Wonke umntu, ngokuqinisekileyo, uyazi iingxoxo zamva nje kwi-State Duma malunga ne-RuNet yokuzimela. Abaninzi baye bakuva ngale nto, kodwa abazange bacinge malunga nokuba yintoni na kwaye yintoni enokuyenza ngayo. Kweli nqaku, ndizamile ukucacisa ukuba kutheni le nto iyimfuneko kwaye iya kubachaphazela njani abasebenzisi baseRashiya benethiwekhi yehlabathi.
Ngokubanzi, isicwangciso-qhinga kumthetho oyilwayo sichazwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
“...umthetho oyilwayo wolawulo lukarhulumente ekudluleni kwetrafikhi ye-Intanethi eRashiya. Ngokukodwa, ibonelela ngokudala irejista yeedilesi ze-IP zeRunet kunye "nokubeka iliso kusetyenziso lwezixhobo zokujonga idilesi yehlabathi kunye neempawu ze-Intanethi zehlabathi (i-DNS kunye needilesi ze-IP)," kwaye ikwabonelela ngokusekwa kolawulo lombuso kunxibelelwano lwamazwe ngamazwe. imijelo kunye neendawo zotshintshiselwano lwetrafikhi..."
Ndingathanda ukutsalela ingqalelo yakho eyodwa "Ulawulo lukarhulumente kwijelo lonxibelelwano lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye neendawo zotshintshiselwano lwezithuthi" Le yeyona “bhulorho itsalekayo” phakathi kweeseva/iitshaneli zokutshintshiselana ngolwazi phakathi kwelizwe kunye neendlela ezifanayo/abasebenzisi be-Intanethi kwihlabathi liphela. Okanye, ukubeka ngokulula, iswitshi. Funda ukuze ufumanise ukuba oku kuthetha ukuthini.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, uninzi lwezopolitiko ZIKHO, kufuneka uzikhusele kwiintshaba, zijikelezile kwaye nangaliphi na umzuzu unokuphelisa ukufikelela kwiikati kunye nezinja kubafundi ofunda nabo. Kodwa le ngxabano ekude, ekubeni i-World Wide Web ibanzi kangangokuba abantu baseMelika, nokuba babefuna, abanako ukuphazamisa umsebenzi weRuNet yonke, ekubeni i-GLOBAL.
Iingxabano kuphela (ngokombono wam) "ukukhubaza" i-RuNet ingaba yi-2 hypotheses
1. Ngokusebenzisa ICANN ngumbutho wamazwe ngamazwe ongenzi nzuzo obhaliswe eUnited States osasaza amagama wendawo. Abapolitiki baseRashiya bathi umbutho ulawulwa ngabasemagunyeni baseMelika kwaye unako, ngokwemiyalelo yabo, ukuthabatha imimandla ephezulu ye-ru kunye ne-рф. Kodwa oku akuzange kwenzeke ngaphambili kwimbali, nangabadlali abakhohlakeleyo nabancinci (amazwe) angathandwa yiWashington. Ngaphezu koko, kwi-2015, iSebe lezoRhwebo lase-US, apho i-ICANN yayifanele ukubonisana nayo ngezigqibo ezicwangcisiweyo, yalahlekelwa yile misebenzi.
2. Ngokusebenzisa irejistra yedilesi ye-IP yengingqi RIPE NCC ngumbutho ozimeleyo waseDatshi oye wagxininisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba awubandakanyekanga kwezopolitiko, kodwa ugcina umkhondo weedilesi. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba bathatha isigqibo sokuthatha iibhloko zeedilesi ze-IP ezivela eRashiya, oku kuya kuphazamisa i-Intanethi kwamanye amazwe.
Ukuyiqonda kutheni, njani kwaye kutheni, ngokombono wam, kufuneka siqale ngembali emfutshane yokubunjwa kweRunet.
Imbali emfutshane yeRuNet
Imbali ye-Intanethi yaseRashiya ingaqala ngokukhuselekileyo kwi-1990, xa ngoJanuwari, kunye nenkxaso-mali evela kwi-American Association for Progressive Communications evela eSan Francisco, intlangano yoluntu iGlasnet yadalwa. Lo mbutho woluntu wenzelwe ukubonelela ngonxibelelwano nootitshala, abalwela amalungelo oluntu, abagcini bendalo kunye nabanye abaqinisekisi boluntu oluvulelekileyo.
1991 - 1995, uqhagamshelo lokuqala kwi-World Wide Web luvela, ngokuqhelekileyo kumaziko ophando; ngokufanayo, ababoneleli bokuqala bavela kwaye badibanise abasebenzisi abambalwa. Ukubhaliswa kwe-RU domain kwi-Kurchatov Institute, ukudala isiseko somqolo sokudibanisa iinethiwekhi zeyunivesiti i-RUNNet (i-Russian Universities Network). Imbonakalo yomncedisi wokuqala.
1996 - I-Open Society Institute (i-Soros Foundation) iqalise ukuphumeza inkqubo ye-"University Internet Centres", eyenzelwe iminyaka emihlanu - kude kube yi-2001. Inkqubo iphunyezwa ngokubambisana noRhulumente weRussian Federation. Ukuthengwa kwezixhobo kunye nenkxaso yemali kwiiYunivesithi ze-Intanethi ze-Intanethi kwisixa se-100 yezigidi zeedola zibonelelwa yiSoros Foundation. Oku kwasebenza njengempembelelo yobugcisa eyongezelelekileyo kuphuhliso lwe-Intanethi eRashiya.
Inani labasebenzisi 384 amawaka.
1997 - ukuvela kwenjini yokukhangela i-Yandex.ru yokukhangela kwicandelo lolwimi lwesiRashiya.
NgoJuni 28 inokuthathwa njengenyathelo lokuqala elaziwayo kwimbali elithethelela i-Intanethi - njengoko Vula isithuba. Emva koko icandelo elinikezelwe I-SORM-2(inkqubo yemisebenzi yokukhangela umsebenzi), eyenza ukuba kube lula kumagosa e-FSB ukuba adlule ngokufanelekileyo iimfuno zoMgaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho okhoyo ngoku malunga nobume obusisinyanzelo besigqibo senkundla sokunciphisa ubumfihlo bembalelwano, kuthungelwano lwekhompyutha.
Ukupapashwa kweendaba, uphando, izimvo, kunye nokuziphatha kwezenzo ezahlukeneyo ezijoliswe kwi-SORM-2, kukhokelele ekubeni ulwazi malunga neprojekthi ye-SORM-2, evumela ukubekw' esweni kwabemi, iye yafumaneka kuluntu jikelele.
Inani labasebenzisi lifikelele kwi-1,2 yezigidi.
1998 - 2000 Inani labasebenzisi lifikelela kwizigidi ezi-2. Iimpapasho zeendaba zokuqala ezinkulu ze-intanethi zivela, ngaphezu kwe-300 ababoneleli be-Intanethi basebenza kweli lizwe, i-architecture yenethiwekhi ikhula ngesantya esikhulu, amanethiwekhi okuqala okukhangisa avela, ukuphulwa kwepropathi yokuqala yengqondo, njl.
Ngokubanzi, i-90 inokuthathwa njengesiseko sokusekwa kunye nophuhliso lwe-Intanethi eRashiya, eyadalwa kwiimeko zenkululeko kunye nokungabikho kolawulo ngurhulumente kwaye, ngokubanzi, ngeendleko zemibutho yorhwebo kunye nesisa. Oku kubonakaliswa kwi-topology yayo yangaphakathi yothungelwano kunye neeseva, ezingabotshelelwanga kwimimandla ethile kwaye ezingawi phantsi kolawulo lwelizwe elithile. Emva koko, konke oku kwavumela ukuba icandelo laseRashiya likhule libe nobukhulu obumangalisayo.
Imbali yokuzama ukulawula urhulumente
Isongelo sokulawula urhulumente kwi-Runet savela sele sise-1999, ngoko ke uMphathiswa wezoNxibelelwano Leonid Reiman kunye noMphathiswa wezoShishino UMikhail Lesin icetywayo ukuba ithathe igunya lokulawula indawo ye-RU kwintlangano yoluntu eyenziwe kwi-Kurchatov Institute (RosNIIros), etyale umzamo kunye nemali ekudaleni amanethiwekhi okuqala. Emva kwentlanganiso yabaphathiswa ekhokelwa yiNkulumbuso (uPutin) kunye namanani e-Intanethi (ngomzabalazo osebenzayo ngowokugqibela), ulawulo lommandla wesizinda seRU lwasuswa kumbutho woluntu olungalawulwayo.
Ukusuka kwincwadi ethi Red Web - malunga nembali yolawulo lweenkonzo zobuntlola basekhaya kwi-telecom:
INtloko yeSiseko soMgaqo-nkqubo osebenzayo (EFP) Gleb Pavlovsky Uqalise intlanganiso yamanani e-Intanethi kunye noVladimir Putin, owayeyiNkulumbuso ngoko. U-Pavlovsky uyingcali yezopolitiko ngelo xesha wayekufuphi noLawulo lukaMongameli. I-FEP yakhe emva koko yenza inani leeprojekthi ze-Intanethi ezidumileyo - Gazeta.ru, Vesti.ru, Lenta.ru, njl.
Kwintlanganiso, uPutin uxelele abantu be-Intanethi malunga neziphakamiso zikaReiman noLesin. Soldatov (intloko yeRelcom, inqaku lombhali), ngubani ngelo xesha Rykov (umcebisi karhulumente kwiteknoloji yolwazi, inqaku lombhali) sele esazi malunga nezi ziphakamiso, waba Ukuchasa ngokuthe ngqo. Naye wayechasa Anton Nosik ("uyise kaRunet," njengoko amajelo eendaba embiza - intatheli, wema kwimvelaphi yokusekwa kweRunet, ngelo xesha wayelilungu lebhunga le-FEP kwaye wayejongene neeprojekthi ezifana neVesti.ru, Lenta.ru , inqaku lombhali). Phakathi kwabameli beshishini le-Intanethi, ngumyili kuphela Artemy Lebedev ikhuthaze ukuguqulwa kweRosNIIros, ityhola umbutho ngokugcina amaxabiso aphezulu esizinda.
"Ukuba umthetho olawula imisebenzi kwi-Intanethi yamkelwa eRashiya, oku kuya kuthetha ukusasazwa ngokutsha kwepropathi kwimarike ye-Intanethi ngomdla wabo bantu bayalela lo mthetho." -Anton Borisovich Nosik
Ngowama-2000, uPutin watyikitya imfundiso yokhuseleko lwenkcazelo, eyayinezoyikiso “njengenjongo yamazwe amaninzi yokulawula nokunyhasha izinto ezithandwa yiRashiya kwimekobume yolwazi.” Ngaphakathi kwesakhelo sale mfundiso, umsebenzi waqala ekulungiseleleni nasekuphuhliseni isethi yamanyathelo: ukukhangela kunye nokudalwa kwabasebenzi, ukwandiswa nokuvulwa kwamasebe akhethekileyo kumasebe afanelekileyo kunye namasebe, njl.
Ukusukela ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-2000, abasemagunyeni baseRashiya baye baqinisa iinzame zokuhlutha iqumrhu laseMelika i-ICANN, eliphantsi kolawulo olusemthethweni lwabasemagunyeni base-US, igunya lokusasaza imimandla yommandla kunye needilesi ze-IP kwihlabathi jikelele. Nangona kunjalo, abameli base-US bawubulise lo mbono ngokupholileyo kakhulu.
Emva koko amaRashiya atshintshe amaqhinga kwaye azama ukuhlutha amandla kwi-ICANN ngokusebenzisa i-International Telecommunication Union (ITU), elawula unxibelelwano lwendabuko kwaye ikhokelwa yi-Maltese Hamadoun Tour, ophumelele kwi-Leningrad Institute of Communications. Kwi-2011, u-Prime Minister u-Vladimir Putin wadibana ne-Tour e-Geneva waza wamxelela ngesidingo sokudlulisa igunya phezu kokusasazwa kwezixhobo ze-Intanethi ukusuka kwi-ICANN ukuya kwi-ITU. I-Russia yalungiselela isisombululo se-ITU esiyidrafti kwaye yaqala ukuqokelela inkxaso evela kumazwe ase-China nakuMbindi Asia.
Ngomhla we-8 kaDisemba, i-2012, intloko yegqiza laseMelika, uTerry Kramer, wabiza ezi zindululo ngomzamo wokwazisa i-censorship kwi-Intanethi. Eqonda ukuba eso siphakamiso asiyi kudlula, ngoDisemba 10, uTur wacenga icala laseRashiya ukuba lirhoxise.
Enyanisweni, kulapho iinzame zaseRashiya zokudala indawo yokuqala kunye nokufumana ingqolowa yempembelelo yokulawula i-Intanethi kwinqanaba lehlabathi. Kwaye amagunya aseRashiya atshintshe ngokupheleleyo kwicandelo lasekhaya.
Umzabalazo weYandex
Ekwindla ka-2008, inkampani yaseYandex yaqala ukufumana ingxaki emva kwenye: isikhungo sayo esitsha sedatha asikwazanga ukuqaliswa ngenxa yeengxaki ze-bureaucratic, ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho lavulwa apho intloko yenkampani yayibandakanyeka. Arkady Volozh, yaye usomashishini wabonisa umdla ekuthengeni inkampani Alisher Usmanov. I-Yandex yoyika ukuthatyathwa okukhohlakeleyo.
Izizathu zokunganeliseki kwabasemagunyeni zichazwe ku-Arkady Volozh ngendlela yeekrini ezivela kwiphepha eliphambili le-aggregator ye-Yandex.News, ethathwe ngexesha lemfazwe yaseRussia-Georgia. Ukucacisa le meko, abaphathiswa ababini (UVladislav Surkov и Konstantin Kostin) watyelela iofisi yeYandex, apho bazama ukuchazela amagosa ukuba ukukhethwa kweendaba kule nkonzo akwenziwanga ngabantu, irobhothi, esebenza ngoku i-algorithm ekhethekileyo.
Ngokweenkumbulo zikaGershenzon, intloko yeYandex.News, u-Surkov waphazamisa intetho yakhe waza wabhekisela kwisihloko senkululeko kwiYandex.News. “Ziintshaba zethu ezi, asiyifuni le nto,” watsho usekela-ntloko kuLawulo lukaMongameli. UKonstantin Kostin wafuna ukuba amagosa anikwe ukufikelela kwi-interface yenkonzo.
UYandex wothuswa ziziphumo zothethathethwano nabasemagunyeni. Kodwa ekugqibeleni, umlo kunye namagosa waphela ngokunikezelwa kwesimo somlingani kunye nophawu "ummeli weendaba ezinomdla" kwaye kwangaxeshanye wajoyina ibhodi yabalawuli beYandex. Alexander Voloshin, owayesakuba yintloko yoLawulo lukaMongameli Boris Yeltsin kunye noVladimir Putin.
Ngokumalunga nemeko efanayo, kodwa kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo obuchule, inokubonwa kwiimeko zokucinezelwa kweKaspersky Lab (kunye neVKontakte (). Kwaye ezi kuphela amatyala resonant eyaziwa umbhali.
Ngaphezu koko, umatshini wokuvalwa kunye nokulawulwa kweRunet sele sele ifumana amandla kwaye yafumana iimpawu zanamhlanje. Imithetho ekhethekileyo yalungiselelwa ngomxholo ongacacanga ukuze ingajongwa ngokuthe ngqo njengovavanyo, phantsi kwenkxaso yokhuseleko okanye umlo ochasene ne-extremism. Ukuthintela umxholo ongekho mthethweni, ngokwandisa amandla eRoskomnadzor, sele sele ixhaphake. Amagunya abanjwe "uthethathethwano" nabadlali abakhulu kweli candelo. Ewe, njengencopho yeli nqanaba, amatyala olawulo lokwenyani sele eqalisile ngezohlwayo kunye nokutshutshiswa ngolwaphulo-mthetho kubasebenzisi abaqhelekileyo, eziye zenziwa kuluntu njenge "Ukuthanda kunye nokuphinda kuthunyelwe."
Ngoko ke, ukuze ekugqibeleni ulawule uthungelwano, abo basemagunyeni banento enye kuphela eseleyo-ukwamkela amava eTshayina (bacinga ngale nto ngaphambili) kwaye baqalise umsebenzi wokumisa iRunet. Kwiingcali ezininzi, oku kubonakala kunzima ukuphumeza kwaye "ulonwabo" olubiza kakhulu, ekubeni i-China yakha inethiwekhi yayo ngokukhawuleza ngokufika kwe-Intanethi kummandla, kwaye eRashiya, njengoko kuchazwe ngasentla, yakhiwe yodwa. Kodwa into ephambili kukuqala, kuba sele kukho isivumelwano kunye namaShayina kunye namava, oko kuthetha, kugeleza njengomlambo ovela ezulwini.
Kukho uluvo amagosa ukuba le bhili ijolise kuphela ekukhuseleni ishishini Russian (ishishini elikufutshane-karhulumente, kunjalo) kunye neenkonzo zikarhulumente ukusuka kubuqhetseba baseMelika. Kucingelwa ukuba kufuneka sibakhusele ekubeni baqhawulwe kwaye sigcine idatha yabo. Kodwa into yokuba zonke sele zisebenza Ngesizathu esithile, amagosa akathethi kwiiseva zangaphakathi (zonke iiwebhusayithi zikarhulumente, amashishini karhulumente, amashishini aphakamileyo obugcisa ngaphakathi kwi-complex yempi-industrial, njl.). Ngaphezu koko, inkqubo yentlawulo ye-MIR yakutshanje yaziswa ngokunxulumene nokukwazi kwabantu baseMelika ukuvimba iinkqubo zokuhlawula esele zikhona. Ndikholelwe, bakhuselwe kangangoko kwaye i-hardware ekhethekileyo kunye nokhuseleko kwizoyikiso ze-cyber sele ikhona ixesha elide.
Kutheni le nto ingumgibe?
Umthetho oyilwayo kwi-Intanethi ozimeleyo uya kuvumela umsebenzi ukuba uqalise ekudaleni isiseko sothungelwano lwangaphakathi, apho zonke izithuthi eziya kwiiseva zangaphandle zidlula kuqala “kwisango” elilawulwa ngurhulumente.
- Ababoneleli be-Intanethi baya kufaka izixhobo ezikhethekileyo ezijoliswe ekubaleni izisongelo ze-cyber (nangona sele besenza oku njengenxalenye yePakethe yeYarovaya).
- Ukuqinisekisa ulawulo lwazo zonke izithuthi zabasebenzisi baseRussia.
- Ukwenziwa kobhaliso lwamanqaku otshintshiselwano lwezithuthi, i-DNS kunye needilesi ze-IP.
- Ukuqokelelwa kwedatha kwiinkampani eziququzelela umsebenzi weNethiwekhi.
Kwaye ngelixa "ingxoxo" iqhubeka, i-Ofisi yoMphathiswa we-Telecom kunye noNxibelelwano lweMisa sele ilungiselele isisombululo esibonelela ngokukhawulelana nokuhamba kwe-traffic yaseRashiya ngaphandle kwe-RuNet ukuze sikhusele thina, abemi, "kwi-wiretapping" ngamazwe angenabubele. Umthetho omtsha uya kuzikhulula izandla zabo kwaye ubanike indlela yokwenza oku. Isisombululo sikwathi: "... ngo-2020, isabelo se-traffic yasekhaya kwicandelo laseRashiya le-Intanethi elihamba ngeeseva zangaphandle kufuneka lihle liye ku-5%..." Ngaba oku akukukhumbuzi nge-Iron Curtain, kodwa Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kuphela kwindawo ebonakalayo?
Yaye ngaba ngokwenene ucinga ukuba emva kokuphumeza ulawulo kwi-traffic yangaphandle kunye nemilinganiselo enyanzelekileyo yokugcina idatha kwiiseva kwi-RuNet, baya kushiya yonke into njengoko kunjalo?
Iziphumo
Onke la manyathelo aya kuchaphazela bonke abasebenzi baseRashiya kunye nabasebenzisi bothungelwano baseRashiya abangakhange babe phantsi koxinzelelo lokuthand' izwe.
Ngokwenyani kwaye ngaphandle kwezafobe, urhulumente uya kuthatha imali epokothweni yakho ukunciphisa ulwamkelo lwakho lolwazi.
Ngaphandle kokuzibaxa, ukusabela kwekhonkco kwizenzo ezinjalo kukhulu.
Sisebenzisa iinkonzo kunye nezixhobo, eziphantse zonke ziphuhliswe ziinkampani zangaphandle; ayizizo zonke ezi nkampani ziya kufuna ukuphindaphinda ulwazi kwiiseva zaseRashiya, ngelixa zihlawula ukugcinwa kwazo, ngoko oku kuya kuchaphazela ukuhamba kwezi nkonzo kwimarike (ezo ukulahlekelwa kwabasebenzisi baseRashiya akubalulekanga), Kakade ke, ayinguye wonke umntu oya kushiya, ngaloo ndlela enciphisa ukhuphiswano, oluya kuthi ekugqibeleni luchaphazele umgaqo-nkqubo wamaxabiso. Ungasathethi ke ukuba baya kuphazamiseka rhoqo ngenxa yokulahleka konxibelelwano kunye neeseva zabo phesheya.
Akwaziwa nokuba baza kube belungile kusini na.
I-Facebook / Instagram / Reddit / Twitter / YouTube / Vimeo / Vine / WhatsApp / Viber kunye nezinye iinkonzo ezidumileyo ze-intanethi ezifana ne-Amazon / Google / Microsoft, njl. ukudlulisa ulwazi kwiiseva kwindawo yaseRashiya, esi sixa sedatha kunye nokusebenza ukudluliselwa kwabo , ngokoluvo lwam, ayinakuthelekiswa nengeniso evela kwimarike yethu ngoku, kwaye ngakumbi kwixesha elizayo.
Izinto zokudlala ezininzi ziya kuyeka ukusebenza okanye ziya kuwa rhoqo ngemizuzu eli-10 yokudlala kwi-intanethi; Iitraki zasimahla ze-torrent aziyi kufumaneka nakwiseva yommeleli. Awusayi kuphinda ubukele iifilimu zakho ozithandayo "ngaphandle kokubhalisa kunye neSMS"; uya kukhwankqiswa kukufumanisa ukuba iinjini zokukhangela azisafumani iMarvel kunye neDC, kuba ukufikelela kwezi zixhobo phesheya kuya kuvalwa.
Kwaye enye, ngokoluvo lwam, eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu abasebenzisi abaqhelekileyo abanokuthi bangayithatheli ngqalelo ziingxaki zonxibelelwano abaya kudibana nazo. izazinzulu nabaphandi. Kuba olu luluntu oluxhomekeke kakhulu ekuvulekeni kokufumana ulwazi. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, akuyi kuba yimfihlo nakubani na ukuba izazinzulu ezinkulu kunye noovimba bolwazi bophando baphesheya.
Emva kokuhlukanisa i-Intanethi kwihlabathi liphela kwaye usasaze ngokutsha i-architecture yenethiwekhi ngaphakathi kwe-RuNet, abasemagunyeni baya kukwazi ukuqhubela phambili kwisigaba esilandelayo (okanye ngokuhambelanayo) - oku kuyindalo (esekelwe kumava axabisekileyo oBukumkani obuphakathi. ) yesoftware kunye nehardware yolawulo oluzenzekelayo kunye nokuthintela umxholo ongekho mthethweni. Kwaye oku sele kuyi-analogue ye-firewall enkulu yaseTshayina (ikhonkco elingezantsi ukuze libhekiselele)
Kwaye konke oku kungenxa yemali yethu
Ewe, yonke into echazwe ngasentla ifuna ixesha kunye nemali eninzi, iteknoloji kunye nolwazi. Kuya kubakho iingxaki ezaneleyo kunye neyokugqibela, kwaye yile nto sinokuthembela kuyo kuphela. Ngaphezu koko, olu luqikelelo olulusizi. Ngokuphathelele imali, akunandaba, kukho iindlela ezininzi - baya kuzisa irhafu eyongezelelweyo kubaboneleli be-Intanethi kwaye ungamangaliswa xa ufumana intlawulo yakho inyuke ngama-ruble angama-100-200.
Izigqibo ezikweli nqaku ziyimbono yombhali kuphela. Ukuba uyathandabuza ubungqina obunikiweyo, usenayo iGoogle-Google iziganeko ezichazwe kweli nqaku, funda kwaye ungene kulo mngxuma womvundla.
Funda ngesi sihloko
Umzuzu wokhathalelo oluvela kwi-UFO
Esi sixhobo sinokuphikisana, ke ngaphambi kokuba uphawule, nceda uvuselele inkumbulo yakho malunga nento ebalulekileyo:
Indlela yokubhala izimvo kwaye usinde
- Sukubhala izimvo ezikhubekisayo, ungazifumaneli ezobuqu.
- Yeka ulwimi olungcolileyo kunye nokuziphatha okuyityhefu (nakwimo egqunyiweyo).
- Ukunika ingxelo ngezimvo eziphula imithetho yesayithi, sebenzisa iqhosha elithi "Ingxelo" (ukuba likhona) okanye .
Yintoni omawuyenze, ukuba: |
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umthombo: www.habr.com