Idayagram yenethiwekhi yekhompyuter ye-ARPA ngoJuni 1967. Isangqa esingenanto yikhompyuter enokufikelela okwabelwanayo, isangqa esinomgca sisiphelo somsebenzisi omnye.
Amanye amanqaku kolu ngcelele:
- Imbali yodluliselo
- Imbali yeekhompyuter ze-elektroniki
- Imbali ye-transistor
- Imbali ye-Intanethi
Ekupheleni kuka-1966 ngemali ye-ARPA, uqalise iprojekthi yokudibanisa iikhomputha ezininzi zibe yinkqubo enye, ephefumlelwe ngumbono "Β» .
UTaylor udlulisele uxanduva lokuqhutywa kweprojekthi ezandleni ezinobuchule . Kunyaka olandelayo, uRoberts wenza izigqibo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo eziza kuphinda zibuyele kwi-architecture yobugcisa kunye nenkcubeko ye-ARPANET kunye nabalandelayo, kwezinye iimeko kwiminyaka emininzi ezayo. Isigqibo sokuqala esibalulekileyo, nangona singekho kubalo-maxesha, yayikukumiselwa kwendlela yokuthumela imiyalezo ukusuka kwenye ikhompyuter ukuya kwenye.
Ingxaki
Ukuba ikhompyuter A ifuna ukuthumela umyalezo kwikhompyuter engu-B, loo myalezo ungayifumana njani indlela yawo ukusuka komnye ukuya komnye? Kwithiyori, unokuvumela yonke i-node kuthungelwano lonxibelelwano ukuba inxibelelane nayo yonke enye i-node ngokuqhagamshela i-node nganye kuyo yonke i-node eneentambo zomzimba. Ukunxibelelana no-B, ikhomputha A iya kuthumela nje umyalezo ngentambo ephumayo edibanisa ne-B. Inethiwekhi enjalo ibizwa ngokuba yi-mesh network. Nangona kunjalo, kuyo nayiphi na isayizi yenethiwekhi ebalulekileyo, le ndlela ikhawuleza ibe yinto engenakwenzeka njengoko inani loqhagamshelwano linyuka njengoko isikwere senani leenodi (njenge (n2 - n) / 2 ukuba ichaneke).
Ke ngoko, indlela ethile yokwakha umzila womyalezo iyafuneka, okuthi, xa ufika umyalezo kwindawo ephakathi, iwuthumele ngakumbi kwithagethi. Ekuqaleni kwee-1960, kwakukho iindlela ezimbini ezisisiseko zokusombulula le ngxaki. Eyokuqala yindlela yokugcina kunye-phambili yokutshintsha umyalezo. Le ndlela isetyenziswe yinkqubo yocingo. Xa umyalezo ufikile kwindawo ephakathi, wawugcinwa apho okwethutyana (ngokuqhelekileyo ukwimo yeteyiphu yephepha) de ube ugqithiselwe ngakumbi kwindawo ekujoliswe kuyo, okanye kwelinye iziko eliphakathi elikufutshane nethagethi.
Emva koko kwafika umnxeba kwaye kwafuneka indlela entsha. Ukulibaziseka kwemizuzu eliqela emva kwelizwi ngalinye elenziwe ngefowuni, ekufuneka icaciswe kwaye idluliselwe kwindawo eya kuyo, kuya kunika imvakalelo yencoko nomntu onxibelelana naye oseMars. Endaweni yoko, ifowuni isebenzise ukutshintsha kwesekethe. Lo mnxeba wayeqalisa umnxeba ngamnye ngokuthumela umyalezo okhethekileyo obonisa ukuba ufuna ukufowunela bani. Okokuqala bakwenza oku ngokuthetha nomsebenzisi, baze bacofe inombolo, eyayicutshungulwa zizixhobo ezizenzekelayo kwibhodi yokutshintsha. Umsebenzisi okanye isixhobo siseke uqhagamshelo lombane oluzinikeleyo phakathi komfowunela kunye nomntu obizwayo. Kwimeko yeefowuni zomgama omde, oku kunokufuna uphinda-phindo oluninzi lokuqhagamshela ifowuni ngokutshintsha okuninzi. Emva kokuba uxhulumaniso lusekiwe, incoko ngokwayo inokuqalisa, kwaye uxhulumaniso luhlala de elinye lamaqela liphazamise ngokuxhoma.
Unxibelelwano lwedijithali, ekugqitywe ngalo ukuba lusetyenziswe kwi-ARPANET ukudibanisa iikhomputha ezisebenza ngokweskimu , kusetyenziswe iimpawu zetelegraph nefowuni. Kwelinye icala, imiyalezo yedatha yathunyelwa ngeepakethe ezahlukeneyo, njengakwitelegraph, kunokuba ibe ziincoko eziqhubekayo emnxebeni. Nangona kunjalo, le miyalezo inokuba yobukhulu obahlukeneyo ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwimiyalelo yekhonsoli enabalinganiswa abaninzi ngobude, ukuya kwiifayile ezinkulu zedatha ezikhutshelwe ukusuka kwenye ikhompyuter ukuya kwenye. Ukuba iifayile ziye zalibaziseka ekuhambeni, akukho mntu ukhalazayo malunga nayo. Kodwa ukusebenzisana okude kufuna impendulo ekhawulezayo, njengokufowuna.
Omnye umahluko obalulekileyo phakathi kothungelwano lwedatha yekhompyuter kwelinye icala, kunye nefowuni kunye ne-telegraph kwelinye, yayibuvakalelo kwiimpazamo kwiidatha ezicutshungulwe ngoomatshini. Utshintsho okanye ilahleko ngexesha lokuhanjiswa komlinganiswa omnye kwitelegram, okanye ukunyamalala kwenxalenye yegama kwincoko yomnxeba ayinakuphazamisa kakhulu unxibelelwano lwabantu ababini. Kodwa ukuba ingxolo emgceni itshintshe intwana enye ukusuka ku-0 ukuya ku-1 kumyalelo othunyelwe kwikhompyuter ekude, inokutshintsha ngokupheleleyo intsingiselo yomyalelo. Ngoko ke, umyalezo ngamnye kwakufuneka ukhangelwe iimpazamo kwaye uthunyelwe kwakhona ukuba kukho naziphi na ezifunyenweyo. Ukuphindaphinda okunjalo kuya kuba kubiza kakhulu kwimiyalezo emikhulu kwaye bekunokwenzeka ukuba kubangele iimpazamo kuba kuthathe ixesha elide ukuhambisa.
Isisombululo sale ngxaki savela kwiziganeko ezibini ezizimeleyo ezenzeka kwi-1960, kodwa lowo weza kamva wabonwa kuqala nguLarry Roberts kunye ne-ARPA.
Intlanganiso
Ekwindla ka-1967, uRoberts wafika eGatlinburg, eTennessee, esuka ngaphaya kweencopho zamahlathi eeNtaba zeGreat Smoky, ukuze ahambise uxwebhu oluchaza izicwangciso zenethiwekhi ye-ARPA. Wayesebenza kwi-Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO) phantse unyaka, kodwa iinkcukacha ezininzi zeprojekthi yenethiwekhi zazisengacacanga kakhulu, kubandakanywa isisombululo kwingxaki yomzila. Ngaphandle kweembekiselo ezingacacanga zeebhloko nobukhulu bazo, ekuphela kwengxelo ekhankanyiweyo kuyo kwincwadi kaRoberts yaba ngamagqabaza amafutshane naphephekayo ekugqibeleni: βKubonakala kuyimfuneko ukugcina umnxeba wonxibelelwano osetyenziswa ngamaxesha athile ukuze ufumane iimpendulo kwisinye kwishumi ukuya kwesinye. ixesha lesibini elifunekayo ekusebenzeni konxibelelwano. Oku kubiza kakhulu ngokwezixhobo zenethiwekhi, kwaye ngaphandle kokuba sinokufowuna ngokukhawuleza, ukutshintsha imiyalezo kunye nokugxila kuya kubaluleka kakhulu kubathathi-nxaxheba kwinethiwekhi. Ngokucacileyo, ngelo xesha, uRoberts wayengekagqibi isigqibo sokuba alahle indlela awayeyisebenzisa noTom Marrill ngo-1965, oko kukuthi, ukudibanisa iikhomputha ngenethiwekhi yomnxeba etshintshiweyo usebenzisa i-autodial.
Ngokuzenzekelayo, omnye umntu wayekho kwi-symposium efanayo kunye nombono ongcono kakhulu wokusombulula ingxaki yomzila kwiinethiwekhi zedatha. URoger Scantlebury wawela iAtlantiki, efika evela kwiBritish National Physical Laboratory (NPL) enengxelo. U-Scantlebury wamthabathela bucala uRoberts emva kwengxelo yakhe wamxelela ngombono wakhe. . Le teknoloji yaphuhliswa ngumphathi wakhe kwi-NPL, uDonald Davis. EUnited States, impumelelo kaDavis kunye nembali ayaziwa kakuhle, nangona ekwindla ka-1967 iqela likaDavis kwi-NPL ubuncinane ngaphambi kwe-ARPA kunye neengcamango zayo.
UDavis, njengoovulindlela abaninzi bokuqala bekhompyutha, wayeyingcali yefiziksi ngoqeqesho. Waphumelela kwiKholeji yase-Imperial yaseLondon ngo-1943 eneminyaka eyi-19 kwaye ngoko nangoko wagaywa kwinkqubo eyimfihlo yezixhobo zenyukliya enekhowudi. . Apho wongamela iqela lezibalo zabantu abasebenzisa izixhobo zokubala ngoomatshini kunye nezombane ukuvelisa ngokukhawuleza izisombululo zamanani kwiingxaki ezinxulumene nenyukliya (umphathi wakhe , i-physicist yaseJamani yangaphandle eyayisele iqalile ukuthumela iimfihlo zezixhobo zenyukliya kwi-USSR). Emva kwemfazwe, weva kwisazi sezibalo uJohn Womersley malunga neprojekthi awayeyikhokela kwi-NPL - yayiyindalo yekhompyutha ye-elektroniki eyayifanele ukuba yenze izibalo ezifanayo ngesantya esiphezulu kakhulu. ebizwa ngokuba yi-ACE, "injini yekhompyutha ezenzekelayo".
UDavis wagxumela kulo mbono kwaye wasayina kunye ne-NPL ngokukhawuleza njengoko wayenako. Ukuba negalelo kuyilo oluneenkcukacha kunye nolwakhiwo lwekhompyutha ye-ACE, wahlala ebandakanyeka nzulu kwinkalo yekhompyutha njengenkokeli yophando kwi-NPL. Ngo-1965 waba se-US kwintlanganiso yobuchwephesha enxulumene nomsebenzi wakhe kwaye wasebenzisa eli thuba ukutyelela iindawo ezininzi zekhompyutha zokwabelana ngexesha ukuze abone ukuba yintoni yonke le ngxabano. Kwimeko yekhompyuter yaseBhritane, ukwabelwana kwexesha kwingqondo yaseMelika yokwabelana ngokudibeneyo kwekhompyuter ngabasebenzisi abaninzi kwakungaziwa. Endaweni yoko, ukwabelana kwexesha kwakuthetha ukusasazwa komsebenzi wekhompyuter phakathi kweenkqubo ezininzi zokusetyenzwa kweebhetshi (ukuze, umzekelo, inkqubo enye isebenze ngelixa enye ixakekile ifunda iteyiphu). Emva koko olu khetho luyakubizwa ngokuba yi-multiprogramming.
Ukuzulazula kukaDavis kwamkhokelela kwiProjekthi yeMAC eMIT, iProjekthi yeJOSS kwiRAND Corporation eCalifornia, kunye neDartmouth Time Sharing System eNew Hampshire. Endleleni egodukayo, omnye wabalingane bakhe wacebisa ukuba kubanjwe iworkshop yokwabelana ukufundisa uluntu lwaseBritane malunga nobuchwepheshe obutsha ababufunde e-US. UDavis wavuma, kwaye wabamba amanani amaninzi ahamba phambili kwi-American computing field, kuquka (umdali we-"Interoperarable Time Sharing System" kwi-MIT) kunye noLarry Roberts ngokwakhe.
Ngethuba lesemina (okanye mhlawumbi ngokukhawuleza emva koko), uDavis wabethwa ngumbono wokuba ifilosofi yokwabelana ngexesha ingasetyenziselwa imigca yonxibelelwano lwekhompyutha, kungekhona nje kwiikhomputha ngokwazo. Iikhompyuter zokwabelana ngexesha zinika umsebenzisi ngamnye isiqwenga esincinci sexesha le-CPU kwaye emva koko atshintshele kwenye, enika umsebenzisi ngamnye inkohliso yokuba nekhompyuter yakhe esebenzisanayo. Ngokufanayo, ngokusika umyalezo ngamnye ube ngamaqhekeza alinganayo, awathi uDavis wabiza βiipakethi,β umjelo omnye wonxibelelwano unokwabelwana ngawo phakathi kweekhompyutha ezininzi okanye abasebenzisi bekhompyutha enye. Ngaphezu koko, iya kusombulula yonke imiba yokuhanjiswa kwedatha apho iiswitshi zefowuni kunye ne-telegraph zazingafanelekanga. Umsebenzisi osebenzisa i-terminal esebenzayo ethumela imiyalelo emifutshane kunye nokufumana iimpendulo ezimfutshane aziyi kuvinjwa lugqithiso lwefayile enkulu kuba ukuhanjiswa kuya kwaphulwa kwiipakethi ezininzi. Nakuphi na ukurhwaphiliza kwimiyalezo emikhulu ngolo hlobo kuya kuchaphazela ipakethi enye, enokuthi idluliselwe ngokulula ukugqibezela umyalezo.
UDavis wachaza iingcamango zakhe kwiphepha elingashicilelwanga le-1966, "Isiphakamiso seNethiwekhi yoNxibelelwano lweDijithali." Ngelo xesha, uthungelwano lwemfonomfono oluphambili kakhulu lwalukwicala lokutshintsha kwekhompyuter, kwaye uDavis ucebise ukutshintshela ipakethi kwinethiwekhi yomnxeba yesizukulwana esilandelayo, ukwenza inethiwekhi yonxibelelwano yebroadband ekwaziyo ukukhonza izicelo ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwiifowuni ezilula ukuya kude. ukufikelela kwiikhompyutha. Ngelo xesha, uDavis wayenyuselwe njengomphathi we-NPL kwaye waseka iqela lonxibelelwano lwedijithali phantsi kweScantlebury ukuphumeza iprojekthi yakhe kunye nokudala idemo esebenzayo.
Kunyaka okhokelela kwinkomfa yaseGatlinburg, iqela likaScantlebury lisebenze zonke iinkcukacha zokwenza i-packet-switched network. Ukungaphumeleli kwe-node enye kunokusindiswa ngolungelelwaniso olunokusingatha iindlela ezininzi eziya kwindawo ekuyiwa kuyo, kwaye ukusilela kwepakethi enye kunokujongwa ngokuyithumela kwakhona. Ukulinganisa kunye nokuhlalutya kuthe ubungakanani bepakethi obufanelekileyo buya kuba yi-1000 bytes - ukuba uyenza ibe yincinci kakhulu, ke ukusetyenziswa kwe-bandwidth yemigca ye-metadata kwi-header kuya kuba kuninzi, ngakumbi - kwaye ixesha lokuphendula kubasebenzisi abasebenzisanayo liya kwanda. rhoqo kakhulu ngenxa yemiyalezo emikhulu .
Umsebenzi weScantlebury uquka iinkcukacha ezifana nefomathi yephakheji...
... kunye nohlalutyo lwempembelelo yeepakethi zeesayizi kwi-latency yenethiwekhi.
Ngeli xesha, uphando lukaDavis kunye noScantlebury lwakhokelela ekufunyanweni kwamaphepha ophando aneenkcukacha ezenziwe ngomnye waseMelika owayeze nombono ofanayo kwiminyaka eliqela phambi kwabo. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye , injineli yombane kwiRAND Corporation, ayizange icinge kwaphela ngeemfuno zabasebenzisi bekhompyutha ababelana ngexesha. I-RAND yayiliSebe lezoKhuselo elifumana inkxaso-mali yokucinga eSanta Monica, eCalifornia, eyadalwa emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II ukubonelela ngesicwangciso sexesha elide kunye nohlalutyo lweengxaki zeqhinga lomkhosi. Injongo kaBaran yayikukulibazisa imfazwe yenyukliya ngokwenza uthungelwano lonxibelelwano lwasemkhosini oluthembekileyo olukwaziyo ukusinda nakuhlaselo olukhulu lwenyukliya. Uthungelwano olunjalo luya kwenza ugwayimbo lwangaphambili lwe-USSR lube nomtsalane, kuba kuya kuba nzima kakhulu ukutshabalalisa amandla ase-US ukubetha amanqaku amaninzi abuthathaka ekuphenduleni. Ukwenza oku, uBaran ucebise inkqubo eyaphula imiyalezo kwinto awayeyibiza ngokuba ziibhloko zemiyalezo enokuhanjiswa ngokuzimeleyo kuthungelwano lweenodi ezingafunekiyo emva koko zidityaniswe kunye ekupheleni.
I-ARPA yayinokufikelela kwiingxelo ze-Baran ezivolontiya ze-RAND, kodwa ekubeni zazinganxulumananga neekhompyutha ezisebenzisanayo, ukubaluleka kwazo kwi-ARPANET kwakungabonakali. URoberts noTaylor, ngokucacileyo, abazange babaqaphele. Endaweni yoko, ngenxa yentlanganiso enye yamathuba, uScantlebury wanika uRoberts yonke into kwisitya sesilivere: indlela yokutshintsha eyilwe kakuhle, ukusebenza kwingxaki yokudala uthungelwano lwekhompyuter olusebenzisanayo, izixhobo zereferensi ezivela kwi-RAND, kunye negama elithi "iphakheji." Umsebenzi we-NPL uphinde waqinisekisa uRoberts ukuba isantya esiphezulu siya kufuneka ukubonelela ngekhono elihle, ngoko waphucula izicwangciso zakhe kwiikhonkco ze-50 Kbps. Ukwenza i-ARPANET, inxalenye esisiseko yengxaki yomzila yasonjululwa.
Enyanisweni, kukho enye inguqulelo yemvelaphi yombono wokutshintsha ipakethi. URoberts kamva wathi wayesele eneengcinga ezifanayo entlokweni yakhe, ngenxa yomsebenzi wogxa wakhe, uLen Kleinrock, owathi wayichaza le ngcamango ngo-1962, kwincwadi yakhe yobugqirha kuthungelwano lonxibelelwano. Nangona kunjalo, kunzima kakhulu ukukhupha umbono onjalo kulo msebenzi, kwaye ngaphandle koko, andifumananga nabuphi na ubungqina bale nguqulelo.
Uthungelwano olungazange lubekho
Njengoko sibona, amaqela amabini ayephambi kwe-ARPA ekuphuhliseni ukutshintshwa kwepakethi, iteknoloji ebonise ukuba iyasebenza kangangokuba ngoku iphantsi kwalo lonke unxibelelwano. Kwakutheni ukuze i-ARPANET ibe yinethiwekhi yokuqala ebalulekileyo ukuyisebenzisa?
Konke kumalunga neentsokolo zombutho. I-ARPA yayingenayo imvume esemthethweni yokwenza uthungelwano lonxibelelwano, kodwa kwakukho inani elikhulu lamaziko ophando akhoyo aneekhompyutheni zabo, inkcubeko "yamahhala" yokuziphatha eyayingajongwanga, kunye neentaba zemali. Isicelo sokuqala sikaTaylor sika-1966 senkxaso-mali yokuyila i-ARPANET sabiza i-1 yezigidi zeedola, kwaye uRoberts waqhubeka echitha loo mali minyaka le ukusuka ngo-1969 ukuya phambili ukwenza uthungelwano lusebenze. Ngelo xesha, kwi-ARPA, loo mali yayiyinguqu encinci, ngoko akukho namnye wabaphathi bakhe abaxhalabileyo malunga nokuba uRoberts wenza ntoni ngayo, nje ukuba ngandlela-thile inokuthi iboshwe kwiimfuno zokukhusela ilizwe.
UBaran e-RAND wayengenawo amandla okanye igunya lokwenza nantoni na. Umsebenzi wakhe wawuphonononga kwaye uhlalutya kuphela, kwaye unokusetyenziswa ekukhuseleni ukuba uyafunwa. Ngo-1965, i-RAND ngokwenene yacebisa inkqubo yakhe kuMkhosi woMoya, owavuma ukuba le projekthi yayinokusebenza. Kodwa ukuphunyezwa kwayo kwawela emagxeni e-Arhente yoNxibelelwano lwezoKhuselo, kwaye abazange baqonde ngokukodwa unxibelelwano lwedijithali. U-Baran waqinisekisa abaphathi bakhe kwi-RAND ukuba kuya kuba ngcono ukurhoxisa esi siphakamiso kunokuba sivumele ukuba siphunyezwe nakanjani kwaye sonakalise isidima sonxibelelwano lwedijithali olusasazwayo.
UDavis, njengentloko ye-NPL, wayenamandla amakhulu kunoBharan, kodwa uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali olungqongqo kune-ARPA, kwaye wayengenalo inethiwekhi yentlalo kunye neyobugcisa esele yenziwe kwiikhomputha zophando. Wakwazi ukwenza i-prototype yendawo ye-packet-switched network (kwakukho i-node enye kuphela, kodwa i-terminals ezininzi) kwi-NPL ekupheleni kwe-1960s, kunye nebhajethi encinci ye-Β£ 120 kwiminyaka emithathu. I-ARPANET ichithe malunga nesiqingatha saloo mali ngonyaka ekusebenzeni nasekugcinweni kwindawo nganye yenethiwekhi ezininzi, ngaphandle kotyalo-mali lokuqala kwihardware kunye nesoftware. Umbutho okwaziyo ukudala inethiwekhi enkulu yokutshintsha ipakethi yaseBritani yayiyiPosi yaseBritane, eyayilawula uthungelwano lwezonxibelelwano kweli lizwe, ngaphandle kwenkonzo yeposi ngokwayo. UDavis ukwazile ukuba nomdla amagosa aliqela anempembelelo ngeembono zakhe kuthungelwano lwedijithali olumanyeneyo kwinqanaba lesizwe, kodwa akazange akwazi ukutshintsha indlela eya phambili ngayo inkqubo enkulu kangaka.
U-Licklider, ngokudityaniswa kwethamsanqa kunye nokucwangcisa, wafumana i-greenhouse efanelekileyo apho inethiwekhi yakhe ye-intergalactic inokuchuma. Kwangaxeshanye, akunakutsho ukuba yonke into ngaphandle kokutshintsha ipakethi yehla yaba yimali. Ukuphunyezwa kombono nako kwaba nendima. Ngaphezu koko, ezinye izigqibo ezibalulekileyo zoyilo zabumba umoya we-ARPANET. Ke ngoko, ngokulandelayo siza kujonga indlela uxanduva olwasasazwa ngayo phakathi kweekhompyuter ezazithumela kwaye zafumana imiyalezo, kunye nenethiwekhi abathumela kuyo le miyalezo.
Yintoni enye ekufuneka uyifunde
- UJanet Abbate, Ukusungula i-Intanethi (1999)
- UKatie Hafner kunye noMateyu Lyon, apho iiWizards zihlala khona emva kwexesha (1996)
- ULeonard Kleinrock, "Imbali yamandulo ye-Intanethi," iMagazini yoNxibelelwano ye-IEEE (yeThupha ka-2010)
- U-Arthur Norberg noJulie O'Neill, uTshintsho lweTekhnoloji yeKhompyutha: ukuCwangciswa koLwazi lwePentagon, i-1962-1986 (1996)
- M. Mitchell Waldrop, uMtshini wePhupha: JCR Licklider kunye neRevolution eyenza iComputing Personal (2001)
umthombo: www.habr.com