Olu pho nonongo luchaza indlela ukungaphumeleli kwenkqubo enye yokuzimela (AS) kuchaphazela uxhulumaniso lwehlabathi lommandla othile, ngakumbi xa kuziwa kumnikezeli wenkonzo ye-Intanethi enkulu (ISP) kwelo lizwe. Uqhagamshelo lwe-Intanethi kwinqanaba lothungelwano luqhutywa lunxibelelwano phakathi kweenkqubo ezizimeleyo. Njengoko inani lezinye iindlela phakathi kwe-ASs linyuka, ukunyamezela iimpazamo kuvela kunye nokuzinza kwe-Intanethi kwilizwe elinikeziweyo kunyuka. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iindlela zibaluleke ngakumbi kunezinye, kwaye ukuba neendlela ezininzi ezizezinye kangangoko kunokwenzeka kuphela kwendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwenkqubo (kwindlela ye-AS).
Uqhagamshelo lwehlabathi jikelele kuyo nayiphi na i-AS, nokuba ngumniki we-Intanethi omncinci okanye isigebenga samazwe ngamazwe esinezigidi zabasebenzisi benkonzo, kuxhomekeke kubuninzi kunye nomgangatho weendlela zayo eziya kubaboneleli beTier-1. Njengomthetho, i-Tier-1 ithetha inkampani yamazwe ngamazwe enikezela ngenkonzo yokuthutha ye-IP yehlabathi kunye noqhagamshelwano nabanye abaqhubi be-Tier-1. Nangona kunjalo, akukho sinyanzelo ngaphakathi kweklabhu ye-elite yokugcina unxibelelwano olunjalo. Imarike kuphela inokukhuthaza iinkampani ezinjalo ukuba zidibanise ngokungenammiselo, zibonelela ngenkonzo ephezulu. Ngaba le yinkuthazo eyaneleyo? Siza kuphendula lo mbuzo ungezantsi kwicandelo kuqhagamshelo lwe-IPv6.
Ukuba i-ISP iphulukene nodibaniso lwayo lweTier-1, isenokungafumaneki kwiindawo ezithile zehlabathi.
Ukulinganisa ukuthembeka kwi-Intanethi
Khawucinge ukuba i-AS ifumana ukuthotywa kwenethiwekhi okubalulekileyo. Sijonge impendulo kulo mbuzo ulandelayo: "Yeyiphi ipesenti ye-AS kulo mmandla inokulahlekelwa uqhagamshelwano nabaqhubi be-Tier-1, ngaloo ndlela ilahlekelwa kubukho behlabathi"?
Indlela yophandoKutheni ulinganisa imeko enjalo? Ukuthetha ngokuthe ngqo, xa i-BGP kunye nehlabathi le-interdomain routing yayikwinqanaba loyilo, abadali bacinga ukuba i-AS nganye engahambiyo yayiza kuba nababoneleli ababini abaphezulu ukuqinisekisa ukunyamezela impazamo xa omnye wabo engaphumeleli. Nangona kunjalo, eneneni yonke into yahluke ngokupheleleyo - ngaphezulu kwe-45% ye-ISPs inonxibelelwano olunye kuphela lokuhamba ukuya phezulu. Iseti yobudlelwane obungaqhelekanga phakathi kwe-ISPs yohambo inciphisa ngakumbi ukuthembeka kukonke. Ke, ngaba ii-ISPs zokuhamba ziyawa? Impendulo nguewe, kwaye yenzeka rhoqo. Umbuzo ochanekileyo kule meko ngulo: "I-ISP ethile iya kufumana nini ukuthotywa koqhagamshelo?" Ukuba iingxaki ezinjalo zibonakala zikude komnye umntu, kufanelekile ukukhumbula umthetho kaMurphy: "Yonke into enokuthi ingahambi kakuhle, iya konakala."
Ukulinganisa imeko efanayo, siqhuba imodeli efanayo kunyaka wesithathu ngokulandelelana. Kwangalo nyaka mnye, asiphindanga nje izibalo ezidlulileyo - sandise kakhulu umda wophando lwethu. La manyathelo alandelayo alandelwe ukuvavanya ukuthembeka kwe-AS:
- Kwi-AS nganye ehlabathini, sifumana zonke iindlela ezizezinye kubasebenzisi be-Tier-1 sisebenzisa imodeli yobudlelwane be-AS, esebenza njengondoqo wemveliso ye-Qrator.Radar;
- Ukusebenzisa i-IPIP geodatabase, senze idilesi ye-IP nganye ye-AS nganye kwilizwe elihambelanayo;
- Kwi-AS nganye, sibale isabelo sendawo yedilesi ehambelana nommandla okhethiweyo. Oku kwanceda ukucoca iimeko apho i-ISP inokuba nobukho kwindawo yokutshintshiselana kwilizwe elithile, kodwa ayinakho ubukho kummandla ngokubanzi. Umzekelo ongumzekelo yi-Hong Kong, apho amakhulu amalungu e-Asia enkulu ye-intanethi ye-HKIX yokutshintshiselana kwe-traffic kunye nobukho be-zero kwi-intanethi ye-intanethi ye-Hong Kong;
- Ukufumana iziphumo ezicacileyo ze-AS kwingingqi, sivavanya impembelelo yokusilela okunokwenzeka kwale AS kwezinye ii-AS kunye namazwe akhoyo kuwo;
- Ekugqibeleni, kwilizwe ngalinye, sifumene i-AS ethile echaphazela ipesenti enkulu kwezinye ii-ASes kuloo mmandla. Ii-AS zamazwe angaphandle aziyi kuqwalaselwa.
IPv4 ukuthembeka
Ngezantsi ungabona amazwe aphezulu angama-20 ngokumalunga nokuthembeka ngokubhekiselele ekunyamezeleni impazamo xa kwenzeka ukungaphumeleli kwe-AS enye. Enyanisweni, oku kuthetha ukuba ilizwe linonxibelelwano oluhle lwe-Intanethi, kwaye ipesenti ibonisa umlinganiselo wee-AS eziya kulahlekelwa uqhagamshelwano lwehlabathi ukuba i-AS enkulu iyasilela.
Iinyani eziKhawulezayo:
- I-USA ilahle izikhundla ze-11 ukusuka kwi-7 ukuya kwindawo ye-18;
- I-Bangladesh ishiye i-20 ephezulu;
- I-Ukraine iphakame izithuba ze-8 ukuya kwindawo yesi-4;
- IOstriya iye yaphuma kwabangama-20 abaphambili;
- Amazwe amabini abuyela kwi-20 ephezulu: i-Italiya kunye neLuxembourg emva kokuphuma kwi-2017 kunye ne-2018 ngokulandelanayo.
Iintshukumo ezinomdla zenzeka kumanqanaba okugcinakala minyaka le. Kulo nyaka uphelileyo sibhale ukuba ukusebenza ngokubanzi kwamazwe angama-20 aphezulu ayikatshintshi kakhulu ukusukela ngo-2017. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba unyaka nonyaka sibona intsingiselo encomekayo yehlabathi ekuphuculeni ukuthembeka kunye nokufumaneka ngokubanzi. Ukubonisa le ngongoma, sithelekisa umndilili kunye notshintsho oluphakathi kwiminyaka emi-4 kwireyithingi yozinzo ye-IPv4 kuwo onke amazwe angama-233.
Inani lamazwe akwazile ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwawo kwi-AS enye ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-10% (uphawu lokuqina okuphezulu) liye landa ngama-5 xa kuthelekiswa nonyaka odlulileyo, lifikelele kumacandelo esizwe angama-2019 ukususela ngoSeptemba 35.
Ngoko ke, njengeyona nto ibalulekileyo ejongwayo ngexesha lethu lokufunda, sichonga ukonyuka okukhulu kokuqina kothungelwano kwihlabathi jikelele, kokubini kwi-IPv4 kunye ne-IPv6.
IPv6 ukomelela
Besiphinda iminyaka eliqela into yokuba intelekelelo eyimpazamo yokuba i-IPv6 isebenza ngokufanayo ne-IPv4 yingxaki yolwakhiwo kuphuhliso lwe-IPv6 kunye nenkqubo yokuphunyezwa.
Kunyaka ophelileyo sabhala malunga neemfazwe zoontanga eziqhubekayo kungekhona kuphela kwi-IPv6, kodwa nakwi-IPv4, apho i-Cogent kunye ne-Hurricane Electric azinxibelelani. Kulo nyaka sothukile kukufumanisa ukuba enye isibini sabakhuphisana nabo kunyaka ophelileyo, iDeutsche Telekom kunye neVerizon US, yaseka ngempumelelo i-IPv6 yokujonga ngoMeyi ka-2019. Akunakwenzeka ukuba ufumane nakuphi na ukukhankanywa kwayo, kodwa eli linyathelo elikhulu-ababoneleli ababini abakhulu be-Tier-1 bayekile ukulwa kwaye ekugqibeleni baye baseka uxhulumaniso lontanga-kwintanga usebenzisa iprotocol esifuna sonke uphuhliso olungakumbi.
Ukuqinisekisa uqhagamshelwano olupheleleyo kunye nokuthembeka okuphezulu, iindlela eziya kubaqhubi be-Tier-1 kufuneka zibe khona ngamaxesha onke. Siphinde sabala ipesenti yee-ASes kwilizwe elinoqhagamshelo olungaphelelanga kuphela kwi-IPv6 ngenxa yeemfazwe zoontanga. Nazi iziphumo:
Kunyaka kamva, i-IPv4 ihlala ithembekile ngakumbi kune-IPv6. Umndilili wokuthembeka kunye nokuzinza kwe-IPv4 ngo-2019 yi-62,924%, kunye ne-54,53% ye-IPv6. I-IPv6 isenomlinganiselo ophezulu wamazwe anokufumaneka kakubi kwihlabathi-oko kukuthi, ipesenti ephezulu yoqhagamshelo olungaphelelanga.
Xa kuthelekiswa nonyaka ophelileyo, sibone ukuphucuka okubonakalayo kumazwe amathathu amakhulu, ngakumbi kumda wonxibelelwano olungaphelelanga. Kunyaka ophelileyo, iVenezuela yayine-33%, i-China 65% kunye ne-UAE 25%. Ngelixa iVenezuela kunye neTshayina ziphucule kakhulu unxibelelwano lwazo, zijongana nemingeni enzima yothungelwano oludityanisiweyo ngokuyinxenye, i-UAE ishiywe ngaphandle komfutho olungileyo kule ndawo.
Ukufikelela kwibroadband kunye neerekhodi ze-PTR
Ukuphinda umbuzo ebesizibuza wona ukususela kunyaka ophelileyo: "Ngaba yinyani ukuba umboneleli okhokelayo kwilizwe uhlala echaphazela ukuthembeka kwengingqi ngaphezu kwakhe wonke umntu okanye nawuphi na omnye?", Siphuhlise i-metric eyongezelelweyo ukuze sifunde ngakumbi. Mhlawumbi eyona nto ibalulekileyo (ngesiseko sabathengi) umnikezeli we-Intanethi kwindawo enikiweyo ayizukuba yinkqubo yokuzimela ebaluleke kakhulu ekuboneleleni ngonxibelelwano lwehlabathi.
Kulo nyaka uphelileyo, sigqibe ekubeni esona salathisi sichanekileyo sokubaluleka kokwenene komnikezeli sinokusekwe kuhlalutyo lweerekhodi ze-PTR. Ngokuqhelekileyo zisetyenziselwa ukujonga umva kwe-DNS: usebenzisa idilesi ye-IP, igama lenginginya elihambelanayo okanye igama lesizinda lingachongwa.
Oku kuthetha ukuba i-PTR inokwenza umlinganiselo wesixhobo esithile kwindawo yedilesi yomntu ngamnye. Ekubeni sele sisazi ii-ASes ezinkulu kwilizwe ngalinye kwihlabathi, sinokubala iirekhodi ze-PTR kwiinethiwekhi zaba baboneleli, ukugqiba isabelo sabo phakathi kwazo zonke iirekhodi ze-PTR kummandla. Kufanelekile ukwenza i-disclaimer kwangoko: sibale iirekhodi ze-PTR KUPHELA kwaye asizange sibale umlinganiselo weedilesi ze-IP ngaphandle kweerekhodi ze-PTR kwiidilesi ze-IP kunye neerekhodi ze-PTR.
Ke, koku kulandelayo sithetha ngokukodwa malunga needilesi ze-IP ezineerekhodi ze-PTR ezikhoyo. Akuwona umthetho oqhelekileyo wokuzidala, yiyo loo nto abanye ababoneleli bebandakanya ii-PTR kwaye abanye abazenzi.
Sibonise ukuba zingaphi na kwezi dilesi ze-IP ezineerekhodi ze-PTR ezikhankanyiweyo eziya kuqhawuka xa kuqhawuka uqhagamshelo ukusuka/kunye neyona inkulu (nge-PTR) inkqubo yokuzimela kwilizwe elichaziweyo. Inani libonisa ipesenti yazo zonke iidilesi ze-IP ngenkxaso ye-PTR kummandla.
Masithelekise awona mazwe angama-20 athenjiweyo ukusuka kumanqanaba e-IPv4 ka-2019 kunye nenqanaba le-PTR:
Ngokucacileyo, indlela eqwalasela iirekhodi ze-PTR inika iziphumo ezahluke ngokupheleleyo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, kungekhona kuphela i-AS ephakathi kummandla oguqukayo, kodwa ipesenti yokungazinzi kwe-AS ethe yahluke ngokupheleleyo. Kuzo zonke iingingqi ezithembekileyo, ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga ukufumaneka kwehlabathi, inani leedilesi ze-IP kunye nenkxaso ye-PTR eya kunqunyulwa ngenxa yokuwa kwe-AS ngamashumi amaxesha aphezulu.
Oku kunokuthetha ukuba i-ISP yesizwe ekhokelayo ihlala ingumnini wabasebenzisi bokugqibela. Ngaloo ndlela, kufuneka sicinge ukuba le pesenti imele inxalenye yomsebenzisi we-ISP kunye nesiseko somthengi esiza kunqunyulwa (kwimeko apho ukutshintshela kumnikezeli ongomnye akunakwenzeka) kwimeko yokusilela. Ngokwale mbono, amazwe awasabonakali ethembeke njengoko ejongeka kwindawo yokudlula. Sishiya kumfundi izigqibo ezinokubakho ngokuthelekisa i-20 ephezulu ye-IPv4 kunye namaxabiso okulinganisa e-PTR.
Iinkcukacha zotshintsho kumazwe ngamanye
Njengesiqhelo kweli candelo, siqala nge entry ekhethekileyo kakhulu AS174 - Cogent. Kunyaka ophelileyo sichaze impembelelo yayo eYurophu, apho i-AS174 ichongiwe njengento ebalulekileyo kwi-5 yamazwe aphezulu angama-20 kwi-IPv4 Resilience Index. Kulo nyaka i-Cogent igcina ubukho kwi-20 ephezulu yokuthembeka, nangona kunjalo, kunye nolunye utshintsho - ngakumbi eBelgium naseSpain i-AS174 ithathelwe indawo njengeyona AS ibaluleke kakhulu. Ngo-2019, eBelgium yaba yi-AS6848-Telenet, kunye neSpain-AS12430-Vodafone.
Ngoku, makhe sijonge ngakumbi kumazwe amabini anamanqaku amahle ngokwembali okuqina enze olona tshintsho lubalulekileyo kulo nyaka uphelileyo: iUkraine neUnited States of America.
Okokuqala, iUkraine iphucule kabukhali indawo yayo kwindawo ye-IPv4. Ngeenkcukacha, saphendukela kuMax Tulyev, ilungu lebhodi ye-Ukrainian Internet Association, ngeenkcukacha malunga nento eyenzekayo kwilizwe lakhe kwiinyanga ezili-12 ezidlulileyo:
βOlona tshintsho lubalulekileyo esilubonayo eUkraine kukwehla kweendleko zothutho lwedatha. Oku kuvumela uninzi lweenkampani ezinengeniso kwi-Intanethi ukuba zifumane uqhagamshelo oluninzi ngaphandle kwemida yethu. I-Hurricane Electric iyasebenza ngokukodwa kwiimarike, inika "i-transit yamazwe ngamazwe" ngaphandle kwekhontrakthi ethe ngqo kuba ayisusi izimaphambili ezivela kutshintshiselwano - zivakalisa nje i-cone yomthengi kwii-IXPs zendawo.
I-AS ephambili ye-Ukraine itshintshile ukusuka kwi-AS1299 Telia ukuya kwi-AS3255 UARNET. UMnu Tulyev wachaza ukuba, ekubeni yinethiwekhi yemfundo yangaphambili, i-UARNET ngoku ibe yinethiwekhi yokuthutha esebenzayo, ngakumbi eNtshona Ukraine.
Ngoku makhe sifudukele kwenye indawo yomhlaba - ukuya e-USA.
Umbuzo wethu ongundoqo ulula kakhulu - zithini iinkcukacha zokuhla kweenotshi ezili-11 e-US ukomelela?
Ngo-2018, i-US ibeka indawo yesi-7 kunye ne-4,04% yelizwe elinokuthi liphulukane nokufumaneka kwehlabathi ukuba i-AS209 iyasilela. Ingxelo yethu yowama-2018 inika umbono wento ebitshintsha e-United States kunyaka ophelileyo:
Kodwa iindaba ezinkulu koko kwenzeka eUnited States. Kwiminyaka emibini ngokulandelelana - 2016 kunye 2017 - siye sachonga i-AS174 ye-Cogent njengenguqu yomdlalo kule marike. Akusekho imeko-kwi-2018, i-AS 209 CenturyLink ithathe indawo yayo, ithumela i-United States kwiindawo ezintathu ukuya kwiNombolo ye-7 kwi-IPv4 rankings. "
Iziphumo ze-2019 zibonisa ukuba i-United States ibeka i-18 kunye ne-resilience score ewela kwi-6,83%-utshintsho olungaphezulu kwe-2,5%, oluqhelekileyo lwanele ukuba luphume kwi-20 ephezulu kwi-IPv4 resilience rankings.
Sifikelele kumseki weNkanyamba yoMbane uMike Leber ngezimvo zakhe ngale meko:
βOlu lutshintsho lwendalo njengoko i-Intanethi yehlabathi iqhubeka nokukhula. Isiseko se-IT kwilizwe ngalinye siyakhula kwaye siphucula ukuxhasa uqoqosho lolwazi oluhlala luguquka kwaye luvela. Imveliso iphucula amava omthengi kunye nengeniso. Iziseko ze-IT zasekuhlaleni ziphucula imveliso. La mandla oqoqosho lwe-macro-techno.
Kuhlala kunomdla ukuhlalutya okwenzekayo kwelona qoqosho likhulu kwihlabathi, ngakumbi xa sibona ukuhla okubalulekileyo komgangatho wokuthembeka. Njengesikhumbuzo, kulo nyaka uphelileyo siye saqaphela ukutshintshwa kweCogent's AS174 yiCenturyLink's AS209 eUnited States. Kulo nyaka, i-CenturyLink ilahlekelwe yindawo yayo njenge-AS ebalulekileyo yelizwe kwenye inkqubo ezimeleyo, i-Level3356's AS3. Oku akumangalisi kuba iinkampani ezimbini zimele ngokufanelekileyo umbutho omnye ukususela ekuthathweni kwe-2017. Ukusukela ngoku, uqhagamshelo lwe-CenturyLink luxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kuqhagamshelo lweNqanaba 3. Kungagqitywa ukuba ukuhla ngokubanzi kokuthembeka kuhambelana nesiganeko esenzeka kwinethiwekhi ye-Level3 / CenturyLink ekupheleni kwe-2018, xa iipakethi zenethiwekhi ezingaziwayo ezi-4 zaphazamisa i-Intanethi iiyure ezininzi kwindawo enkulu yase-United States. . Lo mnyhadala ngokuqinisekileyo ube nefuthe kubuchule be-CenturyLink/Level3 bokubonelela ngezohambo kubadlali abakhulu besizwe, abanye babo ekusenokwenzeka ukuba batshintshele kwabanye ababoneleli bezothutho okanye batshintshe imidibaniso yabo enyukayo nesezantsi. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kwako konke oku kungasentla, iNqanaba3 lihlala lilelona liboneleli loqhagamshelo libalulekileyo e-US, ukuvalwa kwayo okunokubangela ukunqongophala kokufumaneka kwehlabathi malunga ne-7% yeenkqubo zasekhaya ezizimeleyo ezixhomekeke kolu hambo.
I-Italiya ibuyele kwi-20 ephezulu kwindawo ye-17 kunye ne-AS12874 Fastweb efanayo, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba sisiphumo sokuphucula okubalulekileyo kumgangatho kunye nobuninzi beendlela kulo mnikezeli. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, kunye naye ngo-2017, i-Itali yehla yaya kwindawo ye-21, ishiya i-20 ephezulu.
Ngo-2019, iSingapore, eyangena kumanqanaba aphezulu angama-20 kuphela kulo nyaka uphelileyo kodwa yatsibela ngqo kwindawo ye-5, yaphinda yafumana i-ASN entsha ebalulekileyo. Kunyaka ophelileyo sizame ukucacisa utshintsho kwimimandla yaseMzantsi-mpuma Asia. Kulo nyaka, i-AS ebalulekileyo yaseSingapore itshintshile ukusuka kwi-AS3758 SingNet yonyaka ophelileyo ukuya kwi-AS4657 Starnet. Ngolu tshintsho, ummandla uphulukene nesikhundla esinye kuphela, uwela kwindawo ye-6 kwindawo ye-2019.
I-China yenze ukutsiba okumangalisayo ukusuka kwindawo ye-113 ngo-2018 ukuya kwi-78 ngo-2019, ngotshintsho olumalunga ne-5% kumandla e-IPv4 ngokwendlela yethu. Kwi-IPv6, uqhagamshelo oluyinxenye lwaseTshayina lwehle ukusuka kuma-65,93% kulo nyaka uphelileyo lwaya ngaphaya nje kwama-20% kulo nyaka. I-ASN ephambili kwi-IPv6 itshintshile ukusuka ku-AS9808 i-China Mobile ngo-2018 ukuya kwi-AS4134 ngo-2019. Kwi-IPv4, i-AS4134, ephethwe yi-China Telecom, ibaluleke kakhulu iminyaka emininzi.
Kwi-IPv6, kwangaxeshanye, icandelo laseTshayina le-Intanethi lehle ngeendawo ezingama-20 kwindawo yokuzinza ngo-2019 - ukusuka kwi-10% kunyaka ophelileyo ukuya kwi-23,5% ngo-2019.
Mhlawumbi, konke oku kubonisa into enye kuphela elula - i-China Telecom iphucula iziseko zayo, isele inethiwekhi yonxibelelwano ephambili ye-China kunye ne-Intanethi yangaphandle.
Ngomngcipheko okhulayo we-cybersecurity kwaye, eneneni, ukuhamba rhoqo kweendaba malunga nokuhlaselwa kweziseko zophuhliso lwe-Intanethi, lixesha lokuba bonke oorhulumente, iinkampani zabucala kunye nezikawonke-wonke, kodwa uninzi lwazo zonke, abasebenzisi abaqhelekileyo bavavanye ngononophelo izikhundla zabo. Imingcipheko enxulumene noqhagamshelwano lwengingqi kufuneka ihlolwe ngononophelo nangokunyaniseka, kuhlalutywe amanqanaba okwenene okuthembeka. Nokuba amaxabiso aphantsi kumgangatho wobuthathaka anokubangela iingxaki zokufumaneka kokwenyani kwimeko yohlaselo olukhulu kumboneleli omkhulu welizwe lonke wenkonzo ebalulekileyo, itsho i-DNS. Ungalibali kwakhona ukuba ihlabathi langaphandle liya kunqunyulwa kwiinkonzo kunye nedatha ebekwe ngaphakathi kwingingqi xa kukho ilahleko epheleleyo yoqhagamshelwano.
Uphando lwethu lubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba i-ISP ekhuphisanayo kunye neemarike zabathwali ekugqibeleni ziyavela ukuze zizinze ngakumbi kwaye zikwazi ukumelana neengozi ngaphakathi nangaphaya kommandla othile. Ngaphandle kweemarike ezikhuphisanayo, ukungaphumeleli kwe-AS enye kunokukwenza kwaye kuya kubangela ukulahlekelwa koqhagamshelwano lwenethiwekhi inxalenye ebalulekileyo yabasebenzisi kwilizwe okanye ummandla obanzi.
umthombo: www.habr.com