Amanye amanqaku kolu ngcelele:
- Imbali yodluliselo
- Imbali yeekhompyuter ze-elektroniki
- Imbali ye-transistor
- Imbali ye-Intanethi
Ukusebenzisa i-ARPANET uRobert Taylor kunye noLarry Roberts amaziko ophando amaninzi awohlukeneyo, ngalinye linekhompyuter yalo, yesoftware kunye nehardware enoxanduva olupheleleyo lwazo. Nangona kunjalo, isoftware kunye nehardware yenethiwekhi ngokwayo yayibekwe kwindawo ephakathi, kwaye yayingeyonxalenye yezi ndawo. Ngethuba elisusela kwi-1967 ukuya kwi-1968, uRoberts, intloko ye-Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO) iprojekthi yenethiwekhi yeprojekthi, kwafuneka anqume ukuba ngubani omele akhe kwaye alondoloze uthungelwano, kwaye apho imida phakathi kwenethiwekhi kunye namaziko kufuneka ilale.
Abagxeki
Ingxaki yokuqulunqa uthungelwano ubuncinci bezopolitiko njengoko bebuchwephesha. Abalawuli bophando be-ARPA badla ngokungawamkeli umbono we-ARPANET. Abanye babonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba akukho mnqweno wokujoyina inethiwekhi nangaliphi na ixesha; abambalwa kubo babenehlombe. Iziko ngalinye kuya kufuneka lenze umzamo omkhulu wokuvumela abanye ukuba basebenzise ikhompyuter yabo ebiza kakhulu kwaye enqabileyo kakhulu. Olu lungiselelo lofikelelo lubonise ukungalungi okucacileyo (ilahleko yobutyebi obuxabisekileyo), ngelixa iinzuzo ezinokubakhona zihleli zingacacanga kwaye zingacacanga.
Ukuthandabuza okufanayo malunga nokufikelela okwabelwana ngako kwizixhobo zokusebenza kwatshonisa iprojekthi yothungelwano ye-UCLA kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kule meko, i-ARPA yayinamandla amaninzi ngakumbi, kuba ihlawule ngokuthe ngqo kuzo zonke ezi zixhobo zekhompyutheni ezixabisekileyo, kwaye iqhubekile ukuba nesandla kuzo zonke iimali eziphuma kwiinkqubo zophando ezinxulumene nazo. Kwaye nangona kungekho zoyikiso zithe ngqo zenziwe, akukho "okanye ngenye indlela" yavakaliswayo, imeko yayicace kakhulu - ngenye indlela okanye enye, i-ARPA yayiza kwakha uthungelwano lwayo ukudibanisa oomatshini abathi, ngokusebenza, basebabo.
Umzuzu wafika kwintlanganiso yabalawuli besayensi e-Att Arbor, eMichigan, entwasahlobo ka-1967. URoberts wabonisa isicwangciso sakhe sokudala inethiwekhi edibanisa iikhomputha ezahlukeneyo kumaziko ngamnye. Wabhengeza ukuba umphathi ngamnye uya kubonelela ngekhompyuter yakhe yendawo ngesoftware ekhethekileyo yokunxibelelana, eya kuyisebenzisa ukubiza ezinye iikhompyuter ngenethiwekhi yomnxeba (oku kwakungaphambi kokuba uRoberts azi ngale ngcamango. ). Impendulo yayiyimpikiswano noloyiko. Phakathi kwezona zincinci zityekele ekuphumezeni le ngcamango yayingamaziko amakhulu asele esebenza kwiiprojekthi ezinkulu ezixhaswa yi-IPTO, apho iMIT yayiyeyona iphambili. Abaphandi be-MIT, abagungxulwa ngemali evela kwinkqubo yabo yokwabelana ngexesha leProjekthi ye-MAC kunye nelebhu yobukrelekrele bokwenziwa, ababonanga nzuzo ekwabelaneni ngezixhobo zabo abazisebenze nzima kunye ne-Western riffraff.
Yaye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba lalinjani na, iziko ngalinye lalizithanda iimbono zalo. Ngamnye wayenesoftware yakhe eyahlukileyo kunye nezixhobo, kwaye kwakunzima ukuqonda ukuba banokuluseka njani unxibelelwano olusisiseko omnye komnye, singasathethi ke ngokusebenza kunye. Ukubhala nje kunye nokuqhuba iinkqubo zenethiwekhi kumatshini wabo kuya kuthatha isixa esibalulekileyo sexesha labo kunye nezixhobo zekhompyuter.
Kwakumangalisa kodwa ngokumangalisayo ukuba isisombululo sikaRoberts kwezi ngxaki zentlalo kunye nezobugcisa zavela ku-Wes Clark, indoda eyayingathandi zombini ukwabelana kwexesha kunye nothungelwano. UClark, umxhasi wengcamango ye-quixotic yokunika wonke umntu ikhompyutha yakhe, wayengenanjongo yokwabelana ngezixhobo zekhompyutha nabani na, kwaye wagcina i-campus yakhe, iYunivesithi yaseWashington eSt. Ngoko ke, akumangalisi ukuba nguye owaphuhlisa idizayini yoyilo lwenethiwekhi, engafaki umthwalo obalulekileyo kwimithombo yekhompyutheni yecandelo ngalinye, kwaye ayifuni ukuba ngamnye wabo achithe umgudu ekudaleni isofthiwe ekhethekileyo.
UClark ucebise ngokubeka i-mini-computer kwiziko ngalinye ukusingatha yonke imisebenzi enxulumene ngqo nothungelwano. Iziko ngalinye kwafuneka licinge ukuba linokuqhagamshelwa njani kumncedisi walo wasekhaya (owathi kamva wabizwa ngokuba ziinkqubo zomyalezo wonxibelelwano, okanye ), eyathi ke yathumela umyalezo ngendlela echanekileyo ukuze ufikelele kwi-IMP efanelekileyo kwindawo yokufumana. Ngokusisiseko, ucebise ukuba i-ARPA isasaze iikhompyuter ezongezelelweyo zasimahla kwiziko ngalinye, eliza kuthatha uninzi lwezixhobo zenethiwekhi. Ngexesha apho iikhompyuter zazinqabile kwaye zibiza kakhulu, esi siphakamiso sasinesibindi. Nangona kunjalo, ngelo xesha, iikhomputha ezincinci zaqala ukubonakala zixabisa amashumi ambalwa amawaka eedola, endaweni yamakhulu aliqela, kwaye ekugqibeleni isindululo sabonakala sinokwenzeka ngokwemigaqo (i-IMP nganye yaphela ixabisa i-45 yeedola, okanye malunga ne-000 yeedola. imali yanamhlanje).
Indlela ye-IMP, ngelixa inciphisa iinkxalabo zeenkokeli zenzululwazi malunga nomthwalo wothungelwano kumandla abo ekhompyutheni, nayo yajongana nenye, ingxaki yezopolitiko ye-ARPA. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iiprojekthi ze-arhente ngelo xesha, inethiwekhi yayingaphelelanga kwiziko elilodwa lophando, apho laliza kuqhutywa ngumphathi omnye. Kwaye i-ARPA ngokwayo yayingenawo amandla okwenza ngokuzimeleyo ngokuthe ngqo kunye nokulawula iprojekthi enkulu yobugcisa. Kuya kufuneka aqeshe iinkampani zangaphandle ukwenza oku. Ubukho be-IMP budale ulwahlulo olucacileyo loxanduva phakathi kwenethiwekhi elawulwa yiarhente yangaphandle kunye nekhompyuter elawulwa ekuhlaleni. Ikontraki iya kulawula ii-IMPs nayo yonke into ephakathi, kwaye amaziko aya kuhlala enoxanduva lwehardware kunye nesoftware kwiikhompyuter zabo.
IMP
Emva koko uRoberts kwafuneka akhethe loo kontraka. Indlela yakudala kaLicklider yokucenga isindululo kumphandi amthandayo ngokuthe ngqo ayizange isebenze kule meko. Le projekthi kwafuneka ifakwe kwifandesi yoluntu njengaso nasiphi na esinye isivumelwano sikarhulumente.
Kwakungekho ngoJulayi 1968 ukuba uRoberts wakwazi ukukhupha iinkcukacha zokugqibela zebhidi. Malunga neenyanga ezintandathu sele idlulile okokugqibela isiqwenga sobugcisa sephazili sasebenza xa kwabhengezwa inkqubo yokutshintsha ipakethi kwinkomfa eGatlinburg. Ababini abavelisi abakhulu beekhompyutha, i-Control Data Corporation (CDC) kunye noomatshini boShishino bamazwe ngamazwe (IBM), benqaba ngokukhawuleza ukuthatha inxaxheba kuba babengenazo iikhomputha ezincinci ezingabizi zilungele indima ye-IMP.
Honeywell DDP-516
Phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba abaseleyo, uninzi lwakhetha ikhompyuter entsha eHoneywell, nangona abanye babetyekele ekuthandeni . Ukhetho luka-Honeywell lwalunomtsalane kuba lwalune-interface ye-I/O eyenzelwe ngokukodwa iinkqubo zexesha lokwenyani kwizicelo ezifana nolawulo lwemizi-mveliso. Unxibelelwano, ewe, lukwafuna ukuchaneka okufanelekileyo - ukuba ikhompyuter iphoswe ngumyalezo ongenayo ngelixa ixakeke ngomnye umsebenzi, kwakungekho thuba lesibini lokuyibamba.
Ekupheleni konyaka, emva kokucingisisa nzulu uRaytheon, uRoberts wabela umsebenzi kwinkampani ekhulayo yaseCambridge eyasekwa nguBolt, Beranek noNewman. Umthi wosapho wonxibelelwano lwekhompyuter ngeli xesha lomelele kakhulu, kwaye uRoberts wayenokutyholwa ngokulula ngokukhetha i-BBN. U-Licklider weza ne-interactive computing kwi-BBN ngaphambi kokuba abe ngumlawuli wokuqala we-IPTO, ehlwayela imbewu yothungelwano lwakhe lwe-intergalactic kunye nokufundisa abantu abafana noRoberts. Ngaphandle kwempembelelo kaLeake, i-ARPA kunye ne-BBN ngebengenamdla okanye abanako ukukhonza iprojekthi ye-ARPANET. Ngaphezu koko, inxalenye ephambili yeqela elihlanganiswe yi-BBN ukwakha inethiwekhi esekelwe kwi-IMP yeza ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo kwiLincoln Labs: uFrank Hart (inkokeli yeqela), uDave Walden, kunye noMntla Ornstein. Kwakukwiilabhoratri apho uRoberts wayeye kwisikolo sabaphumeleleyo, kwaye kulapho ithuba lokudibana kukaLeake no-Wes Clark kwavuselela umdla wakhe kwiikhompyuter ezisebenzisanayo.
Kodwa ngelixa imeko yayinokuthi ibonakale njengentsebenziswano, ngokwenene iqela le-BBN lalifaneleke ngokufanelekileyo kumsebenzi wexesha langempela njenge-Honeywell 516. E-Lincoln, basebenza kwiikhomputha ezixhunywe kwiinkqubo ze-radar - omnye umzekelo wesicelo apho. idatha ayiyi kulinda de ikhompyutha ilungile. UHart, umzekelo, wasebenza kwikhompyuter yeWhirlwind njengomfundi ngeminyaka yoo-1950, wajoyina iprojekthi ye-SAGE, kwaye wachitha iminyaka eli-15 iyonke eLincoln Laboratories. U-Ornstein wasebenza kwi-SAGE cross-protocol, eyadlulisela idatha yokulandelela i-radar ukusuka kwenye ikhompyutha ukuya kwenye, kwaye kamva kwi-LINC ye-Wes Clark, ikhompyutha eyenzelwe ukunceda izazinzulu zisebenze ngokuthe ngqo kwilebhu kunye nedatha ye-intanethi. UCrowther, ngoku owaziwa kakhulu njengombhali womdlalo wokubhaliweyo , bachitha iminyaka elishumi besakha iinkqubo zexesha langempela, kuquka i-Lincoln Terminal Experiment, isikhululo sonxibelelwano lwesathelayithi esinekhompyutha encinci elawula i-eriyali kunye nokucubungula iimpawu ezingenayo.
Iqela le-IMP e-BBN. UFrank Hart yindoda kwiziko eliphezulu. U-Ornstein umi kwicala lasekunene, ecaleni kweCrowther.
I-IMP yayinoxanduva lokuqonda kunye nokulawula ukuhanjiswa kunye nokuhanjiswa kwemiyalezo ukusuka kwenye ikhompyuter ukuya kwenye. Ikhompyuter ingathumela ukuya kuthi ga kwi-8000 bytes ngexesha kwi-IMP yendawo, kunye nedilesi yendawo. I-IMP emva koko yasika umyalezo kwiipakethi ezincinci ezithunyelwe ngokuzimeleyo kwi-IMP ekujoliswe kuyo ngaphezulu kwe-50-kbps yemigca eqeshiswe kwi-AT&T. I-IMP efumanayo iwuqoshele umyalezo kunye kwaye yawuthumela kwikhompyuter yayo. I-IMP nganye yayigcina itafile egcina umkhondo wokuba ngowuphi na ummelwane oneyona ndlela ikhawulezayo ukufikelela kuyo nayiphi na injongo enokwenzeka. Yahlaziywa ngamandla ngokusekwe kulwazi olufunyenwe kwaba bamelwane, kubandakanywa nolwazi lokuba ummelwane wayengenakufikeleleka (apho ukulibaziseka kokuthumela kweso sikhokelo kwathathwa njengento engenasiphelo). Ukuhlangabezana nesantya sikaRoberts kunye neemfuno zokuphumelela kuyo yonke le nkqubo, iqela likaHart lenze ikhowudi yenqanaba lobugcisa. Iyonke inkqubo yokusetyenzwa kwe-IMP ithathe kuphela i-12 bytes; inxalenye ejongene neetafile zokukhokela ithathe ama-000 kuphela.
Iqela likwathathe amanyathelo okhuseleko aliqela, ngenxa yokuba bekungenakwenzeka ukunikezela ngeqela lenkxaso kwi-IMP nganye ebaleni.
Okokuqala, baxhobisa ikhompyuter nganye ngezixhobo zokujonga nokulawula kude. Ukongeza kwi-automatic restart eqale emva kokucinywa kombane ngakunye, ii-IMP zacwangciswa ukuba zikwazi ukuqalisa kwakhona abamelwane ngokubathumela iinguqulelo ezintsha zesoftware yokusebenza. Ukunceda ngolungiso lweempazamo kunye nohlalutyo, i-IMP inokuthi, ngokomyalelo, iqalise ukuthatha izifinyezo zemeko yayo yangoku ngamaxesha athile. Kwakhona, iphakheji nganye ye-IMP iqhotyoshelwe inxalenye yokuyilandela, eyenza ukuba kube nokwenzeka ukubhala iilogi ezineenkcukacha zomsebenzi. Ngazo zonke ezi zakhono, iingxaki ezininzi zinokusonjululwa ngokuthe ngqo kwiofisi ye-BBN, eyayisebenza njengeziko lolawulo apho isimo senethiwekhi yonke sinokubonakala.
Okwesibini, bacela inguqulelo yasemkhosini ye-516 evela e-Honeywell, exhotyiswe ngetyala elishinyeneyo ukuyikhusela kwiintshukumo kunye nezinye izoyikiso. I-BBN ngokusisiseko ibifuna ukuba ibe luphawu "lokuhlala kude" kubafundi abanomdla wokufunda, kodwa akukho nto ichaza umda phakathi kweekhompyuter zengingqi kunye ne-BBN-run subnet efana neqokobhe elixhobileyo.
Iikhabhathi zokuqala eziqinisiweyo, ezimalunga nobukhulu befriji, zafika kwisiza kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, eLos Angeles (UCLA) ngo-Agasti 30, 1969, kwiinyanga ezisi-8 emva kokuba i-BBN ifumene isivumelwano sayo.
Abamkeli zindwendwe
URoberts wagqiba ekubeni aqalise uthungelwano kunye nemikhosi emine-ukongeza kwi-UCLA, i-IMP yayiza kufakwa nje elunxwemeni kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, eSanta Barbara (UCSB), enye kwiStanford Research Institute (SRI) enyakatho yeCalifornia, kwaye eyokugqibela kwiYunivesithi yaseUtah. Onke la yayingamaziko akumgangatho wesibini asuka kuNxweme oluseNtshona, ezama ukuzibonakalisa ngandlelβ ithile kwicandelo lekhompyutha yenzululwazi. Amaqhina osapho aqhubeka esebenza njengabaphathi ababini bezenzululwazi, ukusuka UCLA kunye kwiDyunivesithi yase-Utah, babengoogxa bakudala bakaRoberts eLincoln Laboratories.
URoberts unike aba baphathi babini imisebenzi eyongezelelweyo enxulumene nenethiwekhi. Emuva kwi-1967, u-Doug Englebart ovela kwi-SRI wavolontiya ukuseka iziko lolwazi lwenethiwekhi kwintlanganiso yobunkokeli. Ukusebenzisa inkqubo yokubuyisela ulwazi lwe-SRI ephucukileyo, wamisela ukudala i-ARPANET directory: iqoqo elicwangcisiweyo lolwazi kuzo zonke izixhobo ezikhoyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, kwaye zenze ukuba zifumaneke kuwo wonke umntu kwinethiwekhi. Ukunikezelwa kobuchule bukaKleinrock kuhlalutyo lwetrafikhi yenethiwekhi, uRoberts utyumbe i-UCLA njengeziko lokulinganisa inethiwekhi (NMC). Ku-Kleinrock kunye ne-UCLA, i-ARPANET yayijoliswe ukuba ingabi sisixhobo esisebenzayo kuphela, kodwa kunye novavanyo apho idatha ingakhutshwa kwaye ihlanganiswe ukuze ulwazi olufunyenweyo lusetyenziswe ekuphuculeni i-network design kunye nabalandelayo.
Kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso lwe-ARPANET ngaphezu koku kuqeshwa kubini yayiluluntu olungacwangciswanga nolukhululekileyo lwabafundi abaphumeleleyo ababizwa ngokuba liQela eliSebenzayo leNethiwekhi (NWG). I-subnet esuka kwi-IMP ivumele nayiphi na inginginya kumsebenzi wothungelwano ukuba ithumele umyalezo ngokuthembekileyo nakweyiphi enye; Injongo ka-NWG yayikukuphuhlisa ulwimi olufanayo okanye iseti yeelwimi ababuki zindwendwe abanokuzisebenzisa ukunxibelelana. Bazibiza ngokuba "ziiprothokholi zokubamba." Igama elithi "iprotocol," ebolekwe kwiidiplomats, yaqala ukusetyenziswa kwiinethiwekhi kwi-1965 nguRoberts noTom Marill ukuchaza zombini ifomathi yedatha kunye namanyathelo e-algorithmic echaza indlela iikhomputha ezimbini ezinxibelelana ngayo.
I-NWG, phantsi kobunkokeli obungekho sikweni kodwa obusebenzayo bukaSteve Crocker we-UCLA, yaqala ukuhlangana rhoqo ngentwasahlobo ka-1969, malunga neenyanga ezintandathu phambi kwe-IMP yokuqala. Uzalelwe kwaye wakhulela kwindawo yaseLos Angeles, uCrocker wafunda kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo iVan Nuys kwaye wayekwiminyaka enye nesibini samaqabane akhe ebhendi exesha elizayo e-NWG, uVint Cerf noJon Postel. Ukurekhoda isiphumo sezinye iintlanganiso zeqela, iCrocker yavelisa enye yeembombo zenkcubeko ye-ARPANET (kunye ne-Intanethi ezayo), isicelo sokuphawula [isiphakamiso sokusebenza] (). I-RFC 1 yakhe, epapashwe ngo-Epreli 7, 1969, kwaye isasazwe kuzo zonke iindawo ze-ARPANET zexesha elizayo nge-imeyile yakudala, iqokelele iingxoxo zangaphambili zeqela malunga noyilo lweprotocol yeprotocol. Kwi-RFC 3, uCrocker uqhubekile nenkcazo, echaza ngokucacileyo inkqubo yoyilo yazo zonke ii-RFC ezizayo:
Kungcono ukuthumela amagqabaza kwangethuba kunokuwenza agqibelele. Iimbono zefilosofi ngaphandle kwemizekelo okanye ezinye izinto ezicacileyo, iziphakamiso ezithile okanye ukuphunyezwa kobuchwepheshe ngaphandle kwenkcazo yentshayelelo okanye inkcazo yomxholo, imibuzo ethile ngaphandle kokuzama ukuyiphendula yamkelwa. Obona bude buncinane benqaku elisuka ku-NWG sisivakalisi esinye. Sinethemba lokuququzelela utshintshiselwano kunye neengxoxo ngezimvo ezingekho sikweni.
Njengesicelo sekowuti (RFQ), indlela esemgangathweni yokucela iibhidi kwizivumelwano zikarhulumente, iRFC yamkele ingxelo, kodwa ngokungafaniyo neRFQ, ikwameme ingxoxo. Nabani na kuluntu lwe-NWG olusasaziweyo angangenisa i-RFC, kwaye asebenzise eli thuba ukuxoxa, ukubuza, okanye ukugxeka isindululo sangaphambili. Kakade ke, njengakuyo nayiphi na indawo yasekuhlaleni, ezinye iimbono zazixatyiswa ngaphezu kwezinye, yaye ngemihla yangaphambili iimbono zikaCrocker neqela lakhe eliphambili labalingane babenegunya elikhulu kakhulu. NgoJulayi 1971, uCrocker wayishiya i-UCLA ngelixa esengumfundi onesidanga ukuze athathe isikhundla njengomphathi wenkqubo kwi-IPTO. Ngezibonelelo zophando eziphambili ezivela kwi-ARPA anazo, yena, ebona okanye engazi, wayenempembelelo engenakuphikiswa.
UJon Postel, uSteve Crocker kunye noVint Cerf bafunda nabo eklasini kunye nabalingane kwi-NWG; kwiminyaka kamva
Isicwangciso sokuqala se-NWG sabiza iiprothokholi ezimbini. Ukungena kwindawo ekude (i-telnet) ivumele ikhompyutha enye ukuba isebenze njengetheminali eqhagamshelwe kwisistim yokusebenza yenye, yandisa indawo esebenzisanayo kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo eqhagamshelwe yi-ARPANET kunye nexesha lokwabelana ngamawaka eekhilomitha kuye nawuphi na umsebenzisi okwinethiwekhi. Iprotocol yokudlulisa ifayile yeFTP ivumele ikhompyutha enye ukuba itshintshe ifayile, njengenkqubo eluncedo okanye iseti yedatha, ukuya okanye ukusuka kugcino kwenye inkqubo. Nangona kunjalo, ekunyanzeliseni kukaRoberts, i-NWG yongeza iprothokholi yesithathu esisiseko ukuxhasa ezi zimbini, ukuseka unxibelelwano olusisiseko phakathi kwemikhosi emibini. Yayibizwa ngokuba yiNkqubo yoLawulo lweNethiwekhi (NCP). Uthungelwano ngoku lwalunemigangatho emithathu yokutsalwa - i-packet subnet elawulwa yi-IMP ezantsi kakhulu, unxibelelwano lwe-host-to-host olunikezwa yi-NCP phakathi, kunye neeprothokholi zesicelo (i-FTP kunye ne-telnet) phezulu.
Ukusilela?
Kwakungekho ngo-Agasti 1971 ukuba i-NCP ichazwe ngokupheleleyo kwaye iphunyezwe kuyo yonke inethiwekhi, ngelo xesha yayiquka iindawo ezilishumi elinesihlanu. Ukuphunyezwa kweprotocol ye-telnet kwalandela ngokukhawuleza, kwaye inkcazo yokuqala ezinzileyo ye-FTP yabonakala emva konyaka, ehlobo lika-1972. Ukuba sivavanya imeko ye-ARPANET ngelo xesha, iminyaka embalwa emva kokuba iqaliswe okokuqala, ingaba kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukusilela xa kuthelekiswa nephupha lemithombo yokwahlula iLicklider awayeyibonele kwaye isetyenziswe ngumncedisi wakhe, uRobert Taylor.
Ukuqala, bekunzima ukufumanisa ukuba zeziphi izixhobo ezikhoyo kwi-Intanethi esinokuzisebenzisa. Iziko lolwazi lwenethiwekhi lisebenzise imodeli yokuthatha inxaxheba ngokuzithandela - indawo nganye kufuneka ibonelele ngolwazi oluhlaziyiweyo malunga nokufumaneka kwedatha kunye neenkqubo. Ngelixa wonke umntu ebeya kuxhamla kwisenzo esinjalo, bekukho inkuthazo encinci kuyo nayiphi na indawo yokuthengisa okanye ukunika ufikelelo kwimithombo yayo, singasathethi ke ngokunikezela ngamaxwebhu ahlaziyiweyo okanye iingcebiso. Ke ngoko, i-NIC ayiphumelelanga ukuba luluhlu lwe-intanethi. Mhlawumbi owona msebenzi ubalulekileyo kwiminyaka yokuqala yayikukubonelela ngokusingatha ngekhompyutha iseti ekhulayo yee-RFCs.
Nokuba, yithi, u-Alice ovela e-UCLA wayesazi malunga nobukho besixhobo esiluncedo eMIT, kwavela umqobo omkhulu ngakumbi. I-Telnet yamvumela u-Alice ukuba afike kwi-MIT yokungena kwesikrini, kodwa akukho okunye. Ukuze u-Alice afikelele kwinkqubo e-MIT, kuya kufuneka kuqala athethe ngaphandle kwe-intanethi kunye ne-MIT ukuba bammisele i-akhawunti kwikhompyutheni yabo, efuna ukugcwalisa iifom zephepha kuwo omabini amaziko kunye nesivumelwano senkxaso-mali ukuyihlawulela. ukusetyenziswa kweMIT izixhobo zekhompyutha. Kwaye ngenxa yokungahambelani phakathi kwehardware kunye nesoftware yenkqubo phakathi kweendawo, ukudlulisa iifayile kaninzi akunangqondo kuba awukwazanga ukuqhuba iinkqubo ezisuka kwiikhompyuter ezikude kweyakho.
Okumangalisayo kukuba, eyona mpumelelo ibalulekileyo yokwabelana ngobutyebi ayilelekanga kwindawo yokwabelana ngamaxesha apho i-ARPANET yadalwa khona, kodwa kwindawo yokusetyenzwa kwedatha yakudala engasebenziyo. I-UCLA yongeze umatshini wayo ongasebenziyo we-IBM 360/91 kwinethiwekhi kwaye yabonelela ngokubonisana ngomnxeba ukuxhasa abasebenzisi abakude, ivelisa ingeniso ebalulekileyo kwiziko lekhompyuter. I-supercomputer ye-ILLIAC IV exhaswe yi-ARPA kwiYunivesithi yase-Illinois kunye ne-Datacomputer kwi-Computer Corporation yaseMelika e-Cambridge nayo yafumana abathengi abakude nge-ARPANET.
Kodwa zonke ezi projekthi azizange zisondele ekusebenziseni ngokupheleleyo inethiwekhi. Ekwindla ka-1971, kunye neenginginya ezili-15 kwi-intanethi, inethiwekhi iyonke yayisasaza umyinge we-45 yezigidi zebits kwindawo nganye, okanye i-520 bps phezu kothungelwano lwe-50 bps imigca eqeshisiweyo esuka kwi-AT&T. Ngaphezu koko, uninzi lwale traffic yayiluvavanyo lwetrafikhi, oluveliswe liziko lomlinganiselo womnatha kwi-UCLA. Ngaphandle kwentshiseko yabasebenzisi abathile bokuqala (njengoSteve Cara, umsebenzisi wemihla ngemihla ye-PDP-000 kwiYunivesithi yase-Utah ePalo Alto), kuncinci okwenzekayo kwi-ARPANET. Ukusuka kwimbono yanamhlanje, mhlawumbi uphuhliso olunomdla kakhulu kwakusungulwa kwelayibrari yedijithali yeProjekthi yeGuttenberg ngoDisemba 10, eququzelelwe nguMichael Hart, umfundi weYunivesithi yase-Illinois.
Kodwa kungekudala i-ARPANET yasindiswa kwizityholo zokubola ngeprotocol yesicelo sesithathu - into encinci ebizwa ngokuba yi-imeyile.
Yintoni enye ekufuneka uyifunde
β’ UJanet Abbate, Ukusungula i-Intanethi (1999)
β’ U-Katie Hafner no-Matthew Lyon, apho iiWizards zihlala khona kade: Imvelaphi ye-Intanethi (1996)
umthombo: www.habr.com