi kwabo.
Iinkonzo kunye neempahla kuthungelwano olunjalo luya kubonakala ngendlela yezinto ezahlukileyo, ezifakwe kuqala kwi-ontologies yabanini bazo. Ukuba umsebenzi womsebenzisi uchonga imfuno yento ethile, ngoko ukuba ikhona kwinkqubo, iya kucetywa ngokuzenzekelayo. (Enyanisweni, intengiso yomxholo ngoku isebenza ngokwale nkqubo-ukuba ubukhangela into, awuzukushiywa ngaphandle konikezelo.) Kwelinye icala, eyona mfuno yento entsha (inkonzo, imveliso) inokuchongwa ukuhlalutya i-ontologies yeqela .
Ngokwemvelo, kwinethiwekhi yomsebenzisi-centric, into ecetywayo iya kuboniswa kwisiphequluli somsebenzisi njengewijethi eyakhelweyo. Ukujonga zonke izibonelelo (zonke iimveliso zomenzi okanye zonke iitekisi zombhali), umsebenzisi kufuneka atshintshele kwi-ontology yomthengisi, ebonisa ngokucwangcisiweyo zonke izinto ezikhoyo kubasebenzisi bangaphandle. Ewe, kucacile ukuba inethiwekhi ngokukhawuleza inika ithuba lokuqhelana ne-ontologies yabavelisi beqela, kunye nokuba, yintoni eyona nto inomdla kwaye ibalulekileyo, ngolwazi malunga nokuziphatha kwabanye abasebenzisi kweli qela.
isiphelo
Ke, uthungelwano lolwazi lwexesha elizayo luvezwa njengendalo enezinto ezizodwa ezineontologies nganye ezakhelwe phezu kwazo, zidityaniswe kwi-ontologies yeqela. Into ichazwa kwaye ifikeleleke kwinethiwekhi kumsebenzisi kuphela njengoko ibandakanyiwe kwi-ontologies enye okanye ezininzi. Ii-ontologi zenziwa ngokuzenzekelayo ngokucazulula imisebenzi yabasebenzisi. Ukufikelela kuthungelwano lucwangciswe njengobukho / umsebenzi womsebenzisi kwi-ontology yakhe kunye nokwenzeka kokuyandisa kunye nokufudukela kwezinye ii-ontology. Kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba, inkqubo echaziweyo ayinakubizwa ngokuba ngumnatha wothungelwano - sijongana nehlabathi elithile lenyani, kunye nendalo iphela ngokuyinxenye enikezelwe kubasebenzisi ngendlela ye-ontology yabo - inyani yabucala ebonakalayo.
*
Ukuqukumbela, ndingathanda ukugxininisa ukuba akukho nkalo yefilosofi okanye yobugcisa bobunye obuzayo ayinanto yakwenza nengxaki yokubizwa ngokuba bubukrelekrele bokwenziwa. Ukusombulula iingxaki ezithile ezisetyenzisiweyo akusoze kukhokelele ekudalweni koko kunokubizwa ngokuba bubukrelekrele ngokupheleleyo. Kwaye into entsha eya kuba ngundoqo wokusebenza kwinqanaba elilandelayo lokuziphendukela kwemvelo ayisayi kuba bubulumko - ingeyiyo eyenziweyo okanye yendalo. Kunoko, bekuya kuba kokuchane ngakumbi ukuthi kuya kuba bubulumko ukusa kumkhamo wokuba sinokuwuqonda ngengqondo yethu yobuntu.
Xa usebenza ekudalweni kweenkqubo zolwazi lwengingqi, umntu kufuneka aphathe kuphela njengezixhobo zobugcisa kwaye angacingi ngefilosofi, ingqondo kunye, ngakumbi, imiba yokuziphatha, ubuhle kunye nentlekele yehlabathi. Nangona zombini i-humanists kunye neetekhnoloji ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo ziya kukwenza oku, ukuqiqa kwabo akuyi kukhawuleza okanye kuthothe ikhondo lendalo lokusombulula iingxaki zobugcisa. Ukuqonda kwefilosofi yayo yonke intshukumo yendalo yehlabathi kunye nomxholo wenguqu ezayo ye-hierarchical iya kuza nale nguqulelo ngokwayo.
Inguqu ngokwayo iya kuba yezobuchwepheshe. Kodwa ayizukwenzeka ngenxa yesigqibo esikrelekrele sabucala. Kwaye ngokwezigqibo ezipheleleyo. Ukoyisa ubunzima obubalulekileyo. Ubukrelekrele buya kuzibandakanya kwihardware. Kodwa hayi ubukrelekrele babucala. Kwaye hayi kwisixhobo esithile. Kwaye akasayi kuba yingqondi.
P.S. Iinzame zokuphumeza iprojekthi (ukhetho emva kovavanyo lokuqala).
Iincwadi
1. Vernor Vinge. Ububunye bobuchwepheshe,
2. A. D. Panov. Ukugqitywa komjikelo weplanethi yendaleko? IiNzululwazi zeNzululwazi, iNombolo 3–4: 42–49; 31–50, 2005.
3. Boldachev A.V. . Petersburg, ngo-2008.
4. Boldachev A.V. . Petersburg, ngo-2008.
5. Boldachev A.V. Izinto ezintsha. , eSt. Petersburg: INdlu Yopapasho yaseSt. IYunivesithi, 2007. - 256 iphe.
umthombo: www.habr.com