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Ngentwasahlobo ka-1981, emva kwezilingo ezininzi ezincinci, ulawulo lwezonxibelelwano lwaseFransi (i-Direction générale des Télécommunications, DGT) yaqala umfuniselo omkhulu wokwazisa itekhnoloji. eBrittany, kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yi-Ille et Vilaine, ethiywe ngemilambo emibini equkuqela kufutshane. Esi yayisingabula-zigcawu sokuphehlelelwa ngokupheleleyo kwenkqubo , ecwangciselwe unyaka ozayo. I-DGT yabiza inkqubo entsha i-Télétel, kodwa ngokukhawuleza wonke umntu waqala ukuyibiza ngokuba yiMinitel - yayinjalo , ethatyathwe kwigama , ezasasazwa ngesisa ngamakhulu amawaka kubabhalisi bemfonomfono baseFransi.
Kuzo zonke iinkqubo zeenkonzo zolwazi lwabathengi kule "xesha lokuhlukana," i-Minitel ifanelwe ingqalelo yethu ekhethekileyo-kwaye ngoko ke isahluko sayo kweli bali-ngenxa yezizathu ezithathu.
Onke amanqaku akuluhlu:
- Imbali yodluliselo
- Imbali yeekhompyuter ze-elektroniki
- Imbali ye-transistor
- Imbali ye-Intanethi
- Ixesha lokuqhekeka
Eyokuqala yinjongo yokudalwa kwayo. Ezinye iinkonzo zeposi, itelegraph kunye nemfonomfono ziye zakha iinkqubo ezisekelwe kubuchwephesha bevideotex - kodwa akukho lizwe liye labeka umgudu ongako ukwenza le nkqubo ibe yimpumelelo, okanye isicwangciso sokusebenzisa le mpumelelo sicingelwe kakuhle. I-Minitel yayinxibelelene ngokusondeleyo nethemba lokuvuselelwa koqoqosho kunye neqhinga eFransi, kwaye yayingajoliswanga nje ukudala ingeniso entsha yonxibelelwano ngefowuni okanye i-traffic entsha, kodwa nokunyusa icandelo lobuchwepheshe laseFransi.
Okwesibini liqondo lokusasazwa kwayo. I-DGT ibonelele ngababhalisi bemfonomfono ngeetheminali ngokupheleleyo simahla, kwaye iqokelele yonke imali kuphela ngokusekelwe kwixesha abalisebenzisa ngalo le nkonzo, ngaphandle kwemfuneko yokuhlawula kwangaphambili umrhumo. Oku kuthetha ukuba, nangona uninzi lwabo lungazange lusebenzise inkqubo rhoqo, abantu abaninzi babesenofikelelo kwiMinitel kunezona nkonzo zikhulu ze-intanethi zaseMelika kwiminyaka yoo-1980, nangona babembalwa kakhulu abantu. Inkqubo ibonakala ihluke ngakumbi ngokuchasene nemvelaphi ye-British Prestel, engazange ihambe ngaphaya kwababhalisi be-100.
Eyesithathu luyilo lwecandelo lomncedisi. Bonke abanye ababoneleli ngenkonzo yedijithali babeyi-monolithic, ibamba zonke iinkonzo kwi-hardware yabo. Ngokudibeneyo basenokuba benze imarike ekhuphisanayo, kodwa nganye yeenkqubo zabo yayingaphakathi kuqoqosho lomyalelo. I-Minitel, nangona urhulumente wayenegunya elilodwa kule mveliso, ngokumangalisayo yaba yinkqubo kuphela ye-1980 eyadala imarike yasimahla yeenkonzo zolwazi. I-DGT yasebenza njengomthengisi wolwazi endaweni yomthengisi, kwaye ibonelele ngemodeli enye enokwenzeka yokuvela kwixesha lokuqhekeka.
Umdlalo wokubambisa
Amalinge ngeMinitel aqala eBrittany hayi ngamabona-ndenzile. Kumashumi eminyaka emva kweMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, urhulumente waseFransi walutshintsha ngabom uqoqosho lwale ngingqi, oluxhomekeke kakhulu kwezolimo nokuloba, ukuya kwi-elektroniki kunye nonxibelelwano. Oku kukwasebenza kwiilebhu zophando zonxibelelwano ezimbini ezinkulu ezibekwe apho: iCentre Commun d'Études de Télévision et Télécommunications (CCETT) kwikomkhulu lommandla iRené, kunye neyunithi yeZiko leSizwe d'Études des Télécommunications (CNET) eLannion, unxweme olusemantla.
Ilabhoratri yeCCETT eRennes
Ezi lebhu, zasekwa kwiinzame zokuzisa lo mmandla uleleyo kwixesha langoku, ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1960 nasekuqaleni koo-1970 bazifumana bebambeke kumdlalo wokubambisa noogxa babo kwamanye amazwe. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1960, uthungelwano lwemfonomfono lwaseFransi lwalukwimeko elihlazo kwilizwe elalithi, phantsi kobunkokeli buka-de Gaulle, lalifuna ukuzibona njengegunya lehlabathi elivuselelekayo. Yayisaxhomekeke kakhulu kutshintshiselwano lwemfonomfono olwakhiwa ekuqaleni kwamashumi eminyaka enkulungwane yama-1967, kwaye ngo-75 kuphela i-100% yabo yayizisebenzela. Eminye yayo ibixhomekeke kubaqhubi abatshintsha umnxeba ngesandla-into ethe i-United States kunye namazwe aseNtshona Yurophu ayisusile. Kwakukho iifowuni ezili-13 kuphela kubantu abali-21 eFransi, xa kuthelekiswa nabangama-50 eBritani eselumelwaneni nabaphantse babe ngama-XNUMX kumazwe anezona nkqubo ziphucukileyo zonxibelelwano, njengeSweden neUnited States.
Ke ngoko, ngeminyaka yoo-1970, iFransi yaqala ukutyala imali kule nkqubo , oko kukuthi, "ukubamba". I-Rattrapage yakhawuleza yaqala ukufumana amandla emva konyulo lwe-1974, xa , kwaye wamisela uGerard Thery njengentloko entsha ye-DGT. Bobabini baphumelele kwesona sikolo sobunjineli sigqwesileyo saseFransi, i-l'École Polytechnique [Paris Polytechnique], kwaye bobabini babekholelwa kumandla okuphucula uluntu ngobuchwepheshe. I-Théry yamisela malunga nokuphucula ukuguquguquka kunye nokuphendula kwe-bureaucracy kwi-DGT, kwaye i-Giscard yaphembelela ipalamente nge-100 yeebhiliyoni zeefranc ukwenza uthungelwano lomnxeba lube lwangoku. Le mali isetyenziselwe ukufakela izigidi zeefowuni ezitsha kunye nokutshintsha izixhobo ezindala kunye nokutshintsha kwekhompyuter. Ke, iFransi yalulahla udumo lwayo njengelizwe elisalele ngasemva kumnxeba.
Ngelo xesha, kwamanye amazwe aqala ukuphuhlisa unxibelelwano kwiindlela ezintsha, kwavela iteknoloji entsha - iifowuni zevidiyo, iifeksi kunye nomxube weenkonzo zekhompyutha kunye neenethiwekhi zedatha. I-DGT yayifuna ukukhwela i-crest yalo maza, kwaye ingadlali ukubamba-up ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1970, iBritane yabhengeza ngokuyilwa kweenkqubo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ze-teletex, ihambisa izikrini zolwazi ezitshintshayo koomabonakude ngosasazo. I-CCETT, intsebenziswano phakathi kwe-DGT kunye ne-Ofisi yosasazo yaseFransi ye-radiodiffusion-télévision française (ORTF), iqalise iiprojekthi ezimbini ekuphenduleni. Iprojekthi yeDIDON (Diffusion de données sur un réseau de television - usasazo losasazo lwedatha kuthungelwano lukamabonakude) yayilwa ngokwemodeli yaseBritane. I-ANTIOPE (i-Acquisition numérique et télévisualization d'images organisées en pages d'ecriture - ukufunyanwa kwedijithali kunye nokuboniswa kwemifanekiso edityaniswe kumaphepha esicatshulwa) yayililinge elinqwenelekayo lokuphonononga ukuba nokwenzeka kokuhanjiswa kwezikrini ezinombhalo ozimeleyo kumjelo wonxibelelwano.
UBernard Marty ngo-2007
Iqela le-ANTIOPE eRennes lalikhokelwa nguBernard Marty. Wayengomnye ophumelele isidanga sePolytechnic (iklasi ka-1963), waza wafika eCCETT esuka e-ORDF, apho wayekhetheke koopopayi bekhompyutha kunye nomabonakude wedijithali. Ngo-1977, iqela ladibanisa iteknoloji yokubonisa i-ANTIOPE kunye neengcamango ezithathwe kwiprojekthi ye-CNET's TIC-TAC (terminal intégré comportant téléviseur et appel au clavier) iprojekthi. Le yokugqibela yayiyinkqubo yokuhambisa iinkonzo zedijithali ezisebenzisanayo ngefowuni. Oku kudityaniswa kwabizwa ngokuba yi-TITAN (I-TITAN ye-terminal interactif de télétexte à appel par numérotation - i-terminal ye-teletex esebenzayo enocofa ngomnxeba), kwaye yayilingana nenkqubo ye-British Viewdata, eyathi kamva yavela kwi-Prestel. Njenge-ANTIOPE, isebenzise oomabonakude ukubonisa amaphepha olwazi lwedijithali, kodwa ivumele abasebenzisi ukuba banxibelelane nekhompyuter kunokuba bafumane nje idatha. Ukongeza, yomibini imiyalelo yekhompyuter kunye nezikrini zedatha zathunyelwa ngeengcingo zefowuni kunokuba zidluliselwe emoyeni. Ngokungafaniyo nedatha yokuJonga, i-TITAN ixhase ikhibhodi yealphanumeric enobungakanani obupheleleyo, kunekhibhodi yefowuni kuphela. Ukubonisa amandla enkqubo kwi-Berlin trade fair, iqela lasebenzisa i-French packet switching network Transpac njengomlamli phakathi kwee-terminals kunye nekhompyutha yeCCETT ehlala eRennes.
Ilebhu kaTeri yayihlanganise umboniso onomtsalane wobugcisa, kodwa ngelo xesha yayingekawenzi ngaphandle kwelebhu, kwaye kwakungekho ndlela zicacileyo zokuba abantu abaqhelekileyo bayisebenzise.
Telematique
Ekwindla 1977 umlawuli we-DGT uGerard Théry, owanelisekile yinkqubela phambili yophuculo lothungelwano lweefowuni, watshintshela kukhuphiswano nenkqubo yevidiyo yaseBritane. Ukuphuhlisa impendulo yeqhinga, waqala wafunda amava eCCETT kunye neCNET, kwaye wafumana iiprototypes ezilungele ukusetyenziswa ze-TITAN kunye ne-TIC-TAC apho. Wezisa ezi zinto zikrwada zovavanyo kwi-ofisi yakhe yophuhliso ye-DAII ukuze zijikwe zibe ziimveliso ezinesicwangciso esicacileyo sokuya kwintengiso kunye neshishini.
I-DAII icebise ngophuhliso lweeprojekthi ezimbini: ulingelo nge-videotex ukuvavanya iinkonzo ezahlukeneyo kwisixeko esikufuphi neVersailles, kunye notyalo-mali kuluhlu lweefowuni ze-elektroniki ukuze kuthathelwe indawo incwadi yemfonomfono. Iiprojekthi kwafuneka zisebenzise iTranspac njengesiseko sothungelwano kunye neteknoloji ye-TITAN kwicala labaxumi - kunye nemifanekiso enemibala, imifanekiso yeempawu kunye nekhibhodi epheleleyo yokufaka.
Imodeli yovavanyo yangaphambili yebhokisi ye-Télétel set-top, eyathi kamva yashiywa kusenzelwa i-terminal edibeneyo.
Isicwangciso sokuphunyezwa kwevidiyotex esaphuhliswa yi-DAII sahlukile kwiBritane kwiinkalo ezintathu ezibalulekileyo. Okokuqala, ngelixa i-Prestel ibambe yonke imixholo ngokwayo, i-DGT icwangcise ukusebenza kuphela njengokutshintsha apho abasebenzisi banokufikelela kulo naliphi na inani lababoneleli benkonzo yabucala abahlukeneyo abasebenzisa naziphi na iikhomputha ezikwazi ukuqhagamshela kwiTranspac kunye nokuhambisa nayiphi na idatha ehambelana ne-ANTIOPE. Okwesibini, bagqiba ekubeni balahle iTV njengemonitha kwaye bathembele kwii-terminals ezikhethekileyo ezidibeneyo. Iinkokeli ze-DGT zaqiqa ngelithi abantu bathenga oomabonwakude ukuze babukele umabonwakude, kwaye abayi kufuna ukuthatha isikrini ngeenkonzo ezintsha njengencwadi yefowuni ye-elektroniki. Ukongeza, ukumka koomabonakude kwathetha ukuba i-DGT ayizukufuneka ithetha-thethane ngokuphehlelelwa kwenkqubo nabakhuphisana nabo i-Télédiffusion de France (TDF), abalandela i-ORDF (eBritani, uthethathethwano nabavelisi beTV ngokwenene yayiyeyona miqobo iphambili yePrestel). Ekugqibeleni, iFransi inqumle ngesibindi iqhina likaGordian, ingxaki "yenkukhu okanye iqanda" (apho inethiwekhi ngaphandle kwabasebenzisi ayikhangeli ababoneleli benkonzo, kwaye ngokuphambene nalokho), ngokucwangcisa ukunika zonke ezi zixhobo ze-videotex ezidibeneyo mahhala.
Kodwa ngaphandle kwazo zonke ezi zicwangciso zinkulu, ivideotex yahlala ngasemva kwiTeri. Ukuqinisekisa indawo ye-DGT ephambili kubuchwepheshe bonxibelelwano, wagxila ekwenzeni ifeksi ibe yinkonzo yabathengi kwilizwe lonke. Wayekholelwa ukuba ukuthumela ngefeksi kunokuthatha inxalenye ebalulekileyo yemarike yonxibelelwano olubhaliweyo oluvela kwi-ofisi yeposi, abaphathi bayo bathathwa yi-DGT njengabagcini bobundo. Noko ke, eyona nto yayiphambili kaTeri yayitshintshile kwiinyanga nje ezimbalwa, xa ingxelo karhulumente ethi “The Computerization of Society” yagqitywa ngowe-1978. NgoMeyi, ingxelo yahanjiswa kwiivenkile zeencwadi kwaye yathengiswa iikopi ze-13 kwinyanga yokuqala, kunye neekopi ze-500 zizonke kule minyaka ilishumi izayo, elingana neyona nto ithengiswa kakhulu kwingxelo karhulumente. Kwenzeka njani ukuba loo mbandela ubonakala untsonkothile ngolo hlobo, wathimba iingqondo zabemi?
Urhulumente waseGiscard wathuma uSimon Nore no-Alain Minc, amagosa avela kwi-French Inspectorate General of Finance, ukuba abhale le ngxelo ukuhlalutya izisongelo kunye namathuba okukhula koqoqosho kunye nokubaluleka kwenkcubeko yeekhompyutheni. Ngeminyaka yee-1970, uninzi lweengqondi ze-tech-savvy zazisele ziqala ukuqonda ukuba amandla e-computing ayenokuthi kwaye afanele ukuziswa kubantu abaninzi ngendlela yeentlobo ezintsha zeenkonzo eziza kunikwa amandla kwiikhompyutha. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye, iUnited States ibe yinkokeli kuzo zonke iintlobo zetekhnoloji yedijithali amashumi eminyaka, kwaye indawo yeefemu zaseMelika kwimarike yayibonakala ingashukumi. Kwelinye icala, iinkokeli zaseFransi zazikholelwa ukuba ukwenziwa kwedemokhrasi kwiikhompyuter kuya kuzisa amathuba amakhulu kuluntu lwaseFransi; kwelinye icala, babengafuni ukuba iFransi ibe yinxalenye yegunya elilawulayo langaphandle.
Ingxelo kaNora kunye neMink ibonelele nge-synthesis eyasombulula le ngxaki kwaye iphakamisa iprojekthi enokuthi ithathe iFransi kwi-postmodern information age kwi-leap enye. Ilizwe liya kuhamba ngokukhawuleza ukusuka kwindawo yokulandela ukuya kwindawo ehamba phambili, ukudala iziseko zokuqala zesizwe kwiinkonzo zedijithali - amaziko ekhompyutheni, i-database, uthungelwano oluqhelekileyo - oluya kuba sisiseko semarike evulekileyo neyentando yesininzi yeenkonzo zedijithali. Oku, kwakhona, kuya kuvuselela uphuhliso lobungcali kunye neshishini laseFransi kwicandelo le-hardware yekhompyutha, isoftware kunye nobuchwephesha bothungelwano.
UNora noMink babize oku kudityaniswa kweekhompyuter kunye nonxibelelwano lwe-télématique, ukudibanisa amagama athi "unxibelelwano" kunye ne-informatique ("isayensi yekhompyuter"). Babhala bathi: “Kude kube ngoku.
iikhomputha zahlala zililungelo elikhulu nezityebi. Ukusukela ngoku ukuya phambili, ukwenziwa kwekhompyuter ngobuninzi kuza phambili, okuya kuthi kuphembelele uluntu, njengoko umbane wawukhe wenza. Nangona kunjalo, ngokungafaniyo nombane, i-la télématique ayiyi kuhambisa i-passive current, kodwa ulwazi.
Ingxelo kaNora-Mink kunye nesiphumo somsindo ngaphakathi kurhulumente weGiscard waphosa iinzame zokuthengisa ze-TITAN ngendlela entsha. Ngaphambili, isicwangciso sophuhliso lwevidiyo ye-DGT sasiyimpendulo kubakhuphisana baseBritane, kwaye sasijolise ekuqinisekiseni ukuba i-France ayibanjwa ingalindelanga kwaye inyanzeliswe ukuba isebenze ngaphakathi kwe-British videotex standard standard. Kodwa ukuba ibiyekile apho, iinzame zaseFransi zokuphuhlisa i-videotex ngeyabuna kanye njengePrestel, ishiyeke iyinkonzo ye-niche yabathandi bobuchwephesha obutsha kunye neqaqobana lamashishini anokuba luncedo kuwo.
Kodwa emva kwengxelo, i-videotex ayisayi kuqwalaselwa nantoni na ngaphandle kwecandelo eliphambili le-télématique, isiseko sokwakha ikamva elitsha kwisizwe sonke saseFransi, kwaye ngenxa yengxelo, le projekthi yafumana ingqwalasela eninzi kunye nemali kunokuba yayinakho. nethemba. Iprojekthi yokusungula iMinitel kuzwelonke ifumene inkxaso karhulumente ebekunokungabikho ngenye indlela - njengoko kwenzekile kwiprojekthi kaTeri yelizwe lonke "yefeksi", ethe ekugqibeleni yakhokelela ekongezeni olulula lweperipheral kwiMinitel ngendlela yomshicileli.
Njengenxalenye yenkxaso, urhulumente ugqibe ekubeni asasaze izigidi zeeterminals simahla. I-DGT yaxoxa ukuba iindleko zeetheminali ziya kupheliswa ngokuyinxenye ngokuyekwa kweencwadi zefowuni zephepha kunye netrafikhi yothungelwano oluya kukhuthazwa yinkonzo yakwaMinitel. Nokuba bebecinga njalo okanye hayi, ezi mpikiswano bezikwazile ukuthethelela inkqubo enkulu yenkuthazo eyaqala nge-Alcatel (eyafumana iibhiliyoni zeefranc zokwenza iiterminals) kwaye yasasazeka kwinethiwekhi yeTranspac, ababoneleli benkonzo beMinitel, iikhompyuter ezithengiweyo. ngaba baboneleli, kunye neenkonzo zesoftware eziyimfuneko ekusebenzeni kweshishini lonke le-intanethi.
UMlamli
Kwimeko yorhwebo, uMinitel akazange azise nantoni na ekhethekileyo. Ngokokuqala ngqa, yafikelela kwi-self-self-self-year ngo-1989, kwaye nokuba zonke iindleko zayo zihlawulwe, kuphela ekupheleni kwee-1990s, xa ekugqibeleni ii-terminals zawela phantsi. Kwaye ayizange iphumelele kwiinjongo zikaNora noMink zokusungula ukuvuselelwa kweshishini laseFransi kunye noluntu ngenxa yolwazi lweteknoloji. I-Alcatel kunye nabanye abavelisi benza inzuzo ekwenzeni izixhobo zonxibelelwano, kwaye inethiwekhi yesiFrentshi Transpac yenza inzuzo ngokunyuka kwetrafikhi, nangona bona, ngelishwa, baxhomekeke kwipakethe ephosakeleyo yokutshintsha iteknoloji kunye neprotocol yabo ye-X.25. Kwangaxeshanye, amawaka ababoneleli benkonzo beMinitel bathenga ikakhulu izixhobo zabo kunye nenkqubo yesoftware kubantu baseMelika. IiTechies ezakha ezazo iinkonzo ze-intanethi ziye zacheba iinkonzo ze-Bull enkulu yaseFransi kunye nenkampani enkulu eyoyikisayo ye-IBM, kwaye bakhetha iibhokisi ezithobekileyo ezine-Unix ngaphakathi kubavelisi abafana ne-Texas Instruments kunye ne-Hewlett-Packard.
Ukuba ishishini leMinitel aliphumelelanga ukukhula, kuthekani ngendima yalo kwidemokhrasi kuluntu lwaseFransi ngeenkonzo zolwazi olutsha olufikelela kuyo yonke indawo ukusuka kwezona zithili ziphezulu zikamasipala waseParis ukuya kwiilali ezincinci zasePicardy? Apha iprojekthi iphumelele kakhulu, nangona ixutywe, impumelelo. Inkqubo ye-Minitel yakhula ngokukhawuleza, ukusuka kwii-terminals ze-120 ngexesha lokuqala ukuphunyezwa okukhulu ngo-000 ukuya kwi-1983 yezigidi ze-terminals ngo-3 kunye ne-1987 yezigidi kwi-5,6. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kwemizuzu yokuqala njengencwadi yefowuni ye-elektroniki, ukusetyenziswa kwexesha elide kwee-terminals kwafuneka kuhlawulwe ngomzuzu, ngoko akungabazeki ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwabo akuzange kuhanjiswe ngokulinganayo njengesixhobo ngokwawo. Ezona nkonzo zidumileyo, ezizezi, incoko ye-intanethi, zinokutshisa lula iiyure ezininzi ngokuhlwa nganye ngesantya esisezantsi se-1990 francs ngeyure (malunga ne-60 yeedola, ngaphezulu komvuzo ophantsi ophindwe kabini wase-US ngelo xesha).
Nangona kunjalo, ngo-1990, phantse i-30% yabemi babekwazi ukufikelela kwitheminali yaseMinitel besekhaya okanye emsebenzini. IFransi, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, lelona lizwe lininzi kwi-intanethi (ngoko kuthetha) kwihlabathi. Kwangaloo nyaka, abona bantu babini bakhulu ababonelela ngeenkonzo ze-intanethi kwi-behemoth yobugcisa benkcazelo yaseUnited States badityaniswa baba nababhalisi abangaphezu nje kwesigidi kwilizwe elinabantu abazizigidi ezingama-250. Uluhlu lweenkonzo ezinokufikelelwa lukhule ngokukhawuleza njengoko inani leetheminali - ukusuka kwi-142 ngo-1983 ukuya kwi-7000 ngo-1987 kunye ne-15 ngo-000. Umnqa kukuba ukudwelisa zonke iinkonzo ezifumanekayo kwiitheminali, incwadi yemfonomfono iyonke yayifuneka - kanye leyo bekufanele ukuba bayitshintshe. Ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1990, le ncwadi, uListel, yayisele inamaphepha angama-1980.
Indoda isebenzisa i-minitel terminal
Ukongeza koko i-DGT inikezela ngokuthe ngqo, uluhlu lweenkonzo ezibonelelweyo lwalubanzi kakhulu, ukusuka kwintengiso ukuya kwezentlalo, kwaye zahlulahlulwe malunga neendidi ezifanayo esiqhele ukuzibona kwi-intanethi namhlanje: ukuthenga, iinkonzo zebhanki, iinkonzo zokuhamba, amagumbi okuxoxa. , iiforam zemiyalezo, imidlalo. Ukuqhagamshela kwinkonzo, umsebenzisi weMinitel ucofe inombolo yokufikelela, kaninzi i-3615, edibanisa umgca wefowuni yakhe kwikhompyutheni ekhethekileyo kwindawo yakhe yokutshintshiselana, i-point d'accès vidéotexte, okanye i-PAVI. Nje ukuba uqhagamshelwe kwi-PAVI, umsebenzisi unokufaka ikhowudi ehambelana nenkonzo efunwayo. Iinkampani zibeke iikhowudi zazo zofikelelo kwiibhena zentengiso kwifom ye-mnemonic alphanumeric, njengoko beya kwenza kamva ngeedilesi zewebhusayithi kumashumi eminyaka alandelayo: 3615 TMK, 3615 SM, 3615 ULLA.
Ikhowudi ye-3615 exhunywe abasebenzisi kwinkqubo yentlawulo ye-PAVI kiosk, eyaziswa kwi-1984. Ivumele iMinitel ukuba isebenze njengendawo yeendaba, inikezela ngeemveliso ezahlukeneyo ezithengiswayo kubathengisi abahlukeneyo kwindawo enye efanelekileyo yokuthengisa. Kwi-francs ye-60 ehlawuliswa ngeyure yokusebenzisa iinkonzo ze-kiosk, i-40 yaya kwinkonzo, kunye ne-20 ukuya kwi-DGT ngokusebenzisa i-PAVI kunye nenethiwekhi yeTranspac. Kwaye konke oku kwakubonakala ngokucacileyo kubasebenzisi - zonke iintlawulo zavela ngokuzenzekelayo kwi-bill yefowuni elandelayo, kwaye abazange bafune ukubonelela ngolwazi lwabo lokuhlawula kubaboneleli ukuze bangene kubudlelwane bezemali kunye nabo.
Xa ukufikelela kwi-Intanethi evulekileyo kwaqala ukusasazeka ngeminyaka yee-1990s, iingcali zeenkonzo ze-intanethi zaqala ukuba nazo. ezi nkonzo ukusuka kwixesha lokuqhekeka - zonke ezi CompuServe, i-AOL - "izitiya ezinodonga." Isikweko sibonakala sicebisa umahluko phakathi kwabo kunye nomhlaba ovulekileyo, wasendle we-intanethi entsha. Ngokwale mbono, ukuba iCompuServe yayiyipaki egcinwe ngononophelo, ngoko i-Intanethi yayiyiNdalo ngokwayo. Ewe, eneneni i-Intanethi ayikho ngokwemvelo kuneCompuServe okanye iMinitel. Iinkonzo ze-Intanethi zinokwakhiwa ngeendlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, zonke zisekelwe kukhetho lwabantu. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba sisebenzisa lo mzekeliso wenkcaso phakathi kwendalo kunye nokulima, ngoko iMinitel iwela kwindawo ethile phakathi. Inokuthelekiswa nepaki yesizwe. Imida yayo iyagadwa, iyagcinwa, kwaye irhafisi iyahlawuliswa xa uyinqumla. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphakathi kwabo unokuhamba ngokukhululekileyo kwaye undwendwele naziphi na iindawo ezinomdla kuwe.
Isikhundla se-DGT embindini wemarike, phakathi komsebenzisi kunye nenkonzo, kunye ne-monopoly kwindawo yokungena kunye nendlela yonke yonxibelelwano phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba benkonzo ababini, babe neenzuzo ngaphezu kwababoneleli benkonzo be-monolithic bonke-in-one njengeCompuServe nangaphezulu kwezakhiwo ezivulekileyo. kamva Internet. Ngokungafaniyo neyokuqala, emva kokuba i-bottleneck idluliselwe, inkqubo yavula imarike evulekileyo yeenkonzo kumsebenzisi, ngokungafaniyo nantoni na eyayikho ngelo xesha. Ngokungafaniyo neyomva, kwakungekho zingxaki zokwenza imali. Umsebenzisi uhlawule ngokuzenzekelayo ixesha elisetyenzisiweyo, ngoko kwakungekho mfuneko yethekhnoloji yentengiso egqumayo nengenamsebenzi exhasa i-Intanethi yanamhlanje. I-Minitel ikwabonelele ngoqhagamshelo olukhuselekileyo lokuya ekupheleni. Isuntswana ngalinye lahamba kuphela kwi-hardware ye-DGT, ukuba nje ubuthembele kwi-DGT kunye nomboneleli wenkonzo, unxibelelwano lwakho lukhuselwe kuhlaselo.
Nangona kunjalo, xa kuthelekiswa ne-Intanethi ethathe indawo yenkqubo, ibinezinto ezininzi ezingalunganga ezicacileyo. Ngaphandle kwayo yonke into evulelekileyo, bekungenakwenzeka ukuba uvule iseva, uyixhume kwinethiwekhi kwaye uqale ukusebenza. Ngaphambili imvume karhulumente yayifuneka ukunika ufikelelo kwiseva ngePAVI. Okona kubi, ubuchwephesha beMinitel bebungaguquguquki kakhulu kwaye bubotshelelwe kwiprotocol yevidiyotex, ebiyeyona nto iphambili phakathi koo-1980 kodwa kwiminyaka elishumi kamva yajika yaphelelwa lixesha kwaye yasikelwa umda.
Ubungakanani bobulukhuni beMinitel buxhomekeke ekubeni yintoni kanye esicinga ukuba iMinitel ibe yiyo. I-terminal ngokwayo (eyayithetha ngokungqongqo, yayibizwa ngokuba yiMinitel) inokuxhuma kuyo nayiphi na ikhompyutha ngenethiwekhi yefowuni eqhelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, akunakufane kwenzeke ukuba abasebenzisi abaninzi babhenele kule ndlela-kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo ayahlukanga ekusebenziseni ikhompyutha yasekhaya enemodem oqhagamshela kuyo kwiinkonzo ezifana noMthombo okanye iCompuServe. Ibingaqhagamshelwanga kwinkqubo yonikezelo lwenkonzo (eyayibizwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuba yiTélétel), kwaye zonke iinzuzo bezikhona ngenxa yekiosk kunye nothungelwano lweTranspac.
Itheminali ixhasa amaphepha okubhaliweyo, imigca engama-24 enamagama angama-40 ngomgca ngamnye (ngemizobo yoonobumba bamandulo) - kuphelele apho. Akukho nanye yeempawu zewebhu ze-1990-scrolling text, GIFs, JPEGs, audio streaming audio-yayifumaneka kwiMinitel.
I-Minitel ibonelele ngendlela enokwenzeka yokuphuma kwixesha lokuqhekeka, kodwa akukho mntu ngaphandle kweFransi owathatha le ndlela. Ngo-1988, i-France Télécom yathenga i-DGT kwaye yazama ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuthumela iteknoloji ye-Minitel - eBelgium, e-Ireland nase-USA (ngenkqubo yaseSan Francisco ebizwa ngokuba yi-101 Online). Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kwenkuthazo karhulumente yokuxhasa ngemali ezi terminals, akukho nalinye kula malinge lasondela kwimpumelelo yokuqala. Kwaye ekubeni iFrance Télécom kunye noninzi lothungelwano lweposi, lwetelegraph nolwemfonomfono kwihlabathi liphela ngelo xesha bekulindeleke ukuba lunciphise iikona ukuze lusebenze ngempumelelo kukhuphiswano lwemalike yezizwe ngezizwe, laliphelile ixesha apho inkuthazo enjalo yayithetheleleka ngokwezopolitiko.
Kwaye nangona inkqubo yeMinitel yagqitywa ngokupheleleyo kuphela ngo-2012, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuye kwahla ukususela phakathi kwe-1990s. Ekunciphiseni kwayo, isahlala ithandwa kakhulu kwiinkonzo zebhanki kunye nezemali ngenxa yokhuseleko lwenethiwekhi kunye nokufumaneka kwee-terminals kunye neeperipherals ezikhethekileyo ezikwazi ukufunda kunye nokudlulisa idatha kumakhadi ebhanki. Ngaphandle koko, abathandi be-Intanethi baseFransi ngokuthe ngcembe batshintshela kwi-Intanethi. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba sibuyele kwimbali ye-Intanethi, kufuneka simise enye kukhenketho lwethu ngeli xesha lokuqhekeka.
Yintoni enye ekufuneka uyifunde:
- UJulien Mailland kunye noKevin Driscoll, uMinitel: Wamkelekile kwi-Intanethi (2017)
- UMarie Marchand, uMninitel Saga (1988)
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umthombo: www.habr.com