Amanye amanqaku kolu ngcelele:
- Imbali yodluliselo
- Imbali yeekhompyuter ze-elektroniki
- Imbali ye-transistor
- Imbali ye-Intanethi
- Ixesha lokuqhekeka
Kwiphepha le-1968 elithi "Ikhompyutheni njengeSixhobo soNxibelelwano," ebhalwe ngexesha lokuphuhliswa kwe-ARPANET, и yatsho ukuba ukudityaniswa kweekhompyutha akuyi kuphelela ekudalweni kothungelwano olwahlukileyo. Baqikelela ukuba uthungelwano olunjalo luya kudibana lube “luthungelwano olungaqhubekiyo lothungelwano” oluya kudibanisa “iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenzwa kolwazi kunye nezixhobo zokugcina” zibe zizonke ezidityanisiweyo. Kwisithuba esingaphantsi kweminyaka elishumi, ezo ngqwalasela zethiyori ekuqaleni ziye zatsala umdla osebenzayo okhawulezileyo. Phakathi kwiminyaka yee-1970, uthungelwano lwekhompyutha lwaqalisa ukusasazeka ngokukhawuleza.
Ukwanda kothungelwano
Bangene kwimidiya eyahlukeneyo, kumaziko kunye neendawo. I-ALOHAnet yayiyenye yothungelwano olutsha lwezemfundo ukufumana inkxaso-mali ye-ARPA ekuqaleni koo-1970. Abanye baquka i-PRNET, edibanisa iilori kunye nerediyo yepakethe, kunye nesathelayithi yeSATNET. Amanye amazwe aphuhlise uthungelwano lwawo lophando ngendlela efanayo, ngakumbi iBritane neFrance. Uthungelwano lwengingqi, ngenxa yesikali sazo esincinci kunye neendleko eziphantsi, ziphindaphindeke ngokukhawuleza. Ukongeza kwi-Ethernet esuka kwi-Xerox PARC, umntu unokufumana i-Octopus kwiLabhoratri ye-Lawrence Radiation Laboratory eBerkeley, eCalifornia; Ring kwiYunivesithi yaseCambridge; UMarko II kwi-British National Physical Laboratory.
Kwangelo xesha linye, amashishini ezorhwebo aqala ukunika ufikelelo oluhlawulelwayo kwiinethiwekhi zeepakethi zabucala. Oku kwavula imakethi entsha yesizwe yeenkonzo zekhompuyutha kwi-intanethi. Ngeminyaka yee-1960, iinkampani ezahlukahlukeneyo zaqalisa amashishini anikezela ukufikelela kwiinkcukacha ezikhethekileyo (ezomthetho kunye nezemali), okanye iikhomputha zokwabelana ngexesha, kuye nabani na ophethe i-terminal. Nangona kunjalo, ukufikelela kuzo kwilizwe liphela ngothungelwano lwemfonomfono oluqhelekileyo kwakubiza kakhulu, nto leyo eyayisenza kube nzima kolu thungelwano ukwandisa ngaphaya kweemarike zasekhaya. Iifemu ezimbalwa ezinkulu (umzekelo, iTymshare) zakha uthungelwano lwazo lwangaphakathi, kodwa uthungelwano lweepakethi zorhwebo luzise iindleko zokuzisebenzisa ukuya kumanqanaba afanelekileyo.
Inethiwekhi yokuqala enjalo ibonakala ngenxa yokuhamba kweengcali ze-ARPANET. Kwi-1972, abasebenzi abaninzi bashiya iBolt, iBeranek kunye neNewman (BBN), eyayijongene nokudala nokusebenza kwe-ARPANET, ukwenza iPacket Communications, Inc. Nangona inkampani iye yasilela ekugqibeleni, ukothuka ngequbuliso kwasebenza njengesixhobo sokuba i-BBN yenze eyayo inethiwekhi yabucala, iTelenet. Ngomyili we-ARPANET uLarry Roberts kwi-helm, iTelenet yasebenza ngempumelelo iminyaka emihlanu ngaphambi kokuba ifunyenwe yi-GTE.
Xa kujongwe ukuvela kothungelwano olwahlukeneyo olulolu hlobo, ngaba uLicklider noTaylor banokukubona njani kwangaphambili ukuvela kwenkqubo enye emanyeneyo? Nokuba kwakunokwenzeka ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga umbutho ukudibanisa nje zonke ezi nkqubo kwi-ARPANET - okwakungenakwenzeka - ukungahambelani kweeprotocol zabo kwenza oku akunakwenzeka. Kwaye nangona kunjalo, ekugqibeleni, zonke ezi intanethi zahlukeneyo (kunye nenzala yazo) ziye zaxhuma enye kwenye ibe yinkqubo yonxibelelwano yendalo yonke eyaziwa njenge-Intanethi. Yonke le nto ayiqalanga nangasiphi na isibonelelo okanye isicwangciso sehlabathi, kodwa ngeprojekthi yophando eshiyiweyo apho umphathi ophakathi ovela kwi-ARPA wayesebenza kuyo. .
Ingxaki kaBob Kahn
U-Kahn wagqiba i-PhD yakhe kwi-electronic signal processing e-Princeton ngo-1964 ngelixa edlala igalufa kwiikhosi ezikufutshane nesikolo sakhe. Emva kokusebenza ngokufutshane njengonjingalwazi eMIT, wathatha umsebenzi e-BBN, ekuqaleni enomnqweno wokuthatha ixesha lokuzintywilisela kwishishini ukuze afunde indlela abantu abasebenzayo abagqiba ngayo ukuba zeziphi iingxaki ezifanelekileyo ukuphanda. Ngethamsanqa, umsebenzi wakhe e-BBN wawunxulumene nophando malunga nokuziphatha okunokwenzeka kothungelwano lwekhompyuter - kungekudala emva koko i-BBN yafumana umyalelo we-ARPANET. U-Kahn utsalelwe kule projekthi kwaye wanikezela uninzi lophuhliso malunga noyilo lwenethiwekhi.
Ifoto ka-Kahn evela kwiphephandaba lika-1974
"Iholide yakhe encinci" yajika yaba ngumsebenzi weminyaka emithandathu apho uKahn wayeyingcali yonxibelelwano kwi-BBN ngelixa ezisa i-ARPANET ngokupheleleyo. Ngo-1972, wayediniwe ngesihloko, kwaye okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ediniwe ukujongana nezopolitiko rhoqo kunye nokulwa neentloko zecandelo le-BBN. Ngoko wamkela isipho esivela kuLarry Roberts (ngaphambi kokuba uRoberts ngokwakhe ashiye ukwenza i-Telenet) waza waba ngumphathi weprogram kwi-ARPA ukukhokela uphuhliso lweteknoloji yokuvelisa ngokuzenzekelayo, kunye namandla okulawula izigidi zeedola kutyalo-mali. Wawuyeka umsebenzi kwi-ARPANET kwaye wagqiba ekubeni aqale ukusuka kwindawo entsha.
Kodwa kwiinyanga nje ezimbalwa efikile eWashington, D.C., iCongress yabulala iprojekthi yokuvelisa ngokuzenzekelayo. UKahn wayefuna ukupakisha ngokukhawuleza abuyele eCambridge, kodwa uRoberts wamqinisekisa ukuba ahlale kwaye ancede ukuphuhlisa iiprojekthi zothungelwano ezintsha ze-ARPA. U-Kahn, engakwazi ukubaleka amakhamandela olwazi lwakhe, wazifumana elawula i-PRNET, ipakethe yenethiwekhi yerediyo eya kubonelela ngemisebenzi yasemkhosini ngeenzuzo zothungelwano olutshintshiweyo lwepakethi.
Iprojekthi ye-PRNET, eqaliswe phantsi kwe-Stanford Research Institute (SRI), yayijoliswe ukwandisa i-ALOHANET isiseko sothutho lwepakethe engundoqo ukuxhasa abaphindayo kunye nokusebenza kwezikhululo ezininzi, kubandakanywa ii-vans ezihambayo. Nangona kunjalo, ngokukhawuleza kwacaca kuKahn ukuba inethiwekhi enjalo ayiyi kuba luncedo, kuba yayiyinethiwekhi yekhompyutheni apho kwakungekho khompyutha. Xa yaqala ukusebenza ngo-1975, yayinekhompyuter enye ye-SRI kunye nabaphindayo abane ababebekwe ecaleni kweSan Francisco Bay. Izikhululo zentsimi eziphathwayo azikwazanga ukuphatha ngokufanelekileyo ubungakanani kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla eekhompyuter ze-1970s mainframe. Zonke izibonelelo zekhompuyutha ezibalulekileyo zihlala ngaphakathi kwe-ARPANET, esebenzisa isethi ehluke ngokupheleleyo yemigaqo kwaye ayikwazanga ukutolika umyalezo ofunyenwe kwi-PRNET. Wayezibuza ukuba kuya kwenzeka njani ukudibanisa le nethiwekhi ye-embryonic kunye nomzala wayo oqolileyo ngakumbi?
U-Kahn waphendukela kumntu omdala amaziyo ukususela kwiintsuku zokuqala ze-ARPANET ukuze amncede ngempendulo. waba nomdla kwiikhomputha njengomfundi wezibalo eStanford waza wagqiba ekubeni abuyele kwisikolo esiphumeleleyo kwisayensi yekhompyutha kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, eLos Angeles (UCLA), emva kokusebenza iminyaka emininzi kwiofisi ye-IBM. Wafika ngo-1967 kwaye, kunye nomhlobo wakhe wesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo uSteve Crocker, wajoyina i-Len Kleinrock's Network Measurement Centre, eyayiyinxalenye yecandelo le-ARPANET e-UCLA. Apho, yena kunye noCrocker baba ziingcali kuyilo lweprotocol, kunye namalungu aphambili eqela elisebenzayo lothungelwano, elaphuhlisa zombini iNkqubo yoLawulo lweNethiwekhi esisiseko (NCP) yokuthumela imiyalezo nge-ARPANET kunye nokuhanjiswa kwefayile kwinqanaba eliphezulu kunye neeprotocol zokungena ezikude.
Ifoto yeCerf evela kwiphephandaba lika-1974
I-Cerf yadibana noKahn ekuqaleni kwe-1970 xa lo mva wafika e-UCLA esuka e-BBN ukuvavanya inethiwekhi phantsi komthwalo. Udale ukuxinana kwenethiwekhi usebenzisa isoftware eyenziwe yiCerf, eyenza i-traffic traffic. Njengoko uKahn wayelindele, inethiwekhi ayikwazanga ukujamelana nomthwalo, kwaye wacebisa utshintsho lokuphucula ulawulo lokuxinana. Kwiminyaka eyalandelayo, iCerf yaqhubeka into ekhangeleka ngathi ngumsebenzi othembisayo wokufunda. Ngexesha elifanayo uKahn wayishiya i-BBN esiya eWashington, uCerf waya kwelinye unxweme ukuze athathe isikhundla sikanjingalwazi eStanford.
U-Kahn wayesazi okuninzi malunga neenethiwekhi zekhompyuter, kodwa wayengenawo amava kuyilo lweprotocol-imvelaphi yakhe yayikwinkqubo yomqondiso, hayi isayensi yekhompyuter. Wayesazi ukuba i-Cerf iya kuba yinto efanelekileyo yokuncedisa izakhono zakhe kwaye iya kuba yinto ebalulekileyo kuyo nayiphi na inzame yokudibanisa i-ARPANET kwi-PRNET. U-Kahn uqhagamshelane naye malunga nokusebenza kwe-intanethi, kwaye badibana izihlandlo ezininzi ngo-1973 ngaphambi kokuba baye kwihotele ePalo Alto ukuze bavelise umsebenzi wabo wesibini, "iProtocol ye-Internetwork Packet Communications," epapashwe ngoMeyi 1974 kwi-IEEE Transactions kuNxibelelwano. Apho, iprojekthi yanikezelwa kwiNkqubo yoLawulo loThutho (TCP) (kungekudala ibe "yiprotocol")-ilitye lembombo le-software ye-Intanethi yanamhlanje.
Impembelelo yangaphandle
Akukho mntu omnye okanye umzuzu osondele ngakumbi ekuyilweni kwe-Intanethi kuneCerf kunye noKahn kunye nomsebenzi wabo we-1974. Nangona kunjalo ukudalwa kwe-Intanethi yayingesosiganeko esenzeka kwindawo ethile ngexesha - yayiyinkqubo eyenzeka kwiminyaka emininzi yophuhliso. Iprothokholi yokuqala echazwe nguCerf kunye noKahn ngo-1974 iye yahlaziywa kwaye yalungiswa izihlandlo ezininzi kwiminyaka elandelayo. Uxhulumaniso lokuqala phakathi kwamanethiwekhi lwavavanywa kuphela kwi-1977; iprotocol yahlulahlulwe yaba ngamacandelo amabini - i-TCP yonke indawo kunye ne-IP namhlanje - kuphela ngo-1978; I-ARPANET yaqala ukuyisebenzisa ngeenjongo zayo kuphela kwi-1982 (olu luhlu lwexesha lokuvela kwe-Intanethi lunokwandiswa ukuya kwi-1995, xa urhulumente wase-US esusa i-firewall phakathi kwe-Intanethi yezemfundo exhaswa ngurhulumente kunye ne-Intanethi yorhwebo). Uluhlu lwabathabathi-nxaxheba kule nkqubo yokuveliswa kwandiswa kakhulu ngaphaya kwala magama mabini. Kwiminyaka yokuqala, umbutho obizwa ngokuba yi-International Network Working Group (INWG) wasebenza njengowona mbutho uphambili wentsebenziswano.
I-ARPANET yangena kwihlabathi elibanzi lobuchwephesha ngo-Oktobha 1972 kwinkomfa yokuqala yamazwe ngamazwe kunxibelelwano lwekhompyutha, ebanjwe eWashington Hilton kunye neenguqu zayo zanamhlanje. Ukongeza kubantu baseMelika abanjengoCerf kunye noKahn, yayizinyaswe ziingcali ezininzi zenethiwekhi ezibalaseleyo ezivela eYurophu, ngakumbi. evela eFransi noDonald Davies waseBritani. Ngokukhuthazwa nguLarry Roberts, bagqiba ekubeni benze iqela elisebenzayo lamazwe ngamazwe ukuba baxoxe ngeenkqubo zokutshintsha iipakethi kunye neeprotocol, ezifana neqela elisebenzayo lenethiwekhi elaseka iiprotocol ze-ARPANET. UCerf, owayesandul’ ukuba ngunjingalwazi eStanford, wavuma ukuba ngusihlalo. Esinye sezihloko zabo zokuqala yayiyingxaki yokusebenza kwe-intanethi.
Phakathi kwabancedisi ababalulekileyo bokuqala kule ngxoxo nguRobert Metcalfe, esasiye sadibana naye njengomakhi we-Ethernet kwi-Xerox PARC. Nangona uMetcalfe wayengakwazi ukuxelela oogxa bakhe, ngexesha umsebenzi kaCerf noKahn wapapashwa, kudala ephuhlisa eyakhe iprotocol ye-Intanethi, PARC Universal Packet, okanye iPUP.
Isidingo se-Intanethi eXerox sinyuke ngokukhawuleza nje ukuba inethiwekhi ye-Ethernet e-Alto iphumelele. I-PARC yayinomnye uthungelwano lwasekhaya lweDatha Jikelele yeNova minicomputers, kwaye ke, kwakukho ne-ARPANET. Iinkokeli ze-PARC zajonga kwikamva kwaye zaqonda ukuba isiseko ngasinye se-Xerox siya kuba ne-Ethernet yayo, kwaye ngandlela ithile kuya kufuneka idityaniswe enye kwenye (mhlawumbi nge-Xerox ye-ARPANET yangaphakathi elinganayo). Ukuze ukwazi ukuzenza njengomyalezo oqhelekileyo, ipakethe ye-PUP igcinwe ngaphakathi kwezinye iipakethi zeyiphi na inethiwekhi ehamba ngayo-yithi, i-PARC Ethernet. Xa ipakethi ifikelele kwikhompyutheni yesango phakathi kwe-Ethernet kunye nenye inethiwekhi (efana ne-ARPANET), loo khompyutha yayiza kuvula ipakethi ye-PUP, ifunde idilesi yayo, kwaye iphinde ifake kwipakethi ye-ARPANET kunye neentloko ezifanelekileyo, ukuyithumela kwidilesi. .
Nangona uMetcalf wayengakwazi ukuthetha ngokuthe ngqo kwinto ayenzileyo e-Xerox, amava awafumeneyo angena kwiingxoxo kwi-INWG. Ubungqina bempembelelo yakhe bubonakala kwinto yokuba kumsebenzi we-1974, uCerf noKahn bavuma igalelo lakhe, kwaye kamva uMetcalfe uthatha icala elithile ukuba angagxininisi ekubhaleni ngokubambisana. I-PUP inokuba nefuthe kuyilo lwe-Intanethi yanamhlanje kwakhona kwi-1970s xa ityhalelwe kwisigqibo sokwahlula iprotocol ibe yi-TCP kunye ne-IP, ukuze ingaqhubeki inkqubo yeTCP entsonkothileyo kumasango phakathi kothungelwano. IP (iProtokholi ye-Intanethi) yayiluguqulelo olulula lweprotocol yedilesi, ngaphandle kwayo nayiphi na ingqikelelo entsonkothileyo ye-TCP yokuqinisekisa ukuba yonke into inikezelwe. I-Xerox Network Protocol - eyayibizwa ngokuba yi-Xerox Network Systems (XNS) - yayisele ifikelele ekuhlukaneni okufanayo.
Omnye umthombo wempembelelo kwiiprothokholi ze-Intanethi zakudala zavela eYurophu, ngakumbi uthungelwano olwaphuhliswa ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1970 nguPlan Calcul, inkqubo eyasungulwa ngu. ukukhulisa ishishini lekhompyuter laseFransi. U-De Gaulle wayenexhala elide malunga nokukhula kwezopolitiko, urhwebo, ulawulo lwezemali kunye nenkcubeko yase-United States eNtshona Yurophu. Wagqiba ekubeni enze iFransi inkokeli yehlabathi ezimeleyo kwakhona, kunokuba i-pawn kwi-Cold War phakathi kwe-US kunye ne-USSR. Ngokunxulumene neshishini lekhompyuter, izisongelo ezibini ezinamandla kakhulu kule nkululeko zavela kwi-1960s. Okokuqala, iUnited States ayizange ivume ukukhupha iilayisensi zokuthunyelwa kwezona khompyutha zayo zinamandla, iFransi eyayifuna ukuzisebenzisa ekuphuhliseni iibhombu zeathom zayo. Okwesibini, inkampani yaseMelika iGeneral Electric yaba ngumnini oyintloko wokuphela komvelisi wekhompyuter ongumFrentshi, iCompagnie des Machines Bull - kwaye kamsinya emva koko yavala imigca yemveliso ephambili yeBull (inkampani yasekwa ngo-1919 yiNorwegian egama linguBull, ukuvelisa oomatshini abathi wasebenza amakhadi ngenqindi - ngqo njenge IBM Yafudukela eFransi ngeminyaka yoo-1930, emva kokufa komseki). Yiyo ke loo nto yazalwa iCalcul Calcul, eyilelwe ukuqinisekisa amandla eFransi ukubonelela ngamandla ayo ekhompyuter.
Ukongamela ukuphunyezwa kwePlan Calcul, u-de Gaulle wenza i-délégation à l'informatique (into efana "negqiza lezolwazi"), enika ingxelo ngokuthe ngqo kwinkulumbuso yakhe. Ekuqaleni kuka-1971, eli gqiza labeka injineli uLouis Pouzin ukuba alawule ukuyila inguqulelo yesiFrentshi ye-ARPANET. Igqiza lalikholelwa ukuba uthungelwano lweepakethi luza kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi-computing kwiminyaka ezayo, kwaye ubuchwephesha bobugcisa kule ndawo buya kuba yimfuneko ukuze iPlan Calcul ibe yimpumelelo.
Pouzin kwinkomfa ngowe-1976
UPouzin, ophumelele kwi-École Polytechnique yaseParis, kwisikolo sobunjineli esiyinkulumbuso yaseFransi, wasebenza njengomfana kumenzi wezixhobo zemfonomfono waseFransi ngaphambi kokuba afudukele eBull. Apho weyisela abaqeshi ukuba kufuneka bazi ngakumbi ngenkqubela phambili yase-US. Ke njengomsebenzi weBull, wanceda ekudaleni iNkqubo yokuSabelana ngeXesha eDityanisiweyo (CTSS) eMIT iminyaka emibini enesiqingatha, ukusuka ngo-1963 ukuya ku-1965. La mava amenza ingcaphephe ekhokelayo kwikhompyuter yokwabelana ngexesha kulo lonke elaseFransi- kwaye mhlawumbi nakuyo yonke iYurophu.
Cyclades Network Architecture
UPouzin wathiya inethiwekhi awayecelwe ukuba enze iiCyclades, emva kweqela leCyclades leziqithi zaseGrisi kuLwandle lweAegean. Njengoko igama libonisa, ikhompyuter nganye kule nethiwekhi yayiyisiqithi sayo. Igalelo eliphambili leCyclades kwitekhnoloji yothungelwano yayiyingcamango -olona guqulelo lulula lonxibelelwano lwepakethe. Lo mbono ubuqulathe iinxalenye ezimbini ezihambelanayo:
- Iidatagrams zizimele: Ngokungafaniyo nedatha kwifowuni okanye umyalezo we-ARPANET, idathagram nganye inokucutshungulwa ngokuzimeleyo. Ayixhomekeke kwimiyalezo yangaphambili, okanye kwi-odolo yayo, okanye kwiprothokholi yokuseka uqhagamshelwano (njengokufowunela inombolo yefowuni).
- I-Datagrams idluliswa ukusuka kwinginginya ukuya kumamkeli - lonke uxanduva lokuthumela umyalezo ngokuthembekileyo kwidilesi ilele kumthumeli kunye nomamkeli, kwaye hayi ngenethiwekhi, kulo mzekelo "umbhobho".
Ingqikelelo yedathagram yabonakala ngathi luqhekeko koogxa bakaPouzin kumbutho weFrench Post, Telephone and Telegraph (PTT), eyathi ngeminyaka yoo-1970 yayisakha inethiwekhi yayo esekwe kunxibelelwano olufana nomnxeba kunye neterminal-to-computer (kunokuba ikhompyuter-to- computer) imidibaniso. Oku kwenzeke phantsi kweliso lomnye owaphumelela e-Ecole Polytechnique, uRemi Despres. Umbono wokuyeka ukuthembeka kothumelo ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi wawucekisa i-PTT, kuba amashumi eminyaka amava ayinyanzele ukuba yenze umnxeba kunye ne-telegraph zithembeke kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Kwangaxeshanye, ngokwembono yezoqoqosho nezopolitiko, ukudlulisa ulawulo kuzo zonke izicelo kunye neenkonzo zokubamba iikhompyuter ezibekwe kumda womnatha wothungelwano wokuguqula i-PTT ibe yinto engaqhelekanga kwaye inokutshintshwa. Nangona kunjalo, akukho nto iqinisa uluvo kunokuchasa ngokuqinileyo, ngoko ke ingcamango ukusuka kwi-PTT kuphela yanceda ukukholisa uPouzin ngokuchaneka kwedathagram yakhe - indlela yokwenza iiprothokholi ezisebenza ukunxibelelana ukusuka kumamkeli omnye ukuya kwenye.
Pouzin kunye noogxa bakhe kwiprojekthi Cyclades inxaxheba ngenkuthalo INWG kunye neenkomfa ezahlukeneyo apho izimvo ngasemva TCP kwaxoxwa, kwaye akazange athandabuze ukuvakalisa izimvo zabo ngendlela womnatha okanye uthungelwano kufuneka isebenze. NjengoMelkaf, uPouzin kunye nogxa wakhe uHubert Zimmerman bakhankanywa kwiphepha le-TCP lika-1974, kwaye ubuncinci nomnye umntu osebenza naye, injineli uGérard le Land, naye wanceda uCerf ukupolisha imigaqo. UCerf wakhumbula kamva ukuba " Indlela yefestile ye-sliding ye-TCP ithathwe ngokuthe ngqo kwingxoxo yalo mbandela kunye noPouzin kunye nabantu bakhe ... Ndiyakhumbula uBob Metcalfe, uLe Lan kunye nam silele kwiphepha elikhulu le-Whatman kumgangatho wegumbi lokuhlala ePalo Alto. , uzama ukuzoba imizobo yelizwe kwezi migaqo." .
"Sliding window" ibhekisela kwindlela i-TCP elawula ngayo ukuhamba kwedatha phakathi komthumeli kunye nomamkeli. Ifestile yangoku iqulathe zonke iipakethi kumjelo wedatha ophumayo anokuthi umthumeli athumele ngokusebenzayo. Umphetho wasekunene wefestile uya ngasekunene xa umamkeli enika ingxelo yokukhulula indawo ye-buffer, kwaye umngcelele osekhohlo uya ngasekunene xa umamkeli enika ingxelo yokufumana iipakethi zangaphambili.
Ingqikelelo yomzobo ihambelana ngokugqibeleleyo nokuziphatha kothungelwano losasazo olufana ne-Ethernet kunye ne-ALOHANET, abathumela imiyalezo yabo emoyeni onomsindo kunye nongakhathaliyo (ngokungafaniyo ne-ARPANET yomnxeba, efuna ukuhanjiswa kwemiyalezo ngokulandelelanayo phakathi kwe-IMPs. phezu komgca othembekileyo we-AT&T ukuze usebenze ngokufanelekileyo). Kwaba nengqiqo ukulungelelanisa iiprothokholi zokudluliselwa kwe-intranet kuthungelwano oluncinci oluthembekileyo, kunokuba abazala babo abanzima kakhulu, kwaye yiloo nto kanye eyenziwa nguKahn kunye neTCP protocol yeCerf.
Ndingaqhubeka kwaye ndiqhubele phambili malunga nendima yeBritane ekuphuhliseni amanqanaba okuqala okusebenza kwi-intanethi, kodwa kufanelekile ukuba ungangeni kwiinkcukacha ezininzi ngenxa yokoyika ukuphosa inqaku - amagama amabini asondelelene kakhulu nokuveliswa kwe-intanethi yayingengawo odwa. oko kwakubalulekile.
I-TCP yoyisa wonke umntu
Kwenzeka ntoni kwezi mbono zangaphambili malunga nentsebenziswano phakathi kwamazwekazi? Kutheni uCerf noKahn bedunyiswa kuyo yonke indawo njengootata be-Intanethi, kodwa akukho nto iviwayo malunga noPouzin noZimmerman? Ukuyiqonda le nto, kuyafuneka kuqala ukuphonononga iinkcukacha zenkqubo yeminyaka yokuqala ye-INWG.
Ngokuhambelana nomoya weqela elisebenzayo lothungelwano lwe-ARPA kunye nezicelo zayo zeeNgcaciso (RFCs), i-INWG yenze eyayo inkqubo “yamanqaku ekwabelwana ngawo”. Njengenxalenye yolu qheliselo, emva konyaka wentsebenziswano, uKahn kunye neCerf bangenise inguqulelo yokuqala ye-TCP kwi-INWG njengeNqaku #39 ngoSeptemba 1973. Oku ngokusisiseko yayiluxwebhu olufanayo ukuba bapapasha kwi-IEEE Transactions kwintwasahlobo elandelayo. Ngo-Epreli 1974, iqela le-Cyclades elikhokelwa nguHubert Zimmermann kunye noMichel Elie bapapasha i-counterproposal, INWG 61. Umahluko wawuquka iimbono ezahlukeneyo malunga norhwebo lobunjineli obuhlukeneyo, ngokukodwa malunga nendlela iipakethi eziwela uthungelwano ezinobungakanani bepakethi ezincinci zahlulwe kwaye ziphinda zihlanganiswe.
Ukwahlukana kwakuncinci, kodwa imfuno ngandlela-thile kuvumelana yathatha ungxamiseko olungalindelekanga ngenxa yezicwangciso zokuphonononga imigangatho yenethiwekhi ebhengezwe yi-Comité Consultatif International Téléphonique et Télégraphique () [IKomiti yaMazwe ngaMazwe ngeTelefoni kunye neTelegraphy]. CCITT, icandelo , ejongene nokubekwa emgangathweni, kusetyenzwe kumjikelo weminyaka emine weentlanganiso zocweyo. Iziphakamiso ezaziza kuqwalaselwa kwintlanganiso yowe-1976 kwafuneka zingeniswe ngokwindla lowe-1975, yaye akukho tshintsho lunokwenziwa phakathi kwaloo mhla nowe-1980. iintlanganiso Feverish ngaphakathi INWG kwakhokelela ivoti yokugqibela apho iprotocol entsha, echazwe ngabameli eyona mibutho ibalulekileyo uthungelwano lwekhompyutha ehlabathini - Cerf of ARPANET, Zimmerman of Cyclades, Roger Scantlebury of British National Physical Laboratory, kunye Alex. UMackenzie we-BBN, uphumelele. Isindululo esitsha, i-INWG 96, yawela kwindawo ethile phakathi kwe-39 kunye ne-61, kwaye ibonakala ngathi ibeka umkhombandlela wokusebenza kwe-intanethi kwikamva elibonakalayo.
Kodwa eneneni, ukulungelelaniswa kwasebenza njengesithuba sokugqibela sentsebenziswano yonxibelelwano lwamazwe ngamazwe, into leyo eyandulelwa kukungabikho okubi kukaBob Kahn kwivoti ye-INWG kwisindululo esitsha. Kwavela ukuba umphumo wevoti awuzange uhlangabezane nemihla yokugqibela ebekwe yiCCITT, kwaye ngaphezu koko, i-Cerf yenza imeko ibe yimbi ngakumbi ngokuthumela ileta kwi-CCITT, apho wachaza ukuba isiphakamiso singenakho ukuvumelana okupheleleyo kwi-INWG. Kodwa nasiphi na isindululo esivela kwi-INWG kusenokwenzeka ukuba asizange samkelwe, kuba abaphathi be-telecom ababelawula iCCITT babengenamdla kuthungelwano lwedathagram eyenziwe ngabaphandi bekhompyutha. Babefuna ulawulo olupheleleyo kwi-traffic kwinethiwekhi, kunokuba banikezele loo mandla kwiikhompyuter zasekuhlaleni abangenakulawula kuzo. Bawutyeshela ngokupheleleyo umba wokusebenza kwe-intanethi, kwaye bavuma ukwamkela iprotocol yoqhagamshelo lwenyani yenethiwekhi eyahlukileyo, ebizwa .
Into exakayo kukuba i-protocol ye-X.25 yayixhaswa ngumphathi wangaphambili ka-Kahn, uLarry Roberts. Wayekhe waba yinkokeli kuphando olucekethekileyo lwenethiwekhi, kodwa umdla wakhe omtsha njengenkokeli yeshishini wamkhokelela kwiCCITT ukuba agwebe iiprothokholi inkampani yakhe, iTelenet, eyayisele iyisebenzisa.
Abantu baseYurophu, ubukhulu becala phantsi kobunkokeli bukaZimmerman, baphinda bazama, bajikela komnye umbutho wemigangatho apho ulawulo lolawulo lwe-telecom lwalungenamandla kangako - i-International Organisation for Standardization. . Isiphumo somgangatho wonxibelelwano weenkqubo ezivulekileyo () yayineenzuzo ezithile ngaphezulu kwe-TCP/IP. Umzekelo, yayingenayo inkqubo yokujongana noluhlu olulinganiselweyo njenge-IP, imida eyayifuna ukuqaliswa kwee-hacks ezininzi ezinexabiso eliphantsi ukumelana nokukhula okugqabhukileyo kwe-Intanethi ngo-1990s (ngowama-2010, uthungelwano ekugqibeleni lwaqala ukutshintshela kwi-intanethi. Iprotocol ye-IP, elungisa iingxaki ngokunciphisa indawo yedilesi). Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi, le nkqubo yatsala kwaye yatsalwa kwi-ad infinitum, ngaphandle kokukhokelela ekudalweni kwesoftware esebenzayo. Ngokukodwa, iinkqubo ze-ISO, ngelixa zifaneleke ngokufanelekileyo ukuvunywa kweendlela zobugcisa ezisekiweyo, azizange zilungele ubugcisa obuvelayo. Kwaye xa i-intanethi ye-TCP / IP-based yaqala ukuphuhliswa kwi-1990s, i-OSI yaba yinto engabalulekanga.
Masisuke kumlo wemigangatho siye kwizinto eziqhelekileyo, izinto ezisebenzayo zokwakha uthungelwano emhlabeni. Abantu baseYurophu baye benza ngokuthembeka ukuphunyezwa kwe-INWG 96 ukudibanisa iiCyclades kunye nelebhu yesizwe yenyama njengenxalenye yokudala inethiwekhi yolwazi yaseYurophu. Kodwa u-Kahn kunye nezinye iinkokeli zeProjekthi ye-Intanethi ye-ARPA babengenayo injongo yokunciphisa uloliwe we-TCP ngenxa yentsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe. U-Kahn wayesele enike imali yokuphumeza i-TCP kwi-ARPANET kunye ne-PRNET, kwaye akazange afune ukuqala kwakhona. Cerf wazama ukukhuthaza inkxaso US ngenxa yokulalanisa wayesebenzela INWG, kodwa ekugqibeleni wanikezela. Kwakhona wagqiba ekubeni ahlukane noxinzelelo lobomi njengonjingalwazi oncedisayo kwaye, elandela umzekelo ka-Kahn, waba ngumphathi wenkqubo e-ARPA, erhoxa ekuzibandakanyeni ngokusebenzayo kwi-INWG.
Kwakutheni ukuze kungabi namdla kangako umnqweno waseYurophu wokuseka umanyano nomgangatho osemthethweni wezizwe ngezizwe? Ngokusisiseko, yonke imalunga nezikhundla ezahlukeneyo zeentloko zee-telecoms zaseMelika kunye neYurophu. Abantu baseYurophu kwafuneka bajamelane noxinzelelo oluqhubekayo kwimodeli yedathagram evela kubaphathi babo bePostal and Telecom (PTT), ababesebenza njengamasebe olawulo koorhulumente bamazwe abo. Ngenxa yoku, baye bakhuthazwa ngakumbi ukuba bafumane imvumelwano kwiinkqubo zokumisela imigangatho esesikweni. Ukuncipha ngokukhawuleza kweCyclades, eyalahlekelwa ngumdla wezopolitiko kwi-1975 kunye nayo yonke inkxaso-mali kwi-1978, inika isifundo kwimeko yamandla e-PTT. UPouzin watyhola abaphathi ngokusweleka kwakhe . d'Estaing waqalisa ukulawula ngowe-1974 waza wahlanganisa urhulumente ovela kubameli beSikolo seSizwe soLawulo.), udeliwe nguPouzin: ukuba i-École Polytechnique inokuthelekiswa neMIT, ngoko i-ENA ingafaniswa ne-Harvard Business School. Ulawulo lwe-d'Estaing lwakha umgaqo-nkqubo wetekhnoloji yolwazi malunga nombono "weentshatsheli zesizwe", kwaye inethiwekhi yekhompyuter enjalo ifuna inkxaso yePTT. Iprojekthi yeCyclades yayingasoze ifumane inkxaso enjalo; endaweni yoko, imbangi kaPouzin iDespres yongamela ukudalwa kwe-X.25-based network network virtual ebizwa ngokuba yiTranspac.
E-USA yonke into yayahlukile. I-AT&T yayingenayo impembelelo yezopolitiko efanayo nabalingane bayo baphesheya kwaye yayingeyonxalenye yolawulo lwase-US. Ngokuchasene noko, ngeli xesha urhulumente wanciphisa kakhulu kwaye wayenza buthathaka inkampani; kwakungavumelekanga ukuphazamisa ukuphuhliswa kothungelwano lwekhompyutheni kunye neenkonzo, kwaye ngokukhawuleza yachithwa ngokupheleleyo. I-ARPA yayikhululekile ukuphuhlisa inkqubo ye-Intanethi phantsi kwesambrela ekhuselayo yeSebe elinamandla lezoKhuselo, ngaphandle koxinzelelo lwezopolitiko. Uxhase ngemali ukuphunyezwa kwe-TCP kwiikhomputha ezahlukeneyo, kwaye wasebenzisa impembelelo yakhe ukunyanzela yonke imikhosi kwi-ARPANET ukuba itshintshele kwi-protocol entsha ngo-1983. imibutho ehlabathini, yaba yindawo yophuhliso TCP / IP.
Ngaloo ndlela, i-TCP / IP yaba sisiseko se-Intanethi, kwaye kungekhona i-Intanethi kuphela, ngenxa yenkululeko yezopolitiko kunye neyemali ye-ARPA xa kuthelekiswa nayo nayiphi na enye intlangano yothungelwano lwekhompyutha. Ngaphandle kwe-OSI, i-ARPA ibe yinja eshukumisa umsila onomsindo woluntu lophando lwenethiwekhi. Ukusuka kwindawo ephakamileyo ye-1974, umntu unokubona imigca emininzi yempembelelo ekhokelela kumsebenzi we-Cerf no-Kahn kwi-TCP, kunye neentsebenziswano ezininzi zamazwe ngamazwe ezinokuvela kuzo. Nangona kunjalo, ngokwembono ka-1995, zonke iindlela zikhokelela kumzuzu omnye obalulekileyo, umbutho omnye waseMelika kunye namagama amabini adumileyo.
Yintoni enye ekufuneka uyifunde
- UJanet Abbate, Ukusungula i-Intanethi (1999)
- Umhla kaJohn, "Ukukhalaza ngaphandle njenge-INWG kuxoxwa ngayo," I-IEEE Annals yeMbali yeComputing (2016)
- U-Andrew L. Russell, iMigangatho eVulekileyo kunye nobudala beDijithali (2014)
- U-Andrew L. Russell noValérie Schafer, "Esithunzini se-ARPANET kunye ne-Intanethi: uLouis Pouzin kunye ne-Cyclades Network kwi-1970s," iTekhnoloji kunye neNkcubeko (2014)
umthombo: www.habr.com