Amanye amanqaku kolu ngcelele:
- Imbali yodluliselo
- Imbali yeekhompyuter ze-elektroniki
- Imbali ye-transistor
- Imbali ye-Intanethi
Ngexesha lesiqingatha sokuqala seminyaka yee-1970, i-ecology yothungelwano lwekhompyuter yasuka kude nokhokho wayo wokuqala we-ARPANET kwaye yanda yaya kumacala ahlukeneyo. Abasebenzisi be-ARPANET bafumene isicelo esitsha, i-imeyile, eyaba ngumsebenzi omkhulu kwinethiwekhi. Oosomashishini bakhuphe iinguqulelo zabo ze-ARPANET ukuze bakhonze abasebenzisi bezorhwebo. Abaphandi behlabathi jikelele, ukusuka eHawaii ukuya eYurophu, baye baphuhlisa iintlobo ezintsha zothungelwano ukuhlangabezana neemfuno okanye iziphene ezichanekileyo ezingaqwalaselwanga yi-ARPANET.
Phantse wonke umntu obandakanyekayo kule nkqubo wemka kwinjongo yokuqala ye-ARPANET-ukubonelela ngamandla ekhompyuter ekwabelwana ngawo kunye nesoftware kuwo wonke amaziko ophando ahlukeneyo, ngalinye linezixhobo zalo ezizinikeleyo. Uthungelwano lwekhompyutha ngokuyintloko lwaba yindlela yokudibanisa abantu kunye okanye neenkqubo ezikude ezazisebenza njengomthombo okanye ukulahlwa kolwazi olufundeka ngabantu, umzekelo, ngoovimba bolwazi okanye abashicileli.
U-Licklider noRobert Taylor bakubona kwangaphambili oku kunokwenzeka, nangona le yayingeyiyo injongo ababezama ukuyiphumeza xa babesungula imifuniselo yokuqala yenethiwekhi. Inqaku labo le-1968 elithi "IKhompyutha njengeSixhobo soNxibelelwano" ayinalo amandla kunye nomgangatho ongapheliyo wesiganeko esingokwesiprofeto kwimbali yeekhompyutheni ezifunyenwe kumanqaku kaVannevar Bush ""okanye iTuring's" iComputing Machinery and Intelligence ". Noko ke, iqulethe isicatshulwa esingokwesiprofeto esiphathelele amalaphu onxibelelwano loluntu olulukwa ziinkqubo zekhompyutha. U-Licklider noTaylor bachaze ikamva elikufutshane apho:
Awuyi kuthumela iileta okanye iitelegram; uzakube uchonga abantu abafayile zabo kufuneka zidityaniswe nezakho, kwaye zeziphi iindawo zeefayile ekufuneka ziqhagamshelwe kuzo, kwaye mhlawumbi umisela into yongxamiseko. Awunakufane ufowune; uya kucela inethwekhi ukuba inxulumanise iikhonsoli zakho.
Inethiwekhi iya kubonelela ngeempawu kunye neenkonzo oya kuzirhumela kunye nezinye iinkonzo oya kuzisebenzisa njengoko zifuneka. Iqela lokuqala liya kubandakanya utyalo-mali kunye neengcebiso zerhafu, ukhetho lolwazi oluvela kwintsimi yakho yomsebenzi, izibhengezo zenkcubeko, imidlalo kunye neziganeko zokuzonwabisa ezihambelana nomdla wakho, njl.
(Nangona kunjalo, inqaku labo likwachaze indlela ukungabikho kwemisebenzi okuya kunyamalala ngayo emhlabeni, kuba ekugqibeleni bonke abantu baya kuba ngabacwangcisi benkqubo ababonelela ngezidingo zenethiwekhi kwaye baya kubandakanyeka kulungiso lweenkqubo ezisebenzisanayo.)
Inxalenye yokuqala kunye neyona nto ibalulekileyo yeli xesha elizayo eliqhutywa yikhompyutheni, i-imeyile, isasazeka njengentsholongwane kwi-ARPANET kwi-1970s, iqala ukuthatha ihlabathi.
Imeyli
Ukuqonda ukuba i-imeyile yavela njani kwi-ARPANET, kufuneka uqale uqonde utshintsho olukhulu olwathatha iisistim zekhompyuter kuyo yonke inethiwekhi ekuqaleni koo-1970. Xa i-ARPANET yaqala ukukhawulwa phakathi koo-1960, i-hardware kunye nesoftware yolawulo kwindawo nganye yayingenanto ifanayo. Amanqaku amaninzi agxininise kwiinkqubo ezikhethekileyo, enye, umzekelo, i-Multics kwi-MIT, i-TX-2 kwi-Lincoln Laboratory, i-ILLIAC IV, eyakhiwe kwiYunivesithi yase-Illinois.
Kodwa ngo-1973, imeko yeenkqubo zekhompyuter ezinxibeleleneyo yayifumene ukufana okukhulu, ngenxa yempumelelo yasendle yeDigital Equipment Corporation (DEC) kunye nokungena kwayo kwimakethi yekhompyuter yesayensi (yayiyingqondo kaKen Olsen kunye noHarlan Anderson, ngokusekwe kwiinkqubo zabo. amava nge TX-2 eLincoln Laboratory). I-DEC iphuhlise i-mainframe , ekhutshwe kwi-1968, inikeze ukwabelana kwexesha elithembekileyo kwimibutho emincinci ngokubonelela ngezixhobo ezininzi kunye neelwimi zeprogram eyakhelwe kuyo ukwenza kube lula ukwenza inkqubo ukuze ihambelane neemfuno ezithile. Yiloo nto kanye eyayifunwa ngamaziko enzululwazi kunye neelebhu zophando zelo xesha.
Jonga ukuba zininzi kangakanani iiPDPs!
I-BBN, eyayinoxanduva lokuxhasa i-ARPANET, yenza le kit ibe nomtsalane ngakumbi ngokudala inkqubo yokusebenza yeTenex, eyongeze imemori ebonakalayo ephejiweyo kwi-PDP-10. Oku kwalula kakhulu ulawulo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwenkqubo, kuba kwakungasekho mfuneko yokulungelelanisa iseti yeenkqubo ezisebenzayo kwisixa esikhoyo sememori. I-BNN ithumele i-Tenex simahla kwezinye iindawo ze-ARPA, kwaye kungekudala yaba yeyona OS ibalaseleyo kwinethiwekhi.
Kodwa konke oku kunento yokwenza ne-imeyile? Abasebenzisi beenkqubo zokwabelana ngexesha bebesele beqhelene nokuthumela imiyalezo nge-elektroniki, kuba uninzi lwezi nkqubo bezibonelela ngeebhokisi zeposi zohlobo oluthile ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1960. Banikezela ngohlobo lweposi yangaphakathi, kwaye iileta zinokutshintshwa kuphela phakathi kwabasebenzisi benkqubo efanayo. Umntu wokuqala ukuthatha ithuba lokuba nenethiwekhi yokudlulisa iposi ukusuka komnye umatshini ukuya komnye yayinguRay Tomlinson, injineli e-BBN kunye nomnye wababhali beTenex. Wayesele ebhale inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-SNDMSG ukuthumela i-imeyile komnye umsebenzisi kwinkqubo efanayo yeTenex, kunye neprogram ebizwa ngokuba yi-CPYNET ukuthumela iifayile kwinethiwekhi. Ekuphela kwento ekwakufuneka ayenze kukusebenzisa intelekelelo yakhe kancinci, kwaye wayenokubona indlela yokudibanisa ezi nkqubo zimbini ukwenza i-imeyile yenethiwekhi. Kwiinkqubo zangaphambili, kuphela igama lomsebenzisi elifunekayo ukuchonga umamkeli, ngoko ke uTomlinson weza nombono wokudibanisa igama lomsebenzisi lendawo kunye negama lomninimzi (lendawo okanye elikude), elidibanisa nophawu @, kunye nokufumana i idilesi ye-imeyile eyodwa iyonke inethwekhi (ngaphambili i- @ isimboli yayingafane isetyenziswe, ikakhulu kwizalathisi zexabiso: 4 iikeyiki @ $2 nganye).
URay Tomlinson kwiminyaka yakhe yamva, kunye notyikityo lwakhe @ uphawu ngasemva
U-Tomlinson waqala ukuvavanya inkqubo yakhe entsha yendawo kwi-1971, kwaye kwi-1972 inguqulo yakhe yenethiwekhi ye-SNDMSG ifakwe kwi-Tenex entsha yokukhululwa, ivumela i-imeyile ye-Tenex ukuba yandise ngaphaya kwendawo enye kwaye isasazeke kuyo yonke inethiwekhi. Ubuninzi koomatshini abasebenzisa i-Tenex banike inkqubo ye-Tomlinson ye-hybrid ukufikelela ngokukhawuleza kubasebenzisi abaninzi be-ARPANET, kwaye i-imeyile yaba yimpumelelo yangoko. Ngokukhawuleza, iinkokeli ze-ARPA zidibanise ukusetyenziswa kwe-imeyile kubomi bemihla ngemihla. USteven Lukasik, umlawuli we-ARPA, wayengummkeli wokuqala, njengoko kwakunjalo uLarry Roberts, owayeseyintloko yecandelo lesayensi yekhompyutha. Lo mkhwa ngokuqinisekileyo udlulele kwabangaphantsi kwabo, kwaye ngokukhawuleza i-imeyile yaba yenye yeenyaniso ezisisiseko zobomi be-ARPANET kunye nenkcubeko.
Inkqubo ye-imeyile kaTomlinson ivelise ukulinganisa okuninzi okwahlukeneyo kunye nophuhliso olutsha njengoko abasebenzisi babekhangela iindlela zokuphucula ukusebenza kwayo okusisiseko. Uninzi lwezinto ezintsha zangaphambili zijolise ekulungiseni iziphene zomfundi weleta. Njengoko i-imeyile yahamba ngaphaya kwemida yekhompyutheni enye, umthamo wee-imeyile ezifunyenwe ngabasebenzisi abasebenzayo zaqala ukukhula kunye nokukhula kwenethiwekhi, kwaye indlela yendabuko kwii-imeyile ezingenayo njengesicatshulwa esicacileyo yayingasasebenzi. U-Larry Roberts ngokwakhe, engakwazi ukujamelana ne-barrage yemiyalezo engenayo, wabhala inkqubo yakhe yokusebenza kunye ne-inbox ebizwa ngokuthi i-RD. Kodwa phakathi kwiminyaka yee-1970, inkqubo ye-MSG, ebhalwe nguJohn Vittal weYunivesithi yaseMazantsi eCalifornia, yayikhokela ngomda obanzi ekuthandeni. Sithatha ukukwazi ukugcwalisa ngokuzenzekelayo igama kunye neendawo zomamkeli womyalezo ophumayo ngokusekelwe kulowo ungenayo ngokucofa iqhosha. Nangona kunjalo, yayiyinkqubo ye-MSG ye-Vital eyaqala ukuzisa eli thuba elimangalisayo "lokuphendula" ileta ngo-1975; kwaye yabandakanywa kwiseti yeenkqubo zeTenex.
Iindidi zamalinge anjalo zifuna ukuqaliswa kwemigangatho. Kwaye le yayiyiyokuqala, kodwa yayingelilo ixesha lokugqibela apho uluntu lwekhompyuter olunenethiwekhi kwafuneka luphuhlise imigangatho ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Ngokungafaniyo neeprothokholi ezisisiseko ze-ARPANET, ngaphambi kokuba kuvele nayiphi na imigangatho ye-imeyile, bekukho iinguqulelo ezininzi endle. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, ingxabano kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwezopolitiko kwavela, kugxininise kumaxwebhu aphambili achaza umgangatho we-imeyile, i-RFC 680 kunye ne-720. Ngokukodwa, abasebenzisi beenkqubo zokusebenza ezingekho ze-Tenex bacatshukiswa kukuba iingcamango ezifunyenwe kwiziphakamiso ziboshwe kwiimpawu zeTenex. Ungquzulwano aluzange lube shushu kakhuluβbonke abasebenzisi be-ARPANET ngeminyaka yoo-1970 babeseyinxalenye yoluntu olufanayo lwenzululwazi, kwaye ukungavisisani kwakungekuko kangako. Nangona kunjalo, lo yayingumzekelo weemfazwe ezizayo.
Impumelelo engalindelekanga ye-imeyile yayisesona siganeko sibalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni koluhlu lwesoftware yothungelwano ngeminyaka yee-1970 - ucweyo olucatshulwe kakhulu kwiinkcukacha zomzimba womnatha. Kwangaxeshanye, abanye abantu bagqiba ekubeni bachaze kwakhona umaleko "wonxibelelwano" apho amasuntswana aphuma komnye umatshini ukuya komnye.
I-ALOHA
Kwi-1968, uNorma Abramson wafika kwiYunivesithi yaseHawaii esuka eCalifornia ukuba athathe indawo edibeneyo njengoprofesa wobunjineli bombane kunye nesayensi yekhompyutha. Iyunivesithi yayo yayinekhampasi ephambili e-Oahu kunye nekhampasi yesathelayithi e-Hilo, kunye neekholeji ezininzi zoluntu kunye namaziko ophando asasazeke kuzo zonke iziqithi zase-Oahu, eKauai, eMaui naseHawaii. Phakathi kwazo kwakukho amakhulu eekhilomitha zamanzi kunye nomhlaba weentaba. Ikhampasi ephambili yayine-IBM 360/65 enamandla, kodwa uku-odola umgca oqeshiweyo osuka kwi-AT&T ukuze uqhagamshelane ne-terminal ebekwe kwenye yeekholeji zoluntu kwakungekho lula njengakwilizwe.
U-Abramson wayeyingcali kwiinkqubo ze-radar kunye nethiyori yolwazi, kwaye ngexesha elinye wasebenza njengenjineli ye-Hughes Aircraft eLos Angeles. Kwaye indawo yakhe entsha, kunye nazo zonke iingxaki zayo zomzimba ezinxulumene nokuhanjiswa kwedatha, waphefumlela uAbramson ukuba eze nombono omtsha - kuthekani ukuba unomathotholo uyindlela engcono yokudibanisa iikhompyuter kunenkqubo yefowuni, emva kwayo yonke loo nto, yenzelwe ukuthwala. ilizwi kunokuba data?
Ukuvavanya ingcamango yakhe kunye nokudala inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-ALOHAnet, u-Abramson wafumana inkxaso-mali evela kuBob Taylor we-ARPA. Kwimo yayo yasekuqaleni, yayingeyonethiwekhi yekhompyuter kwaphela, kodwa yayiyindlela yokunxibelelana neetheminali ezikude ezinenkqubo yokwabelana ngexesha elinye eyenzelwe ikhompyuter ye-IBM ebekwe kwikhampasi yase-Oahu. Njenge-ARPANET, yayine-minicomputer ezinikeleyo ukucubungula iipakethi ezifunyenweyo kwaye zithunyelwe ngumatshini we-360/65 - i-Menehune, i-Hawaiian elingana ne-IMP. Nangona kunjalo, i-ALOHAnet ayizange yenze ubomi bube nzima njenge-ARPANET ngokuhambisa iipakethi phakathi kwamanqaku ahlukeneyo. Endaweni yoko, i-terminal nganye ebifuna ukuthumela umyalezo iwuthumele nje emoyeni kwi-frequency ezinikeleyo.
Isetyenziswe ngokupheleleyo i-ALOHAnet ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1970, kunye neekhomputha ezininzi kwinethiwekhi
Indlela yobunjineli bemveli yokusingatha i-bandwidth enjalo yothumelo yayiyinqumle ibe ngamacandelo kunye nesahlulo sexesha losasazo okanye i-frequencies, kunye nokwabela icandelo kwi-terminal nganye. Kodwa ukucubungula imiyalezo evela kumakhulu eetheminali usebenzisa le nkqubo, kuya kuba yimfuneko ukukhawulela ngamnye kubo kwiqhekeza elincinci le-bandwidth ekhoyo, nangona nje ezimbalwa zazo ezinokuthi zisebenze. Kodwa endaweni yoko, u-Abramson wagqiba ekubeni angathinteli iiterminals ekuthumeleni imiyalezo ngaxeshanye. Ukuba imiyalezo emibini okanye ngaphezulu iye yadlula enye kwenye, ikhompyutha esembindini ifumanise oku ngeekhowudi zokulungisa iimpazamo kwaye ayizamkeli ezi pakethe. Ekubeni bengafumananga isiqinisekiso sokuba iipakethi zifunyenwe, abathumeli bazama ukuzithumela kwakhona emva kokuba kudlule ixesha elithile. U-Abramson uqikelele ukuba iprothokholi elula yokusebenza inokuxhasa ukuya kuthi ga kumakhulu aliqela eetheminali zokusebenza ngaxeshanye, kwaye ngenxa yokugqithelana kwemiqondiso emininzi, i-15% ye-bandwidth iya kusetyenziswa. Nangona kunjalo, ngokwezibalo zakhe, kwavela ukuba ngokunyuka kwenethiwekhi, yonke inkqubo iya kuwela kwisiphithiphithi sengxolo.
Iofisi yekamva
Ingqikelelo ka-Abramson "yokusasaza kwepakethi" ayizange ivelise buzz kakhulu ekuqaleni. Kodwa ke wazalwa kwakhona - kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, kwaye sele esemhlabeni. Oku kwakungenxa ye-Xerox entsha ye-Palo Alto Research Centre (PARC), eyavulwa ngo-1970 kufuphi neYunivesithi yaseStanford, kwindawo eyayisandul 'ukubizwa ngokuba yi "Silicon Valley." Ezinye zeepatent zeXerox ze-xerography zaziza kuphelelwa lixesha, ngoko ke inkampani iye yabeka emngciphekweni wokubanjiswa yimpumelelo yayo ngokungazimiselanga okanye ukungakwazi ukuziqhelanisa nokunyuka kweesekethe zekhompyutha kunye nezihlanganisiweyo. UJack Goldman, intloko yesebe lophando lwe-Xerox, waqinisekisa abaphathi abakhulu ukuba i-laboratory entsha - eyahlukileyo kwimpembelelo yekomkhulu, kwimozulu epholileyo, kunye nemivuzo emihle - iya kutsala italente efunekayo ukugcina inkampani iphambili ekuphuhlisweni kolwazi lwezakhiwo. Ikamva.
I-PARC ngokuqinisekileyo iphumelele ekutsaleni italente yesayensi yekhompyutheni, kungekhona nje ngenxa yeemeko zokusebenza kunye nemivuzo yesisa, kodwa nangenxa yobukho bukaRobert Taylor, owasungula iprojekthi ye-ARPANET ngo-1966 njengentloko yeCandelo leTekhnoloji yoLwazi lwe-ARPA. , injineli eselula nenamabhongo eselula kunye nososayensi wekhompyuter waseBrooklyn, wayengomnye wabo baziswe ePARC ngonxibelelwano ne-ARPA. Wajoyina elebhu ngoJuni 1972 emva kokusebenza ixesha elithile njengomfundi ophumelele i-ARPA, equlunqa i-interface yokudibanisa i-MIT kwinethiwekhi. Emva kokuhlala e-PARC, wahlala "engumlamli" we-ARPANET - wahamba kwilizwe lonke, wanceda ukudibanisa amanqaku amatsha kuthungelwano, kwaye walungiselela umboniso we-ARPA kwiNkomfa yezoNxibelelwano yeKhompyutha ye-1972.
Phakathi kweeprojekthi ezijikeleza i-PARC xa i-Metcalfe yafika yayiyisicwangciso esicetywayo sikaTaylor sokudibanisa amashumi okanye amakhulu eekhompyuter ezincinci kuthungelwano. Unyaka emva konyaka, iindleko kunye nobukhulu beekhompyutha zawa, zithobela intando engenakulinganiswa . Kujongwe kwixesha elizayo, iinjineli zasePARC zibone kwangaphambili ukuba kwixesha elingekude kakhulu, wonke umsebenzi waseofisini uya kuba nekhompyutha yakhe. Njengenxalenye yale ngcamango, bayila baza bakha ikhompyuter ye-Alto, iikopi zayo zasasazwa kumphandi ngamnye kwilabhoratri. UTaylor, onkolelo yakhe yokuba luncedo kothungelwano lwekhompyutha iye yaqina ngakumbi kule minyaka mihlanu idlulileyo, naye wayefuna ukudibanisa zonke ezi khompyutha.
Alto. Ikhompyuter ngokwayo ilapha ngezantsi, kwikhabhinethi ubungakanani befriji encinci.
Ukufika kwi-PARC, uMetcalf wathatha umsebenzi wokudibanisa i-clone ye-PDP-10 yelebhu kwi-ARPANET, kwaye ngokukhawuleza wafumana igama elithi "umsebenzi womnatha." Ke xa uTaylor efuna inethiwekhi evela eAlto, abancedisi bakhe baphendukela eMetcalf. Njengeekhompyuter ezikwi-ARPANET, iikhompyuter ze-Alto ezikwi-PARC zazingenanto yokuthetha enye kwenye. Ngoko ke, isicelo esinomdla sothungelwano kwakhona saba ngumsebenzi wokunxibelelana phakathi kwabantu - kulo mzekelo, ngendlela yamagama aprintiweyo laser kunye nemifanekiso.
Umbono ongundoqo womshicileli welaser awuvelanga e-PARC, kodwa kuNxweme oluseMpuma, kwilabhoratri yokuqala yeXerox eWebster, eNew York. Ingcali yefiziksi yendawo uGary Starkweather ibonise ukuba i-laser beam ehambelanayo ingasetyenziselwa ukuvala umrhumo wombane wesigubhu se-xerographic, njengokukhanya okusasaziweyo okusetyenziselwa ukufotokopa ukuya kuthi ga apho. Umqadi, xa ulungelelaniswa ngokufanelekileyo, unokupeyinta umfanekiso weenkcukacha ezithintekayo kwigubu, elinokuthi lidluliselwe ephepheni (ekubeni kuphela iindawo ezingahlawulwanga zedramu ezithatha itoner). Umatshini onjalo olawulwa yikhompyutha unokukwazi ukuvelisa nayiphi na indibanisela yemifanekiso nemibhalo umntu anokucinga ngayo, kunokuvelisa nje amaxwebhu akhoyo, njengomatshini wokufotokopa. Nangona kunjalo, iingcamango zasendle zikaStarkweather azizange zixhaswe ngabalingane bakhe okanye abaphathi bakhe kwiWebster, ngoko watshintshela kwi-PARC ngo-1971, apho wadibana nabaphulaphuli abanomdla kakhulu. Isakhono somshicileli welaser ekukhupheni imifanekiso engafunekiyo inqaku ngenqaku lenze ukuba liqabane elilungileyo lendawo yokusebenzela yeAlto, kunye nemizobo epixelated monochrome. Kusetyenziswa umshicileli welaser, isiqingatha sesigidi seepikseli kwidispleyi yomsebenzisi zinokuprintwa ngokuthe ngqo ephepheni ngendlela ecace gca.
Bitmap kwiAlto. Akukho mntu wakha wayibona into enje kwimiboniso yekhompyuter ngaphambili.
Malunga nonyaka, i-Starkweather, ngoncedo lwezinye iinjineli ezininzi ezivela kwi-PARC, yaphelisa iingxaki eziphambili zobugcisa, kwaye yakha iprototype esebenzayo yomshicileli welaser kwi-chassis ye-workhorse Xerox 7000. Yavelisa amaphepha ngesantya esifanayo - iphepha elinye ngesekhondi - kunye nesisombululo samachaphaza angama-500 nge-intshi nganye. Ijenereyitha enobumba eyakhelwe kumshicileli umbhalo oshicilelweyo kwiifonti ezicwangcisiweyo. Imifanekiso engenasizathu (ngaphandle kwaleyo inokudalwa kumagama) ibingekaxhaswa, ngoko ke umsebenzi womnatha bekungafuneki usasaze amasuntswana ezigidi ezingama-25 ngomzuzwana kumshicileli. Nangona kunjalo, ukuze kuhlaliswe ngokupheleleyo umshicileli, bekuya kufuna i-bandwidth engakholelekiyo yenethiwekhi ngaloo maxesha- xa amasuntswana angama-50 ngesekhondi yayingumda wesakhono se-ARPANET.
Isizukulwana sesibini somshicileli welaser wePARC, iDover (1976)
Alto Aloha Network
Ngoko iMetcalf yazalisa njani loo msantsa wesantya? Ke sibuyele e-ALOHAnet-kwaye kwavela ukuba uMetcalf wayeqonda usasazo lwepakethi engcono kunaye nabani na. Kunyaka ongaphambili, ngexesha lasehlotyeni, ngelixa eWashington kunye noSteve Crocker kwishishini le-ARPA, uMetcalfe wayefunda inkqubo yenkomfa yekhompyutheni yokuwa ngokubanzi kwaye wafumana umsebenzi ka-Abramson kwi-ALOHAnet. Kwangoko waqonda ubukrelekrele bengcinga esisiseko, nokuba ukuphunyezwa kwayo kwakungekho ngokwaneleyo. Ngokwenza utshintsho oluthile kwi-algorithm kunye neengcinga zayo-umzekelo, ukwenza abathumeli baphulaphule kuqala ukuba balinde ukuba itshaneli ihlambuluke ngaphambi kokuzama ukuthumela imiyalezo, kunye nokwandisa ngokukhawuleza ixesha lokubuyisela kwakhona xa kwenzeka umjelo ovaliweyo-unokufikelela kwi-bandwidth. imivimbo yokusetyenziswa ngama-90%, kwaye hayi nge-15%, njengoko kubonisiwe ngokubala kuka-Abramson. UMetcalfe wathatha ikhefu elifutshane ukuya eHawaii, apho wafaka khona iingcamango zakhe malunga ne-ALOHAnet kwinguqu ehlaziyiweyo yethisisi yakhe yobugqirha emva kokuba iHarvard yala inguqulelo yokuqala ngenxa yokungabikho kwesiseko sethiyori.
UMetcalfe ekuqaleni wabiza isicwangciso sakhe sokwazisa ipakethe yosasazo kwi-PARC "inethiwekhi ye-ALTO ALOHA." Ke, kwimemo kaMeyi ka-1973, wayibiza ngokuba yi-Ether Net, isalathiso kwi-ether ekhanyayo, umbono wenkulungwane ye-XNUMX wento ephethe imitha ye-electromagnetic. "Oku kuya kukhuthaza ukusasazeka kwenethiwekhi," wabhala, "kwaye ngubani owaziyo ukuba zeziphi ezinye iindlela zokuhambisa umqondiso ziya kuba ngcono kunentambo yosasazo lwenethiwekhi; mhlawumbi iya kuba ngamaza kanomathotholo, okanye iingcingo zemfonomfono, okanye amandla, okanye iintambo zikamabonwakude eziphindaphindwayo, okanye iimicrowaves, okanye indibaniselwano yazo.β
Isiketshi esivela kwimemo ka-Metcalf ka-1973
Ukuqala ngoJuni 1973, uMetcalf wasebenza kunye nenye injineli yePARC, uDavid Boggs, ukuguqulela ingcamango yakhe yethiyori yenethiwekhi entsha enesantya esiphezulu kwisistim yokusebenza. Endaweni yokuhambisa imiqondiso emoyeni efana ne-ALOHA, yanciphisa i-radio spectrum kwintambo ye-coaxial, eyandisa ngokumangalisayo umthamo xa kuthelekiswa ne-Menehune's limited radio frequency bandwidth. Uthungelwano oluphakathi ngokwalo lwaluyi-passive ngokupheleleyo, kwaye alufuni naziphi na iirotha zokuhambisa imiyalezo. Yayingabizi kakhulu, inokudibanisa ngokulula amakhulukhulu eendawo zokusebenzela-iinjineli zePARC zasebenzisa intambo ye-coaxial kwisakhiwo kwaye zongeza uqhagamshelo njengoko kufuneka-kwaye yayikwazi ukuthwala izigidi ezithathu zeebhithi ngomzuzwana.
URobert Metcalfe noDavid Boggs, 1980s, iminyaka embalwa emva kokuba uMetcalfe waseka i-3Com ukuthengisa iteknoloji ye-Ethernet
Ekwindla ka-1974, iprototype epheleleyo yeofisi yexesha elizayo yayiphezulu kwaye isebenza ePalo Alto - ibhetshi yokuqala yeekhompyuter ze-Alto, kunye neenkqubo zokuzoba, ii-imeyile kunye nabaqhubekekisi bamagama, umshicileli ovela kwi-Starkweather kunye nenethiwekhi ye-Ethernet kwinethiwekhi. yonke into. Umncedisi wefayile esembindini, ogcine idatha engayi kungena kwi-Alto drive yendawo, yayikuphela komthombo okwabelwana ngawo. I-PARC ekuqaleni yanikela umlawuli we-Ethernet njengento yokuzikhethela kwi-Alto, kodwa xa inkqubo yasungulwa kwacaca ukuba yayiyinxalenye eyimfuneko; Kwakukho uthotho lwemiyalezo eyayisihla, uninzi lwayo luphuma kumshicileliβiingxelo zobugcisa, iimemo, okanye amaphepha enzululwazi.
Ngexesha elifanayo nophuhliso lwe-Alto, enye iprojekthi ye-PARC yazama ukutyhala imibono yokwabelana ngemithombo kwicala elitsha. Inkqubo ye-Ofisi ye-Ofisi ye-PARC (i-POLOS), iphuhliswe kwaye iphunyezwe nguBill IsiNgesi kunye nabanye abaphunyukileyo kwiprojekthi ye-Online System (NLS) kaDoug Engelbart eStanford Research Institute, iqulethwe uthungelwano lwe-Data General Nova microcomputers. Kodwa endaweni yokunikezela umatshini ngamnye kwiimfuno ezithile zomsebenzisi, i-POLOS idlulisele umsebenzi phakathi kwabo ukuze bakhonze umdla wenkqubo iyonke ngeyona ndlela isebenzayo. Omnye umatshini unokuvelisa imifanekiso yezikrini zomsebenzisi, omnye unokuqhuba i-ARPANET traffic, kwaye owesithathu unokuphatha abaguquleli bamagama. Kodwa iindleko ezintsonkothileyo kunye nolungelelwaniso zale ndlela zabonakala zigqithise, kwaye inkqubo yawa phantsi kobunzima bayo.
Ngeli xesha, akukho nto ibonise ukwala kukaTaylor ngokweemvakalelo kwindlela yokwabelana ngemithombo yobutyebi engcono kunokwamkela kwakhe iprojekthi yeAlto. U-Alan Kay, uButler Lampson, kunye nabanye ababhali be-Alto bazisa onke amandla ekhompyuter umsebenzisi anokuwafuna kwikhompyuter yakhe ezimeleyo kwidesika yakhe, ekunganyanzelekanga ukuba abelane ngayo nabani na. Umsebenzi wothungelwano yayingekokubonelela ngofikelelo kwiseti engafaniyo yemithombo yekhompyuter, kodwa ukuhambisa imiyalezo phakathi kwezi ziqithi ezizimeleyo, okanye ukuzigcina kunxweme oluthile olukude-ukuprintwa okanye ukugcinwa kwexesha elide.
Nangona zombini i-imeyile kunye ne-ALOHA zaphuhliswa phantsi kwe-ARPA, ukufika kwe-Ethernet yenye yemiqondiso emininzi kwiminyaka yee-1970 ukuba uthungelwano lwekhompyutha luye lwaba lukhulu kakhulu kwaye lwahluka ukuba inkampani enye ilawule intsimi, umkhwa esiya kuwulandela. kwinqaku elilandelayo.
Yintoni enye ekufuneka uyifunde
- UMichael Hiltzik, abaThengisi boMbane (1999)
- UJames Pelty, Imbali yoNxibelelwano lweKhompyutha, i-1968-1988 (2007) [http://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/]
- M. Mitchell Waldrop, uMtshini wePhupha (2001)
umthombo: www.habr.com