<< Ngaphambi koku:
Ukususela malunga nowe-1975 ukusa kowe-1995, iikhompyutha ziye zafikeleleka ngokukhawuleza kunothungelwano lwekhompyutha. Okokuqala e-USA, kwaye ke kwamanye amazwe atyebileyo, iikhomputha zaba yinto eqhelekileyo kumakhaya azizityebi, kwaye zavela phantse kuwo onke amaziko. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba abasebenzisi bezi khomputha bafuna ukudibanisa oomatshini babo - ukutshintshiselana nge-imeyile, ukukhuphela iinkqubo, ukufumana uluntu ukuba baxoxe ngezinto abazithandayo - babengenazo iindlela ezininzi. Abasebenzisi basekhaya banokuqhagamshela kwiinkonzo ezinjengeCompuServe. Nangona kunjalo, de iinkonzo zazise imirhumo emiselweyo yenyanga ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1980, iindleko zoqhagamshelo zahlawulwa ngeyure, kwaye iintlawulo azifikeleleki kumntu wonke. Abanye abafundi baseyunivesithi kunye nefakhalthi banokuqhagamshelwa kwiinethiwekhi ezitshintshiweyo zepakethi, kodwa uninzi alukwazanga. Ngo-1981, ziikhompyutha ezingama-280 kuphela ezazinofikelelo kwi-ARPANET. I-CSNET kunye ne-BITNET ekugqibeleni ziya kubandakanya amakhulu eekhompyuter, kodwa zaqala ukusebenza ekuqaleni koo-1980. Kwaye ngelo xesha eUnited States kwakukho amaziko angaphezu kwama-3000 apho abafundi bafumana imfundo ephakamileyo, kwaye phantse bonke babeneekhompyutha ezininzi, ukusuka kwii-mainframes ezinkulu ukuya kwiindawo ezincinci zokusebenza.
Uluntu, ii-DIYers, kunye nezazinzulu ngaphandle kokufikelela kwi-Intanethi zijike kwizisombululo zetekhnoloji ezifanayo ukuze ziqhagamshelane. Baqhekeze inkqubo yefowuni endala, inethiwekhi yeBell, bayijika ibe yinto efana netelegraph, ukuthumela imiyalezo yedijithali endaweni yamazwi, kwaye isekelwe kubo-imiyalezo esuka kwikhompyuter iye kwikhompyuter kulo lonke ilizwe nakwihlabathi liphela.
Onke amanqaku akuluhlu:
- Imbali yodluliselo
- Imbali yeekhompyuter ze-elektroniki
- Imbali ye-transistor
- Imbali ye-Intanethi
- Ixesha lokuqhekeka
Ezi yayizezinye zezothungelwano zekhompyutha zangaphambili [oontanga-kuontanga, p2p]. Ngokungafaniyo neCompuServe kunye nezinye iinkqubo ezisembindini, ezidibanisa iikhomputha kwaye zafunxa ulwazi kuzo njengamathole ancancisayo ubisi, ulwazi lwasasazwa ngothungelwano olunabileyo njengamaza amanzi. Inokuqala naphi na ize iphele naphi na. Ukanti kwavela iimpikiswano ezishushu phakathi kwabo malunga nezopolitiko namandla. Xa i-intanethi yafika kwingqalelo yoluntu kwiminyaka yoo-1990, abaninzi babekholelwa ukuba iya kulinganisa unxibelelwano lwezentlalo noqoqosho. Ngokuvumela wonke umntu ukuba anxibelelane naye wonke umntu, abaphakathi kunye nabaphathi abalawula ubomi bethu baya kunqunyulwa. Kuya kubakho ixesha elitsha lentando yesininzi ngokuthe ngqo kunye neemarike ezivulekileyo, apho wonke umntu enelizwi elilinganayo kunye nokufikelela okulinganayo. Abaprofeti abanjalo ngebangazange benze izithembiso ezinjalo ukuba babefunde ngeshwangusha lika-Usenet noFidonet ngeminyaka yee-1980. Isakhiwo sabo sobugcisa sasicaba kakhulu, kodwa nayiphi na inethiwekhi yekhompyutheni iyingxenye yoluntu lwabantu. Kwaye uluntu, akukhathaliseki nokuba ulushukumisa kwaye ulukhuphe njani na, luhlala lugcwele amaqhuma.
Usenet
Ngehlobo lowe-1979, ubomi bukaTom Truscott babufana nephupha lomntu oselula othanda ikhompyuter. Wayesandula ukuphumelela isidanga sesayensi yekhompyuter kwiYunivesithi yaseDuke, wayenomdla kwichess, kwaye wayefunda kwikomkhulu laseBell Labs eNew Jersey. Kulapho wafumana khona ithuba lokusebenzisana nabadali be-Unix, eyona nto yamva nje yokutshayela umhlaba wekhompyuter yesayensi.
Imvelaphi ye-Unix, njenge-Intanethi ngokwayo, ilele kwisithunzi somgaqo-nkqubo wezonxibelelwano waseMelika. и yeBell Labs ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1960s yagqiba ekubeni yenze uguqulelo olubhetyebhetye ngakumbi kwaye luhluthwe lwenkqubo enkulu yeMultics eMIT, abaye bancedisa ukuyila njengabadwelisi benkqubo. I-OS entsha yakhawuleza yaba yinto ebetha kakhulu kwiilabhoratri, yafumana ukuthandwa kokubini kwiimfuno zayo ze-hardware (eyayivumela ukuba iqhube nakwiimatshini ezingabizi kakhulu) kunye nokuguquguquka kwayo okuphezulu. Nangona kunjalo, i-AT&T ayikwazanga ukwenza imali kule mpumelelo. Ngaphantsi kwesivumelwano sika-1956 neSebe lezoBulungisa lase-US, i-AT&T yayifuneka ukuba inike ilayisenisi kuzo zonke iiteknoloji ezingezizo ezomnxeba ngamaxabiso afanelekileyo kwaye ingabandakanyeki kulo naliphi na ishishini ngaphandle kokubonelela ngonxibelelwano.
Ke i-AT&T yaqala ukunika ilayisenisi i-Unix kwiidyunivesithi ukuze zisetyenziswe kwizifundo ngokwemiqathango evumayo kakhulu. Abanini belayisensi bokuqala ukufumana ukufikelela kwikhowudi yomthombo baqala ukudala kunye nokuthengisa ukwahluka kwabo kwe-Unix, ngokukodwa iBerkeley Software Distribution (BSD) Unix, eyenziwe kwi-flagship campus yeYunivesithi yaseCalifornia. I-OS entsha yatshayela ngokukhawuleza uluntu lwezemfundo. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye ii-OS ezithandwayo ezifana ne-DEC TENEX / TOPS-20, inokusebenza kwi-hardware evela kubakhiqizi abahlukeneyo, kwaye ezininzi zezi khompyutha zazingabizi kakhulu. UBerkeley usasaze inkqubo ngeqhezu leendleko, ukongeza kwixabiso elincinci lelayisenisi evela kwi-AT&T. Ngelishwa, andizange ndiwafumane amanani achanekileyo.
Kwakubonakala kuTruscott ukuba nguye ovela kuzo zonke izinto. Wachitha ihlobo njengomfundi oqeqeshelwa umsebenzi kaKen Thompson, eqala usuku ngalunye ngemidlalo yevolleyball embalwa, emva koko esebenza emini emaqanda, esabelana ngesidlo sepizza kunye nezithixo zakhe, aze ahlale kade ebhala ikhowudi ye-Unix e-C. Xa egqibile ukufunda, akazange 'Ndifuna ukulahlekelwa lihlabathi, ngoko nje ukuba abuyele kwiYunivesithi yaseDuke ekwindla, wacinga indlela yokudibanisa i-PDP 11/70 ikhompyutha ukusuka kwisebe lesayensi yekhompyutha ukuya kumama eMurray Hill usebenzisa inkqubo ebhaliweyo. ngugxa wakhe wangaphambili, uMike Lesk. Inkqubo yayibizwa ngokuba yi-uucp - Unix ukuya kwikopi ye-Unix - kwaye yayiyenye yesethi yeenkqubo "uu" ezibandakanyiweyo kwinguqulo ye-Unix OS esanda kukhutshwa 7. Inkqubo yavumela inkqubo ye-Unix enye ukuba inxibelelane nenye ngemodem. Ngokukodwa, i-uucp ivumele iifayile ukuba zikopishwe phakathi kweekhomputha ezimbini ezixhunyiwe ngemodem, evumela uTruscott ukuba atshintshe ii-imeyile kunye noThompson kunye noRitchie.
UTom Truscott
UJim Ellis, omnye umfundi onesidanga seTruscott Institute, ufake inguqulelo entsha ye-Unix 7 kwikhompyuter yaseDuke University. Nangona kunjalo, uhlaziyo aluzisanga kuphela izinto ezilungileyo, kodwa kunye neengozi. Inkqubo ye-USENIX, ehanjiswa liqela labasebenzisi be-Unix kwaye yenzelwe ukuthumela iindaba kubo bonke abasebenzisi benkqubo ethile ye-Unix, iyekile ukusebenza kwinguqu entsha. UTruscott noEllis bagqibe ekubeni bayitshintshe ngenkqubo entsha yobunini ehambelana neNkqubo 7, bayinike amanqaku anomdla ngakumbi, kwaye babuyisele inguqulelo ephuculweyo kuluntu lwabasebenzisi ngokutshintshiselana nodumo nembeko.
Ngelo xesha, uTruscott wayesebenzisa i-uucp ukunxibelelana nomatshini we-Unix kwiYunivesithi yaseNorth Carolina, iikhilomitha ezili-15 kumzantsi-ntshona e-Chapel Hill, kunye nokunxibelelana nomfundi apho, uSteve Belovin.
Ayaziwa ukuba uTruscott noBelovin badibana njani, kodwa kunokwenzeka ukuba basondelelene kwichess. Bobabini bakhuphisana kwitumente yonyaka ye-chess ye-Association for Computer Systems, nangona bekungekho ngaxeshanye.
U-Belovin naye wenza inkqubo yakhe yokusasaza iindaba, nto leyo, enomdla, yayinombono wamaqela eendaba, ahlulahlulwe abe yizihloko apho umntu angabhalisa khona - endaweni yesitishi esinye apho zonke iindaba zalahlwa khona. U-Belovin, uTruscott, kunye no-Ellis banquma ukujoyina imikhosi kunye nokubhala inkqubo yeendaba zenethiwekhi kunye namaqela eendaba aza kusebenzisa i-uucp ukusasaza iindaba kwiikhomputha ezahlukeneyo. Babefuna ukusasaza iindaba ezinxulumene ne-Unix kubasebenzisi be-USENIX, ngoko babiza inkqubo yabo ethi Usenet.
IYunivesithi yaseDuke yayiza kusebenza njengendawo esembindini yokucoca, kwaye iya kusebenzisa i-autodial kunye ne-uucp ukuqhagamshela kuzo zonke iindawo ezikuthungelwano ngamaxesha aqhelekileyo, ithathele uhlaziyo lweendaba, kwaye inike iindaba eziya kwamanye amalungu othungelwano. U-Belovin wabhala ikhowudi yokuqala, kodwa yayibaleka kwi-shell scripts kwaye ngoko yayicotha kakhulu. Wandula ke uStephen Daniel, omnye umfundi ophumelele kwiYunivesithi yaseDuke, wayibhala ngokutsha inkqubo yenguqulelo kaC. Daniel yaziwa ngokuba yiA News. UEllis wayiphakamisa le nkqubo ngoJanuwari 1980 kwinkomfa yase-Usenix eBoulder, eColorado, kwaye wanika zonke iikopi zayo ezingamashumi asibhozo awayeze nazo. Ngenkomfa elandelayo ye-Usenix, ebanjwe ehlotyeni, abaququzeleli bayo sele befake i-A News kwiphakheji yesofthiwe esasazwa kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba.
Abadali bachaza le nkqubo ngokuthi "yi-ARPANET yendoda elihlwempu." Awungekhe ucinge ngoDuke njengeyunivesithi ekwinqanaba lesibini, kodwa ngelo xesha yayingenalo uhlobo lobuxhakaxhaka kwihlabathi lesayensi yekhompyuter eyayiza kuyivumela ukuba ingene kwinethiwekhi yekhompyuter yaseMelika. Kodwa ubungadingi mvume yokufikelela ku-Usenet-into obuyifuna yinkqubo ye-Unix, imodem, kunye nokukwazi ukuhlawula ityala lefowuni yakho ukuze usasazwe rhoqo ngeendaba. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1980, phantse onke amaziko abonelela ngemfundo ephakamileyo abenako ukuhlangabezana nezi mfuno.
Iinkampani zabucala nazo zajoyina i-Usenet, eyanceda ukukhawulezisa ukusasazeka kwenethiwekhi. I-Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) ivumile ukuba ibe ngumlamli phakathi kweYunivesithi yaseDuke kunye neYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, eBerkeley, ukunciphisa iindleko zokubiza umgama omde kunye neebhilidi zedatha phakathi kwamanxweme. Ngenxa yoko, Berkeley kuNxweme lwaseNtshona yaba hub yesibini Usenet, edibanisa womnatha kwiYunivesithi California e San Francisco kunye San Diego, kwakunye namanye amaziko, kuquka Sytek, enye yeenkampani yokuqala kwishishini LAN. UBerkeley wayekwasekhaya kwi-node ye-ARPANET, eyenza ukuba kube lula ukuseka unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-Usenet kunye ne-ARPANET (emva kokuba inkqubo yokutshintshiselana ngeendaba yaphinda yabhalwa nguMark Horton kunye noMat Glickman, beyibiza ngokuba yi-B News). Amanqaku e-ARPANET aqala ukutsala umxholo kwi-Usenet kwaye ngokuphambene noko, nangona imithetho ye-ARPA ithetha ngokungqongqo enqatshelwe ukudibanisa kwamanye amanethiwekhi. Inethiwekhi yanda ngokukhawuleza, ukusuka kwiindawo ezilishumi elinesihlanu eziqhuba izithuba ezilishumi ngosuku kwi-1980, ukuya kwii-nodes ze-600 kunye nezithuba ze-120 kwi-1983, kwaye emva koko i-5000 kunye nezithuba ze-1000 kwi-1987.
Ekuqaleni, abadali bayo babona i-Usenet njengendlela yokuba amalungu oluntu lwe-Unix anxibelelane kwaye axoxe ngophuhliso lwale OS. Ukwenza oku, badale amaqela amabini, net.general kunye net.v7bugs (emva baxoxe ngeengxaki ngoguqulelo olutsha). Nangona kunjalo, bayishiya inkqubo yokwandisa ngokukhululekileyo. Nabani na unokudala iqela elitsha kwi-hierarchy "net", kwaye abasebenzisi baqala ngokukhawuleza ukongeza izihloko ezingezona zobuchwepheshe, ezifana net.jokes. Kanye njengokuba nabani na enokuthumela nantoni na, abamkeli banokuwahoya amaqela abawakhethileyo. Umzekelo, inkqubo inokunxibelelana ne-Usenet kwaye icele idatha kuphela kwiqela net.v7bugs, ukungahoyi omnye umxholo. Ngokungafaniyo ne-ARPANET ecwangciswe ngononophelo, i-Usenet yayizilungelelanise kwaye yakhula ngendlela engaqhelekanga ngaphandle kokubekwa kweliso ukusuka phezulu.
Nangona kunjalo, kule meko yedemokhrasi eyenziweyo, ucwangco oluphezulu lwavela ngokukhawuleza. Isethi ethile yee-nodes kunye nenani elikhulu lokudibanisa kunye ne-traffic enkulu yaqala ukubhekwa njenge "backbone" yenkqubo. Le nkqubo iphuhliswe ngokwemvelo. Ngenxa yokuba ukuhanjiswa kwedatha nganye ukusuka kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye yongezwa ukubambezeleka konxibelelwano, indawo nganye entsha ejoyina inethiwekhi yayifuna ukunxibelelana nenode esele inenani elikhulu lonxibelelwano, ukuze kuncitshiswe inani le "hops" elifunekayo ukusasaza imiyalezo kwinethiwekhi iphela. Phakathi kweendawo ezikuloo mmandla kwakukho imibutho yezemfundo neyequmrhu, yaye ngokuqhelekileyo ikhompyutha nganye yasekuhlaleni yayiqhutywa ngumntu othile onxaxhayo owathi ngokuzithandela wawenza umsebenzi ongenambulelo wokulawula yonke into edlula kwikhompyutha. YayinguGary Murakami weBell Laboratories e-Indian Hills e-Illinois, okanye uJean Spafford weGeorgia Institute of Technology.
Owona mboniso ubalulekileyo wamandla phakathi kwabalawuli bee-node kulo mqolo weza ngo-1987, xa batyhala ngohlengahlengiso lwendawo yeqela leendaba, bezisa izahlulo ezisixhenxe zomgangatho wokuqala. Kwakukho amacandelo afana ne-comp kwizihloko zekhompyutha, kunye ne-rec yokuzonwabisa. Imixholwana yacwangciswa ngokoluhlu phantsi kwe "big seven" - umzekelo, iqela comp.lang.c lokuxoxa ngolwimi C, kunye nebhodi rec.games.ukuxoxa imidlalo yebhodi. Iqela labavukeli, abaqwalasela olu tshintsho njengengqungquthela eququzelelwe yi "Spine Clique", badale isebe labo le-hierarchy, i-directory eyintloko eyayiyi-alt, kunye nomqolo wabo ohambelanayo. Yayiquka izihloko ezazithathwa njengezingafanelekanga kwiBig Seven - umzekelo, isondo kunye neziyobisi ezithambileyo (alt.sex.pictures), kunye nazo zonke iintlobo zoluntu olungaqhelekanga ezingathandwa ngabaphathi (umzekelo, alt.gourmand ; abalawuli bakhetha iqela elingenabungozi rec.food.recipes).
Ngeli xesha, isoftwe exhasa i-Usenet yande ngaphaya konikezelo lwesicatshulwa esicacileyo ukuquka inkxaso yeefayile zokubini (ethiywe njalo ngenxa yokuba ziqulathe amasuntswana okubini angenasizathu). Amaxesha amaninzi, ezo fayile zaziquka imidlalo yekhompyutha erhwaphiliziweyo, imifanekiso engamanyala neefilimu, izinto ezirekhodiweyo eziphuma kwiikonsathi nezinye izinto ezingekho mthethweni. Amaqela kwi-alt.binaries hierarchy ayephakathi kwezona zivaliwe rhoqo kwiiseva ze-Usenet ngenxa yokudibanisa kwazo iindleko eziphezulu (imifanekiso kunye neevidiyo zithatha i-bandwidth eninzi kunye nendawo yokugcina kunombhalo) kunye nobume bezomthetho obuphikisanayo.
Kodwa ngaphandle kwayo yonke le mpikiswano, ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1980 i-Usenet yaba yindawo apho ii-computer geeks zazinokufumana uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe lwabantu abanengqondo efanayo. Kwi-1991 yedwa, u-Tim Berners-Lee ubhengeze ukudalwa kwe-World Wide Web kwiqela le-alt.hypertext; ULinus Torvalds ucele impendulo kwiprojekthi yakhe entsha yeLinux kwiqela le comp.os.minix; UPeter Adkison, enkosi kwibali malunga nenkampani yakhe yokudlala ayithumele kwiqela le-rec.games.design, wadibana noRichard Garfield. Intsebenziswano yabo yakhokelela ekudalweni komdlalo wamakhadi odumileyo: Ukuhlanganisana.
I-FidoNet
Nangona kunjalo, nanjengoko i-ARPANET yendoda ehluphekileyo ithe chu yasasazeka kwihlabathi jikelele, abathanda ii-microcomputer, ababenezibonelelo ezimbalwa kakhulu kunezona kholeji ziphantsi kakhulu, banqanyulwa kakhulu kunxibelelwano lwe-elektroniki. I-Unix OS, eyayiyindlela engabizi kwaye echwayitileyo ngokwemigangatho yemfundo, ayizange ifumaneke kubanini beekhompyuter ezine-8-bit microprocessors eziqhuba i-CP/M OS, enokwenza okuncinci ngaphandle kokubonelela ngomsebenzi ngeedrive. Nangona kunjalo, kungekudala baqala ulingo lwabo olulula lokudala inethiwekhi ephantsi kakhulu, kwaye konke kwaqala ngokuyilwa kweebhodi zebhulethi.
Kungenzeka ukuba ngenxa yokulula kwembono kunye nenani elikhulu labathandi bekhompyuter ababekho ngelo xesha, (BBS) yayinokuba yenziwe amaxesha amaninzi. Kodwa ngokwesithethe, ubungangamsha bubonwa yiprojekthi и ukusuka eChicago, abathe baqalisa ngexesha . UChristensen noSuess babengamagcisa ekhompyuter, bobabini babeneminyaka engama-30 ubudala, kwaye bobabini baya kwiqela lekhompyuter lasekuhlaleni. Baye baceba ixesha elide ukwenza iseva yabo kwiklabhu yekhompyutheni, apho amalungu eklabhu anokulayisha amanqaku eendaba esebenzisa imodem ifayile yokudlulisa ifayile ebhalwe nguChristensen kwiCP / M, ikhaya elilingana ne-uucp. Kodwa uqhwithela lwekhephu olwabagcina bengaphakathi endlwini kangangeentsuku eziliqela lwabakhuthaza ukuba baqalise ukusebenza kulo. UChristensen wayesebenza kakhulu kwisoftware, kwaye uSuess wayesebenza kwihardware. Ngokukodwa, uSewess uphuhlise iskimu esathi saqalisa ngokutsha ikhompyuter ngokuzenzekelayo kwimowudi eqhuba inkqubo yeBBS ngalo lonke ixesha ifumana umnxeba ongenayo. Oku kuqhekezwa kwakuyimfuneko ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba inkqubo yayikwimeko efanelekileyo yokufumana le mnxeba-injalo yayiyimeko eyingozi yehardware yasekhaya kunye nesoftware ngaloo mihla. Babiza ukuveliswa kwabo kwe-CBBS, inkqubo yebhodi yeebhulethi zekhompyutha, kodwa kamva uninzi lwabaqhubi benkqubo (okanye i-sysops) bayilahla i-C ngokufutshane kwaye bayibiza inkonzo yabo nje ngokuba yi-BBS. Ekuqaleni, ii-BBS zazikwabizwa ngokuba yi-RCP/M, oko kukuthi, i-CP/M ekude (i-CP/M ekude). Bachaza iinkcukacha ze-brainchild yabo kwiphephancwadi elidumileyo lekhompyutheni i-Byte, kwaye ngokukhawuleza balandelwa sisihlwele sabaxelisa.
Isixhobo esitsha-iModem yeHayes-ye yatyebisa indawo ye-BBS ekhulayo. UDennis Hayes wayengomnye umntu othanda ikhompyuter owayenomdla wokongeza imodem kumatshini wakhe omtsha. Kodwa imizekelo yorhwebo eyayifumaneka yawela kwiindidi ezimbini kuphela: izixhobo ezilungiselelwe abathengi bamashishini, kwaye ke ngoko zibiza kakhulu kubantu abathanda ukuzilibazisa ekhaya, kwaye . Ukunxibelelana nomntu osebenzisa imodem ye-acoustic, kufuneka uqale ufikelele emntwini okanye uphendule umnxeba, emva koko uxhome imodem ukuze ikwazi ukunxibelelana nemodem kwelinye icala. Kwakungenakwenzeka ukwenza umnxeba ophumayo okanye ongenayo ngokuzenzekelayo ngale ndlela. Ke ngo-1977, uHayes wayila, wenza, waza waqalisa ukuthengisa imodem yakhe ye-300-bit-per-second ukuze akwazi ukuyiplaga kwikhompyuter yakhe. Kwi-BBS yabo, uChristensen kunye noSewess basebenzisa enye yale mifuziselo yokuqala yemodem yaseHayes. Nangona kunjalo, imveliso yokuqala yempumelelo kaHayes yayiyi-1981 Smartmodem, eyafika kwimeko eyahlukileyo, yayine-microprocessor yayo, kwaye yayiqhagamshelwe kwikhompyuter nge-serial port. Ithengiswe ngeedola ezingama-299, eyayifikeleleka kakhulu kubantu abathanda ukuzilibazisa abadla ngokuchitha amakhulu eedola kwiikhompyuter zabo.
Hayes Smartmodem ye300
Omnye wabo waba , kwaye nguye owaqalisa iprojekthi eyaba yinto efana ne-Usenet ye-BBS. Wasebenza njengeprogram yePhoenix Software eSan Francisco, kwaye ngo-1983 wagqiba ekubeni abhale inkqubo yakhe ye-BBS, kungekhona i-CP/M, kodwa i-OS entsha kunye neyona ndlela ingcono yee-microcomputers - i-Microsoft DOS. Wamthiya igama elithi Fido [igama eliqhelekileyo lenja], emva kwekhompyuter awayeyisebenzisa emsebenzini, ebizwa ngokuba yayibandakanya i-mishmash eyoyikisayo yezinto ezahlukeneyo. UJohn Madill, umthengisi kwiComputerLand eBaltimore, weva malunga noFido waza wabiza uJennings kulo lonke ilizwe ukuba acele uncedo lwakhe ekuguquleni inkqubo yakhe ukuze iqhube kwikhompyuter yakhe ye-DEC Rainbow 100. Esi sibini saqala ukusebenza kwisoftware kunye, kwaye emva koko Wadityaniswa ngomnye umthandi weRainbow, uBen Baker waseSt. Aba bathathu bachithe isixa esikhulu semali kwiifowuni ezikude ngelixa babengena ezimotweni zomnye ebusuku ukuze bancokole.
Ebudeni bazo zonke ezi ncoko kwiiBBS ezahlukeneyo, kwaqala ukuvela ingcamango kwintloko kaJennings - wayenokwenza uthungelwano lonke lwe-BBS olwaluza kutshintshiselana ngemiyalezo ebusuku, xa iindleko zonxibelelwano olude ziphantsi. Le ngcamango yayingeyonto intsha-abaninzi abanomdla wokuzilibazisa babecinga ngolu hlobo lomyalezo phakathi kwe-BBS ukususela kwiphepha le-Byte nguChristensen noSewess. Nangona kunjalo, ngokubanzi bacingela ukuba ukuze esi sikimu sisebenze, umntu kuya kufuneka kuqala afezekise ukuxinana okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-BBS kwaye akhe imithetho enzima yendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuba zonke iifowuni zihlala zihlala kwindawo, oko kukuthi, zingabizi, naxa zithwele imiyalezo ukusuka elunxwemeni ukuya elunxwemeni. Nangona kunjalo, uJennings wenza izibalo ezikhawulezayo kwaye waqaphela ukuba ngesantya esongeziweyo seemodem (imodem ye-amateur esele isebenze ngesantya se-1200 bps) kunye nokunciphisa iirhafu ezikude, amaqhinga anjalo ayengasafuneki. Nangona ukunyuka okuphawulekayo kwi-traffic traffic, kwakunokwenzeka ukudlulisa izicatshulwa phakathi kweenkqubo ngeerandi ezimbalwa kuphela ngobusuku.
UTom Jennings, osuka kwi-documentary ka-2002
Emva koko wongeza enye inkqubo kuFido. Ukususela kwintsimbi yokuqala ukuya kweyesibini kusasa, iFido yavalwa kwaye iFidoNet yasungulwa. Wayejonga uluhlu lwemiyalezo ephumayo kwifayile yoluhlu lomamkeli. Umyalezo ngamnye ophumayo wawunenombolo yomninimzi, yaye uluhlu ngalunye luchaza umamkeli—uFido BBS—owayenenombolo yomnxeba ecaleni kwayo. Ukuba imiyalezo ephumayo ifunyenwe, i-FidoNet yatshintshana ngokucofa iifowuni ze-BBS ehambelanayo ukusuka kuluhlu lweenodi kwaye idlulisele kwinkqubo yeFidoNet, eyayilinde umnxeba ovela kwelo cala. Ngokukhawuleza uMadill, uJennings, kunye no-Baker bakwazi ukusebenzisana ngokulula nangokulula, nangona ngeendleko zokusabela okulibazisekayo. Abazange bafumane imiyalezo emini; imiyalezo yayithunyelwa ebusuku.
Ngaphambi koku, abantu abanomdla wokuzilibazisa babengafane baqhagamshelane nabanye abantu abanomdla wokuzilibazisa ababehlala kwezinye iindawo, njengoko babezibiza ngokuba zii-BBS zasekhaya mahala. Kodwa ukuba le BBS iqhagamshelwe kwiFidoNet, abasebenzisi ke ngequbuliso babenakho ukutshintshiselana ngee-imeyile nabanye abantu kwilizwe liphela. Iskimu ngokukhawuleza sabonakala sithandwa ngokumangalisayo, kwaye inani labasebenzisi beFidoNet laqala ukukhula ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ngonyaka wafikelela kuma-200. Kule nkalo, uJennings wayesiba mbi ngakumbi ekugcineni i-node yakhe. Ngoko kwi-FidoCon yokuqala eSt. Louis, uJennings no-Baker badibana noKen Kaplan, omnye umqhubi we-DEC we-Rainbow oza kuthatha indima enkulu yobunkokeli kwi-FidoNet. Beza nesicwangciso esitsha esahlulahlula uMntla Merika waba ziisubnets, ngalinye liquka iindawo zokuhlala. Kwi-subnets nganye, enye i-node yolawulo ithathe uxanduva lokulawula uluhlu lweendawo zokuhlala, yamkelwe i-traffic engenayo i-subnet yayo, kwaye yathumela imiyalezo kwiindawo ezifanelekileyo zendawo. Ngaphezulu koluhlu lweesubnets kwakukho imimandla egubungela lonke ilizwekazi. Kwangaxeshanye, inkqubo isagcina uluhlu olunye lwehlabathi lweenodi eziqulethe iinombolo zefowuni zazo zonke iikhompyuter eziqhagamshelwe kwiFidoNet emhlabeni, ngoko ke ithiyori nayiphi na i-node inokufowunela ngokuthe ngqo nayiphi na enye ukuhambisa imiyalezo.
Ulwakhiwo olutsha lwavumela inkqubo ukuba iqhubeke ikhula, yaye ngowe-1986 yayisele ikhule yaya kutsho kwi-1000 1989, yaye ngowe-5000 yaya kutsho kuma-100 XNUMX. Nganye kwezi ndawo (ezaziyi-BBS) yayinomlinganiselo wabasebenzisi abasebenzayo abali-XNUMX. Izicelo ezibini ezidumileyo zaziyi-imeyile elula yokutshintshiselana i-Jennings eyakhiwe kwi-FidoNet, kunye ne-Echomail, eyenziwe nguJeff Rush, i-sysop ye-BBS evela eDallas. I-Echomail yayisebenza ngokulinganayo namaqela eendaba ase-Usenet, kwaye yavumela amawaka abasebenzisi be-FidoNet ukuba baqhube iingxoxo zoluntu kwizihloko ezahlukeneyo. I-Ehi, njengoko amaqela ngamanye abizwayo, anamagama angatshatanga, ngokungafaniyo nenkqubo ye-hierarchical ye-Usenet, ukusuka kwi-AD & D ukuya kwi-MILHISTORY kunye ne-ZYMURGY (ukwenza ubhiya ekhaya).
Iimbono zefilosofi zikaJennings zazixhomekeke kwisiphithiphithi, kwaye wayefuna ukwenza iqonga elingathathi hlangothi elilawulwa kuphela yimigangatho yobugcisa:
Ndixelele abasebenzisi ukuba banokwenza nantoni na abayifunayo. Ndineminyaka esibhozo ndinje kwaye khange ndibe nangxaki ngenkxaso yeBBS. Ngabantu kuphela abathambekele be-fascist abafuna ukugcina yonke into phantsi kolawulo baneengxaki. Ndicinga ukuba xa usenza kucace ukuba abafowunelwa bayayithobela imithetho—ndiyayithiya nokutsho ukuba—ukuba abafowunayo bagqiba umxholo, ngoko banokulwa neempundu.
Nangona kunjalo, njengoko kunye ne-Usenet, isakhiwo se-hierarchical se-FidoNet savumela ezinye ii-sysops ukuba zifumane amandla amaninzi kunabanye, kwaye amahemuhemu aqala ukusasazeka kwe-cabal enamandla (ngeli xesha esekelwe eSt. Louis) efuna ukuthatha ulawulo lwenethiwekhi ebantwini. Abaninzi babesoyika ukuba uKaplan okanye abanye abamngqongileyo baza kuzama ukuthengisa inkqubo kwaye baqalise ukuhlawula imali ngokusebenzisa iFidoNet. Ukukrokra kwakunamandla ngakumbi malunga ne-International FidoNet Association (IFNA), umbutho ongenzi nzuzo uKaplan waseka ukuhlawula inxalenye yeendleko zokugcina inkqubo (ingakumbi iifowuni ezikude). Kwi-1989, ezi zikrokro zibonakala zibonakala xa iqela leenkokeli ze-IFNA lityhala nge-referendum ukwenza yonke i-sysop ye-FidoNet ibe yilungu le-IFNA, kunye nokwenza umbutho ube ngumbutho olawulayo wenethiwekhi kwaye unoxanduva kuyo yonke imithetho nemimiselo yayo. . Umbono awuphumelelanga kwaye i-IFNA yanyamalala. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukungabikho kwesakhiwo sokulawula okomfuziselo akuthethi ukuba akukho mandla okwenene kwinethiwekhi; abalawuli boluhlu lweendawo zokuhlala bazise eyabo imithetho engqongqo.
Isithunzi se-Intanethi
Ukusukela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1980 ukuya phambili, iFidoNet kunye ne-Usenet ngokuthe ngcembe zaqala ukusitha isithunzi se-Intanethi. Kwisiqingatha sesibini seshumi leminyaka ezayo babedliwe ngokupheleleyo yiyo.
I-Usenet yadityaniswa neewebhusayithi ze-Intanethi ngokudalwa kwe-NNTP-I-Network News Transfer Protocol-ekuqaleni kuka-1986. Yakhulelwa ngabafundi abambalwa beYunivesithi yaseCalifornia (enye isuka kwisebe laseSan Diego, enye isuka eBerkeley). I-NNTP ivumele iinginginya ze-TCP/IP kwi-Intanethi ukuba zenze iiseva zeendaba ezihambelana ne-Usenet. Kwiminyaka embalwa, uninzi lwetrafikhi ye-Usenet yayisele ihamba kwezi ndawo, kunokuba i-uucp ngaphezulu kwenethiwekhi yefowuni endala. Uthungelwano oluzimeleyo lwe-uucp lwabuna ngokuthe ngcembe, kwaye i-Usenet yaba sesinye isicelo esisebenza ngaphezulu kwe-TCP/IP. Ukuguquguquka okumangalisayo koyilo lwe-Intanethi olunamanqanaba amaninzi lwenza ukuba kube lula kuyo ukufunxa uthungelwano olulungiselelwe isicelo esinye.
Nangona ekuqaleni kwe-1990 kwakukho amasango amaninzi phakathi kweFidoNet kunye ne-Intanethi evumela ukuba uthungelwano lutshintshe imiyalezo, iFidoNet yayingeyona isicelo esisodwa, ngoko itrafikhi yayo ayizange ifudukele kwi-Intanethi ngendlela efanayo ne-Usenet. Endaweni yoko, xa abantu abangaphandle kwezemfundo beqala ukujonga ukufikelela kwi-Intanethi kwisiqingatha sokugqibela seminyaka yee-1990, ii-BBS zathi chu zafunxwa yi-Intanethi okanye zaba yimfuneko. Ii-BBS zoRhwebo ngokuthe ngcembe zawela kudidi lokuqala. Ezi mini-ikopi zeCompuServes zanikezela ukufikelela kwe-BBS kwintlawulo yenyanga kumawaka abasebenzisi, kwaye babeneemodem ezininzi zokuphatha iifowuni ezininzi ezingenayo ngaxeshanye. Ngokufika kwe-Intanethi yorhwebo, la mashishini aqhagamshele i-BBS yawo kweyona ndawo ikufutshane ye-Intanethi kwaye aqalisa ukunika ukufikelela kuyo kubathengi bawo njengenxalenye yobhaliso. Njengoko iisayithi ezininzi kunye neenkonzo zivela kwiWebhu eBanzi yeHlabathi eyandayo, bambalwa abasebenzisi ababhalisela iinkonzo ze-BBS ezithile, kwaye ke ezi BBBS zentengiso ngokuthe ngcembe zaba ngababoneleli benkonzo ye-Intanethi, ii-ISPs. Uninzi lwe-BBSes yabafundi abasafundayo baba ziidolophu zesiporho njengabasebenzisi abafuna ukufumana i-intanethi bafudukele kubaboneleli bendawo kunye nabamanyene nemibutho emikhulu efana neMelika kwi-Intanethi.
Konke oku kulungile kwaye kulungile, kodwa kwenzeka njani ukuba i-Intanethi ibe yeyongamileyo? Kwenzeka njani ukuba inkqubo yemfundo encinci eyaziwayo eyayisasazeke kwiiyunivesithi eziphakamileyo iminyaka, ngelixa iinkqubo ezifana neMinitel, iCompuServe, kunye ne-Usenet zakhanga izigidi zabasebenzisi, ngokukhawuleza zaqhuma phambili kwaye zasasazeka njengokhula, zidla yonke into eyafika phambi kwayo? Kwenzeka njani ukuba i-Intanethi ibe ngamandla aphelisa eli xesha lokuqhekeka?
Yintoni enye ekufuneka uyifunde kwaye uyibukele
- URonda Hauben noMichael Hauben, iNetizens: KwiMbali kunye neMpembelelo ye-Usenet kunye ne-Intanethi, (kwi-intanethi 1994, print 1997)
- Howard Rheingold, Uluntu olubonakalayo (1993)
- UPeter H. Salus, Ukuphosa umnatha (1995)
- UJason Scott, BBS: Uxwebhu (2005)
umthombo: www.habr.com