Amanye amanqaku kolu ngcelele:
- Imbali yodluliselo
- Imbali yeekhompyuter ze-elektroniki
- Imbali ye-transistor
- Imbali ye-Intanethi
Njengoko sibonile kwi , iinjineli zikanomathotholo neemfonomfono ezazifuna izixhobo zokukhulisa amandla ezingakumbi zafumanisa icandelo elitsha lobugcisa elathi ngokukhawuleza labizwa ngokuba yi-electronics. I-amplifier yombane inokuguqulwa ngokulula ibe yi-digital switch, esebenza ngesantya esiphezulu kakhulu kunomzala wayo we-electromechanical, i-relay yefowuni. Ngenxa yokuba kwakungekho zixhobo zomatshini, ityhubhu yokucoca yayinokuvulwa kwaye icinywe kwi-microsecond okanye ngaphantsi, kunokuba i-milliseconds ezilishumi okanye ngaphezulu ezifunwa yi-relay.
Ukususela ngo-1939 ukuya ku-1945, iikhompyutha ezintathu zenziwa kusetyenziswa ezi zixhobo zitsha ze-elektroniki. Akunjalo nje ukuba imihla yokwakhiwa kwabo ihambelane nexesha leMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi. Olu ngquzulwano - olungenakuthelekiswa nanto kwimbali ngendlela eyabophelela ngayo abantu enqwelweni yemfazwe - yatshintsha ngonaphakade ubudlelwane phakathi kwamazwe naphakathi kwenzululwazi nobuchwepheshe, kwaye yazisa nenani elikhulu lezixhobo ezitsha kwihlabathi.
Amabali eekhompyuter ezintathu zokuqala zidibene nemfazwe. Eyokuqala yayizinikele ekucaciseni imiyalezo yesiJamani, yaza yahlala phantsi kokhuselo lwemfihlo de kwaba ngoo-1970, xa yayingasenamdla ngaphandle kwembali. Okwesibini uninzi lwabafundi bekufanele ukuba beve ngalo yayiyi-ENIAC, isixhobo sokubala somkhosi esagqitywa kade kakhulu ukuba sincede emfazweni. Kodwa apha sijonga oyena matshini uphambili kwaba matshini bathathu, ubuchopho babo .
Atanasov
Ngowe-1930, uAtanasov, unyana waseMelika ozelwe ngumphambukeli , ekugqibeleni wafezekisa iphupha lakhe lobutsha waza waba yifiziksi yethiyori. Kodwa, njengoko kunjalo ngeminqweno enjalo, inyaniso yayingeyiyo le nto wayeyilindele. Ngokukodwa, njengabafundi abaninzi bobunjineli kunye nesayensi yezomzimba kwisiqingatha sokuqala se-XNUMX yenkulungwane, u-Atanasov kwafuneka ahlupheke imithwalo ebuhlungu yokubala rhoqo. Inkcazo yakhe kwiYunivesithi yaseWisconsin malunga ne-polarization ye-helium yafuna iiveki ezisibhozo zokubala okudinayo usebenzisa i-calculator yedesika yoomatshini.
UJohn Atanasov ebusheni bakhe
Ngowe-1935, sele efumene isikhundla sokuba nguprofesa kwiYunivesithi yase-Iowa, u-Atanasov wagqiba ekubeni enze okuthile malunga nalo mthwalo. Waqalisa ukucinga ngeendlela ezinokwenzeka zokwenza ikhompyutha entsha, enamandla ngakumbi. Ukwala iindlela ze-analog (ezifana ne-MIT differential analyzer) ngenxa yezizathu zokunciphisa kunye nokungachaneki, wagqiba ekubeni akhe umatshini wedijithali ojongene namanani njengemilinganiselo ecacileyo kunokuba imilinganiselo eqhubekayo. Ukususela ebusheni bakhe, wayeqhelene nenkqubo yeenombolo zokubini kwaye waqonda ukuba ingena ngcono kakhulu kwisakhiwo sokuvula / sokuvala ukutshintshwa kwedijithali kunamanani aqhelekileyo e-decimal. Ngoko wagqiba ekubeni enze umatshini wokubini. Kwaye ekugqibeleni, wagqiba ekubeni ukuze kube yeyona nto ikhawulezayo kwaye iguquguqukayo, kufuneka ibe yi-elektroniki, kwaye isebenzise i-vacuum tubes ukubala.
U-Atanasov naye kwafuneka athathe isigqibo malunga nendawo yengxaki - luhlobo luni lwezibalo ekufuneka ikhompyuter yakhe ifanelekele? Ngenxa yoko, wagqiba kwelokuba uya kujongana nokusombulula ii-equations zomgca, ezinciphisa zibe kuguquguquko olunye (esebenzisa. )βezona zibalo zazibalaselisa kwincwadi yakhe. Iya kuxhasa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-equations ezingamashumi amathathu, kunye neziguquguqukayo ezifikelela kumashumi amathathu inye. Ikhompyuter enjalo inokusombulula iingxaki ezibalulekileyo kwizazinzulu kunye neenjineli, kwaye kwangaxeshanye ayizukubonakala inzima kakhulu.
Isiqwenga sobugcisa
Phakathi kwiminyaka yee-1930, itekhnoloji ye-elektroniki yahluke kakhulu kwimvelaphi yayo kwiminyaka engama-25 ngaphambili. Uphuhliso olubini lwalufaneleke ngokukodwa kwiprojekthi ye-Atanasov: i-trigger relay kunye nemitha ye-elektroniki.
Ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-1918, iinjineli zetelegraph neemfonomfono bezinesixhobo esiluncedo esibizwa ngokuba sisitshixo. Iswitshi sisilayidi se-bistable esebenzisa imagnethi esisigxina ukuyibamba kwimeko obuyishiye kuyo-ivuliwe okanye ivaliwe-de ifumane umqondiso wombane wokutshintsha amazwe. Kodwa iityhubhu zevacuum azikwazanga ukwenza oku. Zazingenayo icandelo lomatshini kwaye zazinokuthi "zivulwe" okanye "zivaliwe" ngelixa umbane wawuhamba okanye ungahambi kwisekethe. Ngo-1, iingcali zefiziksi ezimbini zaseBritane, uWilliam Eccles noFrank Jordan, badibanisa izibane ezibini ngeengcingo ukuze benze βi-trigger relayβ-i-relay yombane ehlala ivuliwe emva kokuba ivulwe yintshukumisa yokuqala. I-Eccles kunye neJordani badale inkqubo yabo yeenjongo zokunxibelelana ngomnxeba kwi-Admiralty yaseBritane ekupheleni kweMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala. Kodwa isiphaluka sase-Eccles-Jordan, kamva saziwa ngokuba sisiqhushumbisi [isiNgesi. flip-flop] inokuthathelwa ingqalelo njengesixhobo sokugcina idijithi yokubini - 0 ukuba isignali iyahanjiswa, kunye no-XNUMX ngenye indlela. Ngale ndlela, ngo-n flip-flops kwakunokwenzeka ukumela inani lokubini le bits n.
Malunga neminyaka elishumi emva kokuqalisa, ukuphumelela okwesibini kwi-electronics kwenzeka, ukungqubana nehlabathi le-computing: iimitha ze-elektroniki. Kwakhona, njengoko kusenzeka rhoqo kwimbali yokuqala yekhompyuter, isithukuthezi saba ngumama wokuqamba. Iingcali zefiziksi ezifunda ukukhutshwa kwamasuntswana e-subatomic kuye kwafuneka ukuba zimamele ucofa okanye zichithe iiyure zifunda iirekhodi zefoto, zibala inani lokuchongwa ukulinganisa isantya sokukhutshwa kwamasuntswana kwizinto ezahlukeneyo. Iimitha ze-Mechanical okanye i-electromechanical yayiyinketho yokuhenda ukuququzelela ezi zenzo, kodwa zahamba ngokucothayo: azikwazanga ukubhalisa iziganeko ezininzi ezenzeke kwii-milliseconds zomnye nomnye.
Umntu ophambili ekusombululeni le ngxaki yaba , owayesebenza phantsi kuka-Ernest Rutherford kwiLebhu yaseCavendish eCambridge. UWynne-Williams wayenobuchule bokusebenzisa i-elektroniki, yaye wayesele esebenzise iityhubhu (okanye iivalvu, njengoko zazibizwa njalo eBritani) ukuze enze izandisi-lizwi ezazisenza kube nokwenzeka ukuva ukuba kwenzeka ntoni kumasuntswana. Ekuqaleni kwee-1930s, wafumanisa ukuba iivalvu zinokusetyenziswa ukwenza ikhawuntara, awayibiza ngokuba βyi-binary scale counterββoko kukuthi, i-binary counter counter. Ngokusisiseko, yayiyisethi yeeflops ezinokuhambisa iiswitshi phezulu kwitsheyini (ekuqheliseni, yayisetyenziswa. , iintlobo zezibane ezingenalo i-vacuum, kodwa igesi, enokuhlala kwindawo emva kwe-ionization epheleleyo yegesi).
I-counter Wynne-Williams ngokukhawuleza yaba yenye yezixhobo eziyimfuneko zebhubhoratri kuye nabani na obandakanyekayo kwi-particle physics. Iingcali zefiziksi zakha izixhobo zokubala ezincinci kakhulu, ezihlala zineedijithi ezintathu (oko kukuthi, ezikwaziyo ukubala ukuya kutsho kwisixhenxe). kwimitha yoomatshini ecothayo, kunye nokurekhoda iziganeko ezenzeka ngokukhawuleza kunemitha eneendawo zoomatshini ezihamba kancinane ezinokurekhoda.
Kodwa ngokwethiyori, izixhobo zokubala ezinjalo zinokwandiswa ukuya kumanani obungakanani obungenasizathu okanye ukuchaneka. Aba, ngokungqongqo, ibingoomatshini bokuqala bokubala bedijithali bedijithali.
Ikhompyuter yeAtanasov-Berry
U-Atanasov wayeqhelene neli bali, eliye lamqinisekisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukwakha ikhompyutha ye-elektroniki. Kodwa akazange asebenzise ngokuthe ngqo izixhobo zokubala zokubini okanye iiflops. Ekuqaleni, kwisiseko senkqubo yokubala, wazama ukusebenzisa izixhobo zokubala eziguqulwe kancinane - emva koko, yintoni ukudibanisa ukuba ingabalwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo? Kodwa ngenxa yesizathu esithile akazange akwazi ukwenza iisekethe zokubala zithembeke ngokwaneleyo, kwaye kwafuneka aphuhlise iisekethe zakhe zokudibanisa kunye nophindaphinda. Akakwazanga ukusebenzisa i-flip-flops ukugcina okwexeshana amanani okubini kuba wayenohlahlo lwabiwo-mali olulinganiselweyo kunye nenjongo yebhongo yokugcina ii-coefficients ezingamashumi amathathu ngexesha. Njengoko siza kubona kungekudala, le meko yaba nemiphumo emibi.
Ngowe-1939, uAtanasov wayegqibile ukuyila ikhompyutha yakhe. Ngoku wayefuna umntu onolwazi olufanelekileyo lokuyakha. Wafumana umntu onjalo kwisidanga sobunjineli sase-Iowa State Institute ogama linguClifford Berry. Ekupheleni konyaka, u-Atanasov noBerry bakha iprototype encinane. Kunyaka olandelayo bagqibezela inguqulelo epheleleyo yekhompyuter enama-coefficient angamashumi amathathu. Ngeminyaka yee-1960, umbhali owamba imbali yabo wayibiza ngokuba yi-Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC), kwaye igama lahlala. Nangona kunjalo, zonke iintsilelo azikwazanga ukupheliswa. Ngokukodwa, i-ABC ibenempazamo malunga nedijithi yokubini kwi-10000, enokuthi ibulale nakuphi na ukubala okukhulu.
UClifford Berry kunye no-ABC ngo-1942
Nangona kunjalo, e-Atanasov kunye ne-ABC yakhe umntu unokufumana iingcambu kunye nomthombo wazo zonke iikhomputha zanamhlanje. Ngaba akazange adale (ngoncedo lukaBerry) ikhompyutha yokuqala yokubini yedijithali? Ngaba ezi asizizo iimpawu ezisisiseko zeebhiliyoni zezixhobo ezibumba neziqhuba uqoqosho, ibutho labantu kunye neenkcubeko ehlabathini lonke?
Kodwa masibuyele emva. Izichazi zedijithali kunye nokubini aziyondawo ye-ABC. Ngokomzekelo, i-Bell Complex Number Computer (CNC), ephuhliswe ngexesha elinye, yayiyidijithali, i-binary, i-electromechanical computer ekwazi ukwenza ikhompuyutha kwinqwelomoya enzima. Kwakhona, i-ABC kunye ne-CNC zazifana ngokuba zazisombulula iingxaki kwindawo elinganiselweyo, kwaye azikwazi, ngokungafaniyo neekhomputha zanamhlanje, zamkele ukulandelelana kwemiyalelo.
Into eseleyo "ye-elektroniki". Kodwa nangona ii-innards zemathematika ze-ABC yayizezombane, yayisebenza ngezantya ze-electromechanical. Kuba u-Atanasov kunye noBerry babengakwazi ngokwemali ukusebenzisa iityhubhu zokufunxa ukugcina amawaka eedijithi zokubini, basebenzisa izixhobo ze-electromechanical ukwenza oko. Amakhulu aliqela ee-triodes, eqhuba izibalo ezisisiseko zemathematika, ajikelezwe ngamagubu ajikelezayo kunye noomatshini bokuntywila, apho amaxabiso aphakathi awo onke amanyathelo okubalelwa agcinwe.
U-Atanasov noBerry benza umsebenzi wobugorha wokufunda nokubhala idatha kumakhadi abethelweyo ngesantya esiphezulu ngokuwatshisa ngombane endaweni yokuwabetha ngoomatshini. Kodwa oku kwakhokelela kwiingxaki zayo: yayiyisixhobo esivuthayo esasinoxanduva lwempazamo enye ngamanani angama-1. Ngaphezu koko, nakwezona zinto zingcono, umatshini awukwazanga "ukubetha" ngokukhawuleza kunomgca omnye ngomzuzwana, ngoko ke i-ABC ikwazi ukubala enye ngomzuzwana ngeyunithi nganye yezibalo ezingamashumi amathathu. Ngalo lonke ixesha, iityhubhu zokufunxa zazihlala zingasebenzi, ngokungenamonde βzibetha iminwe yazo etafileniβ ngoxa bonke aba matshini babejikeleza kancinane ngokucothayo kubo. U-Atanasov noBerry bakhwelisa ihashe elifuywayo kwinqwelo yefula. (Inkokeli yeprojekthi yokuphinda i-ABC kwiminyaka yee-10000 iqikelele isantya esiphezulu somatshini, ithathela ingqalelo yonke ixesha elichithwe, kubandakanywa nomsebenzi womqhubi ekuchazeni umsebenzi, ngokudibanisa ezintlanu okanye ukuthabatha ngomzuzwana. Oku, kunjalo, ikhawuleza kunekhompyutha yomntu, kodwa ayifani nesantya esisinxulumanisa neekhompyutha zombane.)
Umzobo we-ABC. Iidramu zigcine igalelo lexeshana kunye nemveliso kwi-capacitors. I-thyratron card punching circuit kunye nomfundi wekhadi orekhodiweyo kwaye ufunde iziphumo zenyathelo elipheleleyo le-algorithm (ukuphelisa enye yezinto eziguquguqukayo kwinkqubo yokulinganisa).
Umsebenzi kwi-ABC wema phakathi ku-1942 xa u-Atanasoff kunye noBerry babhalisela umatshini wemfazwe wase-US owawukhula ngokukhawuleza, owawufuna ingqondo kunye nemizimba. U-Atanasov wabizwa kwi-Naval Ordnance Laboratory eWashington ukuba akhokele iqela eliphuhlisa imigodi ye-acoustic. UBerry watshata nonobhala ka-Atanasov waza wafumana umsebenzi kwinkampani yekhontrakthi yasemkhosini eCalifornia ukuze aphephe ukubizelwa emfazweni. U-Atanasov wazama ixesha elithile kwi-patent indalo yakhe kwilizwe lase-Iowa, kodwa akazange aphumelele. Emva kwemfazwe, wadlulela kwezinye izinto yaye wayengasabandakanyekanga nzulu kwiikhompyutha. Ikhompyutha ngokwayo yathunyelwa kwindawo yokulahla inkunkuma ngowe-1948 ukuze kuvuleke indawo eofisini kumntu omtsha ophumelele kwiziko.
Mhlawumbi uAtanasov waqala ukusebenza kwangoko kakhulu. Wayethembele kwinkxaso-mali yeyunivesithi kwaye wayenokuchitha amawaka ambalwa eedola ekudaleni i-ABC, ngoko ke uqoqosho lwazodlula zonke ezinye iinkxalabo kwiprojekthi yakhe. Ukuba wayelinde de kwasekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1940, wayenokufumana isibonelelo sikarhulumente sesixhobo sombane esipheleleyo. Kwaye kweli lizwe - lilinganiselwe ekusetyenzisweni, kunzima ukulawula, ukungathembeki, akukhawulezi kakhulu - i-ABC yayingeyontengiso ethembisayo yeenzuzo zekhompyutha ye-elektroniki. Imfazwe yaseMelika, nangona indlala yayo yekhompyutha, yashiya i-ABC ingumhlwa kwidolophu yase-Ames, e-Iowa.
Oomatshini bekhompyutha bemfazwe
IMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala yadala kwaye yasungula inkqubo yotyalo-mali olukhulu kwinzululwazi nobuchwepheshe, yaze yalungiselela iMfazwe yeHlabathi yesiBini. Kwiminyaka nje embalwa, imfazwe yasemhlabeni naselwandle yatshintsha yasebenzisa iigesi ezinetyhefu, imigodi yemagnethi, ukuhlola inqwelo-moya nokudubula kweebhombu, njalo njalo. Akukho nkokeli yezobupolitika okanye yomkhosi inokusilela ukubona iinguqulelo ezikhawulezileyo ngolo hlobo. Babekhawuleza kakhulu kangangokuba uphando luqale kwangoko ngokwaneleyo lunokuthi lunike izikali kwicala elinye okanye kwelinye.
I-United States yayinezinto ezininzi kunye nengqondo (uninzi lwabo olwalubalekele iJamani kaHitler) kwaye yayikude kwiimfazwe ezikhawulezayo zokusinda kunye nokulawula okuchaphazela amanye amazwe. Oku kwavumela ilizwe ukuba lifunde esi sifundo ngokukodwa ngokucacileyo. Oku kwabonakaliswa kwinto yokuba ubutyebi obuninzi bemizi-mveliso nobukrelekrele banikelwa ekudalweni kwesixhobo sokuqala seathom. Utyalo-mali olungaziwayo, kodwa olubaluleke ngokulinganayo okanye oluncinci yayilutyalo-mali kwitekhnoloji yerada egxile kwi-MIT's Rad Lab.
Ke intsimi esaqalayo yekhompyutha ezenzekelayo yafumana isabelo sayo senkxaso-mali yasemkhosini, nangona ikwinqanaba elincinane kakhulu. Sele siqaphele iindidi zeeprojekthi ze-electromechanical computing eziveliswa yimfazwe. Amandla eekhompyuter esekwe kwi-relay, ngokwentelekiso, ayaziwa, njengoko utshintshiselwano ngefowuni kunye namawakawaka okuhanjiswa bekusebenza iminyaka emininzi ngelo xesha. Izinto ze-elektroniki azikabonakalisi ukusebenza kwazo kwinqanaba elinjalo. Uninzi lweengcali zikholelwa ukuba ikhomputha ye-elektroniki ayinakuthenjwa (i-ABC yayingumzekelo) okanye iya kuthatha ixesha elide ukuyakha. Ngaphandle kokungena ngequbuliso kwemali karhulumente, iiprojekthi zekhompuyutha zomkhosi zazimbalwa kwaye ziphakathi. Zintathu kuphela eziye zasungulwa, kwaye zimbini kuphela kuzo eziye zakhokelela kumatshini osebenzayo.
EJamani, injineli yonxibelelwano lomnxeba uHelmut Schreyer wangqina kumhlobo wakhe u-Konrad Zuse ixabiso lomatshini we-elektroniki ngaphezulu komatshini wombane we-electromechanical "V3" owawusakhiwa nguZuse kwishishini le-aeronautical (kamva eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Z3). Ekugqibeleni uZuse wavuma ukusebenza kwiprojekthi yesibini kunye noSchreyer, kwaye iZiko loPhando lweAeronautical lanikezela ngenkxaso-mali yeprototype ye-100-tube ngasekupheleni kuka-1941. Kodwa la madoda mabini aqala athatha umsebenzi wemfazwe ophambili kwaye emva koko umsebenzi wabo wehliswa kakhulu ngumonakalo weziqhushumbisi, wabashiya bengakwazi ukwenza umatshini wabo usebenze ngokuthembekileyo.
UZuse (ekunene) noSchreyer (ekhohlo) basebenza kwikhompyutha esebenza ngombane kwigumbi labazali bakaZuse eBerlin.
Kwaye ikhompyutha yokuqala ye-elektroniki eyenza umsebenzi oluncedo yadalwa kwilebhu eyimfihlo yaseBritani, apho injineli yezonxibelelwano yacebisa indlela entsha egqibeleleyo yokuhlaziya i-valve-based cryptanalysis. Siza kutyhila eli bali kwixesha elizayo.
Yintoni enye ekufuneka uyifunde:
β’ U-Alice R. Burks no-Arthur W. Burks, iKhompyutha yokuQala yeKhompyutha: Ibali le-Atansoff (1988)
β’ UDavid Ritchie, The Computer Pioneers (1986)
β’ UJane Smiley, Indoda eyasungula iKhompyutha (2010)
umthombo: www.habr.com