Amanye amanqaku kolu ngcelele:
- Imbali yodluliselo
- Imbali yeekhompyuter ze-elektroniki
- Imbali ye-transistor
- Imbali ye-Intanethi
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, siye sajonga emva kwiinzame ezintathu zokuqala zokwakha ikhompyutha yedijithali: ikhompyutha ye-Atanasoff-Berry ABC, eyakhawulwa nguJohn Atanasoff; iprojekthi yaseBritish Colossus, ekhokelwa nguTommy Flowers, kunye ne-ENIAC, eyenziwe kwiSikolo saseMoore seYunivesithi yasePennsylvania. Zonke ezi projekthi, enyanisweni, zazizimele. Nangona uJohn Mauchly, umqhubi oyintloko emva kweprojekthi ye-ENIAC, wayesazi umsebenzi ka-Atanasov, idizayini ye-ENIAC ayizange ifane ne-ABC nangayiphi na indlela. Ukuba kukho ukhokho oqhelekileyo wesixhobo sekhompyutheni yekhompyutheni, yayiyi-counter counter Wynne-Williams ethobekileyo, isixhobo sokuqala sokusebenzisa iityhubhu ze-vacuum yokugcina idijithali kunye nokubeka i-Atanasoff, iintyatyambo kunye ne-Mauchly kwindlela yokudala iikhomputha ze-elektroniki.
Mnye kuphela kwaba matshini bathathu, nangona kunjalo, owadlala indima kwiziganeko ezalandelayo. I-ABC ayizange ivelise nawuphi na umsebenzi oluncedo kwaye, ubukhulu becala, abantu abambalwa ababewazi ngayo baye bawulibala. Oomatshini ababini bemfazwe babonakalise ukuba banamandla okuphumelela yonke enye ikhompyuter ekhoyo, kodwa iColossus yahlala iyimfihlo nasemva kokoyisa iJamani neJapan. Kuphela yi-ENIAC eyaziwayo ngokubanzi kwaye ke ngoko yaba ngumnini womgangatho wekhompyutha ye-elektroniki. Kwaye ngoku nabani na owayefuna ukwenza isixhobo secomputing esekwe kwiityhubhu zokufunxa angakhomba impumelelo yesikolo sikaMoore ukuze siqinisekiswe. Amathandabuzo awayekwendele phakathi koononjineli ababekhokele kuwo onke amaphulo anjalo ngaphambi kowe-1945 aphela; abo bathandabuzayo batshintsha iingqondo zabo okanye bathi cwaka.
Ingxelo ye-EDVAC
Ikhutshwe kwi-1945, uxwebhu, olusekelwe kumava okudala nokusebenzisa i-ENIAC, lubeka ithoni yolwalathiso lweteknoloji yekhompyutheni kwihlabathi emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Yayibizwa ngokuba "yingxelo yokuqala eyidrafti kwi-EDVAC" [i-Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer], kwaye ibonelele ngethempleyithi yolwakhiwo lweekhompyuter zokuqala ezazicwangciswe ngendlela yale mihla - oko kukuthi, ukwenza imiyalelo efunyenwe kwimemori enesantya esiphezulu. Kwaye nangona imvelaphi echanekileyo yeengcamango ezidweliswe kuyo ihlala ingumcimbi wengxoxo, yasayinwa negama lezibalo. (ozelwe nguJanos Lajos Neumann). Umfuziselo wengqondo yengcali yezibalo, iphepha kwakhona lenza inzame yokuqala yokukhupha uyilo lwekhompyutha kwiinkcukacha zomatshini othile; wazama ukwahlula eyona nto ingundoqo yolwakhiwo lwekhompyutha kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ezinokwenzeka nezingenamkhethe.
UVon Neumann, owazalelwa eHungary, weza e-ENIAC ngePrinceton (eNew Jersey) naseLos Alamos (eNew Mexico). Ngo-1929, njengengcali yezibalo eselula ephumeleleyo enegalelo elibonakalayo ekusetheni ithiyori, i-quantum mechanics, kunye nethiyori yemidlalo, wayishiya iYurophu ukuya kuthatha isikhundla kwiYunivesithi yasePrinceton. Kwiminyaka emine kamva, iZiko elikufutshane leZifundo eziPhakamileyo (IAS) lamnika isikhundla sokulandela umkhondo. Ngenxa yokunyuka kobuNazi eYurophu, u-von Neumann watsibela ngovuyo ithuba lokuhlala ngokungenammiselo kwelinye icala leAtlantiki - waza waba, emva kokuba, enye yeembacu zokuqala zamaYuda ezivela eYurophu kaHitler. Emva kwemfazwe, wakhalaza esithi: “Iimvakalelo zam ngeYurophu zahlukile kumnqweno wokuphila, ekubeni yonke indawo endiyaziyo indikhumbuza ngehlabathi elitshabaleleyo namabhodlo angazisi ntuthuzelo,” waza wakhumbula “ukuphoxeka kwam ngokupheleleyo kubuntu babantu ehlabathini. ukususela ngowe-1933 ukusa kowe-1938.”
Ecatshukiswe yiYurophu elahlekileyo yobutsha bakhe, u-von Neumann wayalela yonke ingqondo yakhe ukuba incede umkhosi welizwe elalimkhuse. Kule minyaka mihlanu ilandelayo, walityhutyha ilizwe lonke, ecebisa kwaye ebonisana ngoluhlu olubanzi lweeprojekthi zezixhobo ezitsha, ngelixa ngandlel 'ithile ekwazile ukubhala kunye incwadi ebanzi malunga nethiyori yomdlalo. Eyona nto iyimfihlo kunye nomsebenzi wakhe obalulekileyo njengomcebisi yayiyisikhundla sakhe kwiProjekthi yeManhattan - umzamo wokudala ibhomu yeathomu - iqela lophando elaliseLos Alamos (eNew Mexico). URobert Oppenheimer wamqesha ehlotyeni ka-1943 ukuba ancedise kwimodeli yezibalo yeprojekthi, kwaye izibalo zakhe zaqinisekisa lonke iqela ukuba liye kwibhombu yangaphakathi. Ugqabhuko-dubulo olunjalo, ngenxa yeziqhushumbisi ezihambisa i-fissionable material ngaphakathi, kuya kuvumela ukuba kuphunyezwe ukusabela kwekhonkco lokuzigcina. Ngenxa yoko, inani elikhulu lezibalo lalifuneka ukuze kuphunyezwe ugqabhuko-dubulo olugqibeleleyo olujongiswe ngaphakathi kuxinzelelo olufunekayo-kwaye nayiphi na impazamo iya kukhokelela ekuphazamisekeni kokusabela kwekhonkco kunye nebhombu ye-fiasco.
UVon Neumann ngelixa esebenza eLos Alamos
E-Los Alamos, kwakukho iqela labantu abangamashumi amabini ababenezibali zokubala ezikwidesktop, kodwa babengakwazi ukumelana nomthwalo wekhompyutha. Oosonzululwazi babanike izixhobo ezisuka kwi-IBM ukuze basebenze ngamakhadi ahlatyiweyo, kodwa abakwazanga ukuqhubeka. Bafuna izixhobo eziphuculweyo kwi-IBM, bazifumana ngo-1944, kodwa abazange bakwazi ukuqhubeka.
Ngelo xesha, u-von Neumann waye wongeze enye isethi yeziza kuhambo lwakhe lwesiqhelo lokunqumla ilizwe: wandwendwela yonke indawo enokubakho yezixhobo zekhompyuter ezinokuba luncedo eLos Alamos. Ubhale ileta eya kuWarren Weaver, intloko yecandelo lezibalo ezisetyenziswayo kwiKomiti yoPhando lwezoKhuselo yeSizwe (NDRC), kwaye wafumana izikhokelo ezininzi ezilungileyo. Waya eHarvard ukuya kukhangela uMarko I, kodwa wayesele egcwele ngokupheleleyo umsebenzi woMkhosi waseLwandle. Uthethe noGeorge Stibitz kwaye wacinga ngokuodola i-Bell yekhompyuter ye-Los Alamos, kodwa wayishiya ingcamango emva kokufunda ukuba ingathatha ixesha elingakanani. Watyelela iqela elivela kwiYunivesithi yase-Columbia edibanise iikhomputha ezininzi ze-IBM kwisistim esikhulu esizenzekelayo phantsi kolawulo lukaWallace Eckert, kodwa kwakungekho phuculo olubonakalayo kwiikhomputha ze-IBM esele ziseLos Alamos.
Nangona kunjalo, uWeaver akazange afake iprojekthi enye kuluhlu awalunika u-von Neumann: ENIAC. Ngokuqinisekileyo wayesazi ngako: kwisikhundla sakhe njengomlawuli we-application yemathematika, wayenoxanduva lokuhlola inkqubela yazo zonke iiprojekthi zekhompyutha zelizwe. I-Weaver kunye ne-NDRC ngokuqinisekileyo banokuba namathandabuzo malunga nokusebenza kunye nexesha le-ENIAC, kodwa iyamangalisa into yokuba khange abukhankanye ubukho bayo.
Nokuba siyintoni na isizathu, isiphumo yaba kukuba u-von Neumann wafunda kuphela nge-ENIAC ngentlanganiso yamathuba kwiqonga likaloliwe. Eli bali libaliswe nguHerman Goldstein, umnxibelelanisi kwilebhu yovavanyo yeSikolo saseMoore apho kwakhiwa khona i-ENIAC. UGoldstein wadibana no-von Neumann kwisikhululo sikaloliwe sase-Aberdeen ngoJuni ka-1944 - u-von Neumann wayeshiya enye yeengcebiso zakhe, awayezinika njengelungu lekomiti yeengcebiso zenzululwazi kwi-Aberdeen Ballistic Research Laboratory. UGoldstein wayesazi igama lika-von Neumann njengendoda enkulu kwaye waqalisa incoko naye. Efuna ukwenza umbono, akazange akwazi ukuzibamba kodwa akhankanye iprojekthi entsha nenomdla ephuhlayo ePhiladelphia. Indlela kaVon Neumann yatshintsha ngoko nangoko ukusuka kugxa wakhe ongakhathaliyo yaya kumlawuli ongqongqo, waza wabuza uGoldstein ngemibuzo enxulumene neenkcukacha zekhompyuter entsha. Ufumene umthombo omtsha onomdla wamandla anokubakho ekhompyuter eLos Alamos.
UVon Neumann watyelela okokuqala u-Presper Eckert, uJohn Mauchly kunye namanye amalungu eqela le-ENIAC ngoSeptemba 1944. Ngokukhawuleza wayithanda le projekthi waza wongeza enye into kuluhlu lwakhe olude lwemibutho ukuze adibane nayo. Omabini amacala axhamla koku. Kulula ukubona isizathu sokuba u-von Neumann atsaleleke kwikhono le-high-speed electronic computing. I-ENIAC, okanye umatshini ofana nawo, wawunamandla okukoyisa yonke imida yekhompyuter eyayithintele inkqubela phambili yeProjekthi yeManhattan kunye nezinye iiprojekthi ezininzi ezikhoyo okanye ezinokwenzeka (nangona kunjalo, uMthetho kaSay, osasebenza nanamhlanje, waqinisekisa ukuba ukuvela kweProjekthi yeManhattan. ubunakho bekhompyutha buza kudala imfuno elinganayo kubo) . Kwisikolo saseMoore, intsikelelo yengcaphephe evunyiweyo njengovon Neumann yathetha ukuphela kokuthandabuza kubo. Ngaphezu koko, ngenxa yobukrelekrele bakhe obubukhali kunye namava abanzi kulo lonke ilizwe, ububanzi kunye nobunzulu bolwazi kwinkalo yekhompyutha ezenzekelayo yayingenakulinganiswa.
Le yindlela u-von Neumann awabandakanyeka ngayo kwisicwangciso sika-Eckert noMauchly sokudala umntu oza kungena ezihlangwini ze-ENIAC. Bekunye noHerman Goldstein kunye nenye ingcali yezibalo ye-ENIAC, u-Arthur Burks, baqala ukuzoba iiparamitha zesizukulwana sesibini sekhompyuter ye-elektroniki, kwaye yayiziingcamango zeli qela u-von Neumann ashwankathela "kwidrafti yokuqala" ingxelo. Umatshini omtsha bekufuneka ube namandla ngakumbi, ube nemigca egudileyo, kwaye, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, woyise owona mqobo mkhulu wokusebenzisa i-ENIAC - iiyure ezininzi zokuseta umsebenzi ngamnye omtsha, apho le khompyuter inamandla kwaye ibiza kakhulu ihleli nje ingasebenzi. Abayili besizukulwana samva nje soomatshini be-electromechanical, iHarvard Mark I kunye neBell Relay Computer, bakuphephe oku ngokufaka imiyalelo ekhompyutheni besebenzisa iteyiphu yephepha enemingxuma egqojozwe kuyo ukuze umqhubi akwazi ukulungisa iphepha ngoxa umatshini wenza eminye imisebenzi. . Nangona kunjalo, ukufakwa kwedatha okunjalo kuya kukhanyela inzuzo yesantya se-elektroniki; akukho phepha linokubonelela ngedatha ngokukhawuleza njengoko i-ENIAC inokuyifumana. ("I-Colossus" isebenze ngephepha usebenzisa i-photoelectric sensors kwaye nganye kwiimodyuli zayo ezintlanu zekhompuyutha zifunxa idatha ngesantya sama-5000 oonobumba ngomzuzwana, kodwa oku kwakunokwenzeka kuphela ngenxa yokuskrola ngokukhawuleza kwekhasethi yephepha. Ukuya kwindawo engafanelekanga kwi tape kufuna ulibaziseko 0,5. 5000 s nganye XNUMX imigca).
Isisombululo sengxaki, esichazwe "kwidrafti yokuqala", yayikukuhambisa ukugcinwa kwemiyalelo ukusuka "kwindawo yokurekhoda yangaphandle" ukuya "kwimemori" - eli gama lisetyenziswe okokuqala ngokumalunga nokugcinwa kwedatha yekhompyutha (von Neumann kusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo oku kunye namanye amagama ebhayoloji emsebenzini - wayenomdla kakhulu kumsebenzi wengqondo kunye neenkqubo ezenzeka kwi-neurons). Lo mbono kamva wabizwa ngokuba "yinkqubo yokugcina." Nangona kunjalo, oku kwakhokelela kwenye ingxaki ngokukhawuleza-eyayiphazamisa i-Atanasov - ixabiso eliphezulu kakhulu leetyhubhu ze-elektroniki. "Idrafti yokuqala" iqikelela ukuba ikhompuyutha ekwaziyo ukwenza uluhlu olubanzi lwemisebenzi yekhompuyutha ingafuna inkumbulo yeenombolo zokubini ezingama-250 zokugcina imiyalelo kunye nedatha yethutyana. Inkumbulo yombhobho yolo bungakanani iya kubiza izigidi zeedola kwaye ingathembeki ngokupheleleyo.
Isisombululo kwingxaki sacetywa ngu-Eckert, owayesebenza kuphando lwe-radar ekuqaleni kwe-1940 phantsi kwekhontrakthi phakathi kweSikolo saseMoore kunye neRad Lab yeMIT, iziko lophando oluphambili lweteknoloji ye-radar e-United States. Ngokukodwa, u-Eckert wayesebenza kwinkqubo ye-radar ebizwa ngokuba yi-Moving Target Indicator (MTI), eyasombulula ingxaki "yokuvutha komhlaba": nayiphi na ingxolo kwisikrini se-radar eyenziwe zizakhiwo, iinduli kunye nezinye izinto ezimileyo ezenza kube nzima kumqhubi. ukwahlula ulwazi olubalulekileyo - ubungakanani, indawo kunye nesantya senqwelomoya ehambayo.
I-MTI yasombulula ingxaki yokudangala isebenzisa isixhobo esibizwa ngokuba yi . Yaguqula imithambo yombane yeradar ibe ngamaza esandi, yaza ke yathumela loo maza ezantsi kwityhubhu yemekyuri ukuze isandi sifike kwelinye icala size siguqulwe sibe yingcingo yombane njengoko irada iphinda iphinda ihlaziye kwaloo ndawo inye esibhakabhakeni (imigca yokulibazisa iphinde ibuyele esibhakabhakeni. ukusasaza Isandi sinokusetyenziswa ngamanye amajelo eendaba: ezinye izinto ezingamanzi, iikristale eziqinileyo kunye nomoya (ngokutsho kweminye imithombo, ingcamango yabo yaqanjwa yiBell Labs yefiziksi uWilliam Shockley, malunga naye kamva). Naluphi na uphawu olufika kwi-radar ngexesha elifanayo njengoko umqondiso phezu kombhobho wawuthathwa njengomqondiso ovela kwinto emileyo kwaye yasuswa.
U-Eckert waqaphela ukuba ii-pulses zomsindo kumgca wokulibaziseka zingaqwalaselwa ngamanani amabhinari - i-1 ibonisa ubukho besandi, i-0 ibonisa ukungabikho kwayo. Ityhubhu enye yemercury inokuqulatha amakhulu ala manani, nganye idlula kumgca amatyeli amaninzi kwi-millisecond nganye, okuthetha ukuba ikhompuyutha kuya kufuneka ilinde amakhulu ambalwa emicroseconds ukufikelela kwidijithi. Kule meko, ukufikelela kwiidijithi ezilandelelanayo kwi-handset kuya kukhawuleza, kuba amanani ahlulwe ngama-microseconds ambalwa kuphela.
Imigca yokulibaziseka yeMercury kwikhompyuter yaseBritane ye-EDSAC
Emva kokusombulula iingxaki ezinkulu kunye noyilo lwekhompyutheni, u-von Neumann waqulunqa iingcamango zeqela lonke kwi-101-iphepha lengxelo "yokuqala" yengxelo entwasahlobo ka-1945 kwaye wayisasaza kumanani abalulekileyo kwiprojekthi ye-EDVAC yesizukulwana sesibini. Kungekudala wangena kwezinye izangqa. Ngokomzekelo, isazi sezibalo uLeslie Comrie, wathabatha umbhalo wayo wagoduka nawo eBritani emva kokutyelela isikolo sikaMoore ngowe-1946 waza wabelana ngawo noogxa bakhe. Ukusasazwa kwengxelo kumcaphukisile uEckert noMauchly ngenxa yezizathu ezibini: okokuqala, yanika imbeko enkulu kumbhali woyilo, u-von Neumann. Okwesibini, zonke iingcamango eziphambili eziqulethwe kwinkqubo, ngokwenene, zipapashwe kwindawo yokujonga iofisi ye-patent, ephazamisana nezicwangciso zabo zokuthengisa ikhompyutha ye-elektroniki.
Esona siseko senzondo kaEckert noMauchly sabangela, ngokukwanjalo, ukucaphuka kweengcali zezibalo: uvon Neumann, uGoldstein noBurks. Ngokombono wabo, ingxelo yayilulwazi olutsha olubalulekileyo olwalufuna ukusasazwa ngokubanzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka ngomoya wenkqubela phambili yenzululwazi. Ukongeza, eli shishini lilonke lalixhaswa ngemali ngurhulumente, kwaye ke ngenxa yeendleko zabarhafi baseMelika. Bacatshukiswa kukurhweba kukaEckert noMauchly kumalinge okwenza imali ngemfazwe. UVon Neumann wabhala: “Ndandingenakuze ndisamkele isikhundla sokuya eyunivesithi ndisazi ukuba ndicebisa iqela lezorhwebo.”
La maqela ahlukana ngo-1946: U-Eckert no-Mauchly bavula inkampani yabo ngokusekelwe kwilungelo elilodwa lomenzi elibonakala likhuselekile elisekelwe kubuchwephesha be-ENIAC. Baqale bathiya inkampani yabo i-Electronic Control Company, kodwa kunyaka olandelayo bayibiza ngokuba yi-Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation. UVon Neumann wabuyela kwi-IAS ukwakha ikhompyutha esekelwe kwi-EDVAC, kwaye yahlanganiswa nguGoldstein noBurks. Ukuthintela ukuphindwa kwemeko ka-Eckert neMauchly, baqinisekisa ukuba yonke ipropathi yengqondo yeprojekthi entsha yaba yindawo yoluntu.
UVon Neumann phambi kwekhompyuter ye-IAS, eyakhiwe ngo-1951.
Ukubuyela umva okunikezelwe kuAlan Turing
Phakathi kwabantu ababone ingxelo ye-EDVAC ngendlela ejikelezayo yayiyingcali yezibalo yaseBrithani uAlan Turing. I-Turing yayingekho phakathi kwezazinzulu zokuqala ukudala okanye ukucinga ikhompyutha ezenzekelayo, i-elektroniki okanye ngenye indlela, kwaye abanye ababhali baye bayibaxa kakhulu indima yakhe kwimbali ye-computing. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka simnike uzuko ngokuba ngumntu wokuqala ukuqonda ukuba iikhomputha zinokwenza okungaphezulu “kubala” nje into ngokuqhuba ulandelelwano olukhulu lwamanani. Ingcamango yakhe eyintloko yayiyeyokuba ulwazi olucutshungulwa yingqondo yomntu lunokumelwa ngokohlobo lwamanani, ngoko ke nayiphi na inkqubo yengqondo inokuguqulwa ibe yizibalo.
Alan Turing ngowe-1951
Ekupheleni kuka-1945, uTuring wapapasha eyakhe ingxelo, eyakhankanya u-von Neumann, enesihloko esithi "Isindululo seCalculator ye-Electronic", kwaye ijoliswe kwiBritish National Physical Laboratory (NPL). Akazange aziphengulule nzulu iinkcukacha zoyilo lwekhompyutha ecetywayo. Umzobo wakhe wawubonakalisa ingqondo yomntu oqiqayo. Kwakungajoliswanga ukuba ibe ne-hardware ekhethekileyo kwimisebenzi yezinga eliphezulu, ekubeni inokuqulunqwa ukusuka kwi-primitives ephantsi; ibiya kuba kukukhula okubi kwi-symmetry entle yemoto. I-Turing nayo ayizange inikeze nayiphi na imemori yomgca kwinkqubo yekhompyutheni - idatha kunye nemiyalelo inokubakho kwimemori kuba yayingamanani nje. Umyalelo waba ngumyalelo kuphela xa wawutolikwa ngolo hlobo (iphepha likaTuring lika-1936 elithi "kumanani adibeneyo" lalisele liphonononge ubudlelwane phakathi kwedatha engatshintshiyo kunye nemiyalelo eguqukayo. Wachaza oko kamva kwabizwa ngokuba "ngumatshini weTuring" kwaye wabonisa indlela inokuguqulwa ibe linani kwaye yondliwe njengegalelo kumatshini weTuring wehlabathi okwaziyo ukutolika nokwenza nawuphi na omnye umatshini weTuring). Ngenxa yokuba uTuring wayesazi ukuba amanani angamela naluphi na uhlobo lolwazi oluchazwe ngokucocekileyo, wafaka kuluhlu lweengxaki eziza kusonjululwa kule khompyutha kungekuphela nje ukwakhiwa kweetafile ze-artillery kunye nesisombululo seenkqubo ze-equations zomgca, kodwa kunye nesisombululo sepuzzles kunye nesisombululo se-equation. izifundo zechess.
I-Automatic Turing Engine (ACE) ayizange yakhiwe ngendlela yayo yokuqala. Yayicotha kakhulu kwaye kwafuneka ikhuphisane neeprojekthi zekhompyuter zaseBritane ezinomdla ngakumbi ngetalente ebalaseleyo. Le projekthi yanqumama iminyaka eliqela, emva koko uTuring waphelelwa ngumdla kuyo. Ngo-1950, i-NPL yenza i-Pilot ACE, umatshini omncinci onoyilo olwahluke kancinane, kunye nolunye uyilo lwekhompyuter luthathe inkuthazo kuyilo lwe-ACE ekuqaleni koo-1950. Kodwa akazange akwazi ukuyandisa impembelelo awayenayo, yaye wakhawuleza walibala.
Kodwa konke oku akukunciphisi ukufaneleka kukaTuring, kuyanceda ukumbeka kwimeko efanelekileyo. Ukubaluleka kwempembelelo yakhe kwimbali yeekhompyuter ayisekelwanga kwiinkqubo zekhompyuter ze-1950s, kodwa kwisiseko sethiyori wanikezela ngesayensi yekhompyuter eyavela kwi-1960s. Imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala kwingqiqo yezibalo, ephonononga imida ye-computitable kunye ne-incomputable, yaba yimibhalo esisiseko yoqeqesho olutsha.
Uguquko olucothayo
Njengoko iindaba ze-ENIAC kunye nengxelo ye-EDVAC yasasazeka, isikolo sikaMoore saba yindawo yokuhambela. Iindwendwe ezininzi zeza kufunda ezinyaweni zeenkosi, ngakumbi ezivela e-USA naseBritani. Ukuze kube lula ukuhamba kwabo bafake izicelo, ngowe-1946 umphathi wesikolo kwafuneka alungiselele isikolo sasehlotyeni esisebenza ngoomatshini bekhompyutha abazenzekelayo, esebenza ngokumema. Iintetho zazinikelwa ngooEckert, uMauchly, uvon Neumann, uBurks, uGoldstein, noHoward Aiken (umphuhlisi weHarvard Mark I electromechanical computer).
Ngoku phantse wonke umntu wayefuna ukwakha oomatshini ngokwemiyalelo yengxelo ye-EDVAC (impoxo kukuba, umatshini wokuqala owaqhuba inkqubo egcinwe kwinkumbulo yayiyi-ENIAC ngokwayo, eyathi ngowe-1948 yaguqulwa yasebenzisa imiyalelo egcinwe kwinkumbulo.” Kungoko yaqalisa uku ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwikhaya layo elitsha, iAberdeen Proving Ground). Kwanamagama oyilo lwekhompyuter amatsha adalwe kwi-1940 kunye ne-50s yaphenjelelwa yi-ENIAC kunye ne-EDVAC. Nangona ungayithathi ingqalelo i-UNIVAC kunye ne-BINAC (eyenziwe kwinkampani entsha ye-Eckert kunye ne-Mauchly) kunye ne-EDVAC ngokwayo (igqitywe kwi-Moore School emva kokuba abasunguli bayo bayishiyile), kusekho i-AVIDAC, i-CSIRAC, i-EDSAC, i-FLAC, I-ILLIAC, i-JOHNNIAC, i-ORDVAC, i-SEAC, i-SILLIAC, i-SWAC kunye ne-WEIZAC. Uninzi lwabo lukhuphele ngokuthe ngqo uyilo lwe-IAS olupapashwe ngokukhululekileyo (notshintsho oluncinci), bethatha ithuba lomgaqo-nkqubo ka-von Neumann wokuvuleleka malunga nepropathi enomgangatho ophezulu wokuqonda.
Nangona kunjalo, uhlaziyo lwe-elektroniki lwaphuhliswa ngokuthe ngcembe, lutshintsha ulungelelwaniso olukhoyo ngenyathelo. Umatshini wokuqala wohlobo lwe-EDVAC awuzange uvele de kwangowe-1948, kwaye yayiyiprojekthi encinci yobungqina, "usana" lwaseManchester oluyilelwe ukubonisa ukubakho kwememori. (uninzi lweekhompyuter zitshintshe ukusuka kwityhubhu zemercury zaya kolunye uhlobo lwememori, ekwavela kwitekhnoloji yeradar. Kuphela endaweni yeetyhubhu, yasebenzisa iscreen seCRT. Injineli yaseBritani uFrederick Williams waba ngowokuqala ukufumanisa indlela yokusombulula ingxaki uzinzo lwale nkumbulo, ngenxa yoko iidrive zifumene igama lakhe). Ngo-1949, kwadalwa oomatshini abane: ubungakanani obupheleleyo beManchester Mark I, i-EDSAC kwiYunivesithi yaseCambridge, iCSIRAC eSydney (eOstreliya) kunye ne-American BINAC - nangona le yokugqibela ingazange isebenze. Incinci kodwa izinzile yaqhubeka iminyaka emihlanu elandelayo.
Abanye ababhali baye bachaza i-ENIAC ngokungathi ikhuphe umkhusane kwixesha elidlulileyo kwaye yasizisa ngoko nangoko kwixesha lekhompyutha yekhompyutha. Ngenxa yoko, ubungqina bokwenyani bagqwethwa kakhulu. "Ukufika kwe-electronic ENIAC phantse ngoko nangoko kwabangela ukuba iMark I iphelelwe lixesha (nangona yaqhubeka isebenza ngempumelelo iminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu emva koko)," wabhala uKatherine Davis Fishman, iComputer Establishment (1982). Le ngxelo iyaziphikisa kangangokuba umntu unokucinga ukuba isandla sikaMiss Fishman sasekhohlo asiyazi into eyenziwa sisandla sakhe sasekunene. Unako, ngokuqinisekileyo, ukubala oku kumanqaku entatheli elula. Noko ke, sifumana isibini sababhali-mbali bokwenene kwakhona bekhetha uMark I njengenkwenkwe yabo yokubetha, bebhala oku: “IHarvard Mark I yayingeyosiphelo sobugcisa nje kuphela, ayizange ibe luncedo kwaphela ebudeni beminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu yokusebenza kwayo. Yayisetyenziswa kwiiprojekthi ezininzi zeNavy, kwaye apho umatshini wabonakala uluncedo ngokwaneleyo kuMkhosi waManzi ukuba u-odole oomatshini abaninzi bekhompyuter kwi-Aiken Lab. " [Aspray kunye noCampbell-Kelly]. Kwakhona, ukuphikisana okucacileyo.
Enyanisweni, iikhomputha ezidluliswayo zineenzuzo zazo kwaye zaqhubeka zisebenza kunye nabazala babo be-elektroniki. Iikhompyuter ezininzi ze-electromechanical zenziwe emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, kwaye nakwiminyaka yokuqala yee-1950 eJapan. Oomatshini bokuhambisa umbane bekulula ukuyila, ukwakha, kunye nokugcina, kwaye abazange bafune umbane omninzi kunye ne-air conditioning (ukuphelisa ubushushu obuninzi obukhutshwa ngamawaka etyhubhu yokufunxa). I-ENIAC isebenzise i-150 kW yombane, ama-20 kuwo asetyenziselwa ukupholisa.
Umkhosi wase-US waqhubeka ungoyena mthengi uphambili wamandla e-computing kwaye akazange angayihoyi "imodeli ephelelwe lixesha" ye-electromechanical. Ngasekupheleni kwee-1940s, uMkhosi wawuneekhompyuter ezine ezidluliswayo kwaye uMkhosi waManzi unentlanu. ILebhu yoPhando lweBallistics e-Aberdeen yayinogxininiso olukhulu lwamandla ekhompyuter emhlabeni, kunye ne-ENIAC, i-relay calculator esuka kwiBell kunye ne-IBM, kunye nomhlalutyi omdala wokwahlula. Kwingxelo kaSeptemba 1949, ngalinye lanikwa indawo yalo: I-ENIAC yasebenza kakuhle ngezibalo ezinde nezilula; I-Bell's Model V calculator yayingcono ekuqhubeni izibalo ezintsonkothileyo ngenxa yobude bayo obungasikelwanga mda beteyiphu yomyalelo kunye nesakhono samanqaku adadayo, kwaye i-IBM inokuqhuba izixa ezikhulu kakhulu zolwazi olugcinwe kumakhadi apuntshiweyo. Ngeli xesha, imisebenzi ethile, efana nokuthatha iingcambu zetyhubhu, kwakuselula ukwenza ngesandla (usebenzisa indibaniselwano yespredishithi kunye nezibali zedesktop) kwaye ugcine ixesha lomatshini.
Ummakishi ongcono kakhulu ekupheleni kwe-electronic computing revolution ayiyi kuba yi-1945, xa i-ENIAC yazalwa, kodwa ngo-1954, xa kwavela iikhomputha ze-IBM 650 kunye ne-704. Ezi yayingezona iikhomputha zokuqala ze-elektroniki zorhwebo, kodwa zaziyizokuqala, eziveliswe kwi. amakhulu, kwaye yazimisela ukongamela kwe-IBM kushishino lwekhompyuter, eyathatha iminyaka engamashumi amathathu. Kwisigama , iikhomputha ze-elektroniki zazingasekho i-anomaly engaqhelekanga ye-1940, ekhoyo kuphela kumaphupha abagxothwayo abafana no-Atanasov no-Mauchly; baye baba yinzululwazi eqhelekileyo.
Enye yeekhompyuter ezininzi ze-IBM 650-kule meko, umzekelo weYunivesithi yaseTexas A&M. Inkumbulo yegubu lamagnetic (ezantsi) iyenze yacotha noko, kodwa yangabibizi kakhulu.
Ukushiya indlwane
Embindini weminyaka yee-1950, ukujikeleza kunye noyilo lwezixhobo zekhompuyutha yedijithali ziye zakhululwa kwimvelaphi yazo kukutshintsha kwe-analog kunye ne-amplifiers. Uyilo lwekhompyuter lweminyaka yoo-1930s nakwiminyaka yokuqala yee-'40s lwaluxhomekeke kakhulu kwiimbono ezivela kwifiziksi kunye neelebhu zeradar, kwaye ngakumbi izimvo ezivela kwiinjineli zonxibelelwano kunye namasebe ophando. Ngoku iikhompyutha zazilungelelanise icandelo lazo, yaye iingcali kulo msebenzi zazivelisa ezazo iingcamango, isigama nezixhobo zokucombulula ezazo iingxaki.
Ikhompyuter yavela kwingqiqo yayo yanamhlanje, kwaye ke ngoko yethu ifikelela esiphelweni. Nangona kunjalo, ihlabathi lezonxibelelwano lalinenye i-ace enomdla phezulu. Ityhubhu yokufunxa igqwesile i-relay ngokungabi namalungu ashukumayo. Kwaye i-relay yokugqibela kwimbali yethu yayinenzuzo yokungabikho ngokupheleleyo kwamalungu angaphakathi. Igaqa lezinto elikhangeleka lingenabungozi elineengcingo ezimbalwa eziphuma kulo liye lavela ngenxa yesebe elitsha lezinto zombane elaziwa ngokuba yi "solid-state."
Nangona iityhubhu zevacuum zazikhawuleza, zazisabiza, zinkulu, zishushu, kwaye azithembekanga. Kwakunzima ukwenza, masithi, ilaptop kunye nabo. UVon Neumann wabhala kwi-1948 ukuba "akunakwenzeka ukuba siya kukwazi ukudlula inani lokutshintsha kwe-10 (okanye mhlawumbi amashumi amashumi amawaka) ukuba nje siphoqeleka ukuba sisebenzise iteknoloji yangoku kunye nefilosofi)." I-slide state relay yanika iikhomputha amandla okutyhala le mida ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ukuphula ngokuphindaphindiweyo; zisetyenziswe kumashishini amancinci, ezikolweni, ezindlini, kwizixhobo zekhaya kwaye zingene ezipokothweni; ukwenza umhlaba wedijithali omlingo ogcwele ubukho bethu namhlanje. Kwaye ukufumana imvelaphi yayo, kufuneka siyibuyisele umva iwotshi kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu eyadlulayo, kwaye sibuyele kwiintsuku zokuqala ezinomdla zobuchwepheshe obungenazingcingo.
Yintoni enye ekufuneka uyifunde:
- UDavid Anderson, "Ngaba uMntwana waseManchester wakhulelwa eBletchley Park?", Umbutho weComputer waseBrithani (ngoJuni 4, 2004)
- UWilliam Aspray, uJohn von Neumann kunye neMvelaphi yeComputing yanamhlanje (1990)
- UMartin Campbell-Kelly noWilliam Aspray, iKhompyutha: Imbali yoMshini woLwazi (1996)
- Thomas Haigh, kunye. al., Eniac kwisenzo (2016)
- UJohn von Neumann, "Uyilo lokuqala lweNgxelo kwi-EDVAC" (1945)
- U-Alan Turing, "Isibali se-elektroniki esicetywayo" (1945)
umthombo: www.habr.com