Amanye amanqaku kolu ngcelele:
- Imbali yodluliselo
- Imbali yeekhompyuter ze-elektroniki
- Imbali ye-transistor
- Imbali ye-Intanethi
В sabona indlela isizukulwana sokuqala seekhomputha zedijithali esakhiwe ngayo kwisiseko sesizukulwana sokuqala sokutshintsha kombane okuzenzekelayo - i-electromagnetic relays. Kodwa ngexesha ezi khompyutha zenziwe, kwakukho enye iswitshi yedijithali elinde emva kwemiboniso. I-relay yayiyisixhobo sombane (usebenzisa umbane ukuze usebenze ukutshintshwa komatshini), kwaye iklasi entsha yokutshintsha kwedijithali yayiyi-elektroniki - ngokusekelwe kulwazi olutsha malunga ne-electron eyavela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX. Le nzululwazi yabonisa ukuba umthwali wamandla ombane wayengengomsinga, ingelilo iliza, ingeyiyo intsimi - kodwa yayilisuntswana eliqinileyo.
Isixhobo esazala ixesha lombane elisekelwe kule physics intsha saziwa ngokuba yityhubhu yokufunxa. Imbali yokudalwa kwayo ibandakanya abantu ababini: iNgesi kunye neMelika . Ngokwenyani, imvelaphi yezobuchwephesha zintsonkothe ngakumbi, zinemisonto emininzi enqumla iYurophu kunye neAtlantiki, ibuyela umva kuvavanyo lokuqala lweengqayi zeLeyden phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX.
Kodwa ngaphakathi kwesakhelo senkcazo-ntetho yethu kuya kuba lula ukugubungela (i-pun ejoliswe!) Le mbali, ukuqala ngoThomas Edison. Ngama-1880, u-Edison wenza into enomdla xa esebenza ekukhanyeni kombane-ukufumanisa okubeka inqanaba lebali lethu. Ukusuka apha kwavela uphuhliso olongezelelweyo lweityhubhu zevacuum, ezifunekayo kwiinkqubo ezimbini zobuchwepheshe: uhlobo olutsha lokuthumela imiyalezo ngaphandle kwamacingo kunye nothungelwano lwefowuni oluhlala lukhula.
Intshayelelo: Edison
U-Edison uthathwa ngokuba ngumqambi webhalbhu yesibane. Oku kumenza kakhulu kunye nekhredithi encinci kakhulu ngexesha elinye. Uninzi kakhulu, kuba u-Edison wayengenguye yedwa owasungula isibane esikhanyayo. Ukongeza kwisihlwele sabaqambi ababengaphambi kwakhe, indalo yabo ayizange ifikelele kwisicelo sorhwebo, sinokukhankanya uJoseph Swan noCharles Stern baseBritani kunye no-American William Sawyer, owazisa iibhubhu zokukhanya kwimarike ngexesha elifanayo no-Edison. [Imbeko yokwenziwa kwayo ikwangowomqambi waseRashiya . U-Lodygin waba ngowokuqala ukuqikelela ukumpompa umoya kwiglowubhu yesibane seglasi, emva koko wacebisa ukuba wenze umsonto ungasuki kumalahle okanye kwiintsinga ezitshisiweyo, kodwa kwi-refractory tungsten / approx. inguqulelo]. Zonke izibane zazineglowubhu yeglasi evaliweyo, ngaphakathi apho kwakukho umcu ochasayo. Xa isibane sidibaniswe kwisiphaluka, ubushushu obuveliswa kukuchasana kwe-filament kumbane kwabangela ukuba kukhanye. Umoya wawumpompelwa ngaphandle kweflaski ukuze uthintele umsonto ekubambeni umlilo. Ukukhanya kombane kwakusele kwaziwa kwizixeko ezikhulu kwifom , esetyenziselwa ukukhanyisa iindawo ezinkulu zikawonke-wonke. Bonke aba baqulunqi babejonge indlela yokunciphisa umlinganiselo wokukhanya ngokuthatha i-particle eqaqambileyo kwi-arc evuthayo, encinci ngokwaneleyo ukuba isetyenziswe ezindlini zokutshintsha izibane zegesi, kunye nokwenza umthombo wokukhanya ukhuseleke, ucoceke kwaye ukhanyise.
Kwaye into eyenziwa ngu-Edison ngokwenene - okanye kunoko, into eyenziwa yilabhoratri yakhe yezoshishino - yayingekho nje ukudala umthombo wokukhanya. Bakha yonke inkqubo yombane yokukhanyisa izindlu - iijeneretha, iingcingo zokuhambisa okwangoku, iinguqu, njl. Kuko konke oku, ibhalbhu yesibane yayiyeyona nto icacileyo nebonakalayo kuphela. Ubukho begama lika-Edison kwiinkampani zakhe zamandla ombane zazingeyonto ilula kumqambi omkhulu, njengoko kwakunjalo ngeBell Telephone. U-Edison wazibonakalisa kungekhona nje ukuba ngumqambi, kodwa kunye nomyili weenkqubo. Ilabhoratri yakhe iqhubekile nokusebenza ekuphuculeni amacandelo ombane ahlukeneyo nasemva kokuphumelela kwabo kwangoko.
Umzekelo wezibane zokuqala zika-Edison
Ngexesha lophando malunga no-1883, u-Edison (kwaye mhlawumbi nomnye wabasebenzi bakhe) wagqiba ekubeni afake ipleyiti yesinyithi ngaphakathi kwesibane esikhanyayo kunye ne-filament. Izizathu zesi senzo azicacanga. Mhlawumbi le yayiyinzame yokuphelisa ubumnyama besibane - ngaphakathi kweglasi yebhalbhu yaqokelela into emnyama engaqondakaliyo ngokuhamba kwexesha. Kuyabonakala ukuba le njineli yayinethemba lokuba la masuntswana amnyama ayeza kutsaleleka kwipleyiti esebenza ngamandla. Okothusayo kukuba, wafumanisa ukuba xa ipleyiti ibandakanyiwe kwisekethe kunye nesiphelo esihle somsinga, umlinganiselo wangoku oqukuqelayo kwi-filament wawulingana ngokuthe ngqo nobukhulu bokukhanya kwefilament. Xa udibanisa iplate ukuya ekupheleni kwentambo, akukho nto efana nale yabonwa.
U-Edison wagqiba ekubeni le mpembelelo, kamva ebizwa ngokuba yi-Edison effect okanye , inokusetyenziselwa ukulinganisa okanye ukulawula “amandla ombane,” okanye amandla ombane, kwinkqubo yombane. Ngaphandle komkhwa, wafaka isicelo selungelo elilodwa lomenzi weli "salathisi sombane", waza wabuyela kwimisebenzi ebaluleke ngakumbi.
Ngaphandle kweengcingo
Masikhawuleze ukuya phambili kwiminyaka engama-20 kwixesha elizayo, ukuya kwi-1904. Ngeli xesha eNgilani, uJohn Ambrose Fleming wayesebenza ngemiyalelo evela kwiNkampani yaseMarconi yokuphucula umamkeli wamaza kanomathotholo.
Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba yintoni irediyo kwaye yayingekho ngeli xesha, zombini ngokwezixhobo kunye nokusebenza. Unomathotholo wawungade ubizwe ngokuba “ngunomathotholo” ngelo xesha, wawubizwa ngokuba “ngaphandle kweengcingo”. Igama elithi "nomathotholo" laye laxhaphaka ngeminyaka yoo-1910. Ngokukodwa, wayebhekisa kwitelegraphy engenazingcingo-inkqubo yokuhambisa imiqondiso ngohlobo lwamachaphaza kunye nodwi ukusuka kumthumeli ukuya kumamkeli. Esona sicelo saso sasilunxibelelwano phakathi kweenqanawa kunye neenkonzo zezibuko, kwaye ngale ngqiqo kwakunomdla kumagunya olwandle emhlabeni jikelele.
Abanye abaqambi belo xesha, ngakumbi, , walingwa ngombono werediyophone-ukuhambisa imiyalezo yelizwi emoyeni ngendlela yamaza aqhubekayo. Kodwa ukusasazwa ngendlela yanamhlanje akuzange kuvele kude kube yiminyaka eyi-15 kamva: ukuhanjiswa kweendaba, amabali, umculo kunye nezinye iinkqubo zokwamkelwa ngabaphulaphuli abaninzi. Kude kube ngoko, ubume bendawo yonke yemiqondiso yerediyo yabonwa njengengxaki ekufuneka isonjululwe kunokuba ibe yinto enokuxhatshazwa.
Izixhobo zikanomathotholo ezazikho ngelo xesha zazikufanele ukusebenza ngeMorse code kwaye zazingayifanelanga yonke enye into. Abadlulisi badale amaza eHertzian ngokuthumela intlantsi kwisithuba sesekethe. Ngoko ke, umqondiso wakhatshwa kukuqhekeka kwe-static.
Abafumanayo baqaphela lo mqondiso nge-coherer: iifayili zetsimbi kwityhubhu yeglasi, zibethelwa kunye phantsi kweempembelelo zamaza erediyo zibe bubunzima obuqhubekayo, kwaye ngaloo ndlela ukugqiba isiphaluka. Emva koko iglasi yayifanele ifakwe ukuze i-sawdust idibanise kwaye ummkeli uya kulungelelaniswa nomqondiso olandelayo - okokuqala oku kwenziwa ngesandla, kodwa ngokukhawuleza kwavela izixhobo ezizenzekelayo kule nto.
Ngowe-1905 baqalisa ukubonakala , ekwabizwa ngokuba yi "whisker yekati". Kwavela ukuba ngokuchukumisa ikristale ethile ngocingo, umzekelo, i-silicon, i-iron pyrite okanye , kwakunokwenzeka ukuba kuhluthwe umqondiso wonomathotholo emoyeni obhityileyo. Iziphumo ezifunyenweyo zazingabizi kakhulu, zixinene kwaye zifikeleleka kumntu wonke. Bakhuthaza uphuhliso lukanomathotholo olungenamsebenzi, ngakumbi kubantu abaselula. Ukunyuka ngesiquphe kokungena kwe-airtime okuthe kwabakho ngenxa yoku kukhokelele kwiingxaki ngenxa yokuba ixesha lomoya likanomathotholo lahlulwa kubo bonke abasebenzisi. Iincoko ezimsulwa phakathi kwabangaqeqeshwanga zazinokungqubana ngempazamo nothethathethwano lweenqanawa zaselwandle, yaye ezinye iinjubaqa zade zakwazi ukunikela imiyalelo yobuxoki nokuthumela nemiqondiso yokucela uncedo. Kwanyanzeleka ukuba urhulumente angenelele. Njengoko u-Ambrose Fleming ngokwakhe wabhala, ukuvela kwee-crystal detectors
ngoko nangoko kukhokelele ekunyukeni kweradiotelegraphy engakhathaliyo ngenxa yezenzo zoombane ezingenakubalwa zabafundi nabafundi, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba kungenelelwe ngamandla ngabasemagunyeni kuzwelonke nakwihlabathi jikelele ukugcina izinto zicocekile kwaye zikhuselekile.
Ukususela kwiipropati zombane ezingaqhelekanga zezi kristale, isizukulwana sesithathu sokutshintsha kwedijithali kuya kuvela ngexesha elifanelekileyo, ngokulandela ukuhanjiswa kunye nezibane - iiswitshi ezilawula ihlabathi lethu. Kodwa yonke into inexesha layo. Siwuchazile lo mboniso, ngoku makhe sibuyisele yonke ingqalelo kumdlali weqonga osandul’ ukuvela kwindawo yokuqala: uAmbrose Fleming, eNgilani, ngo-1904.
Ivaluva
Kwi-1904, uFleming wayengunjingalwazi wobunjineli bombane kwiYunivesithi yaseLondon yaseLondon, kunye nomcebisi weNkampani yaseMarconi. Inkampani yaqala yamqesha ukuba ibonelele ngobuchule ekwakhiweni kwesikhululo sombane, kodwa emva koko wabandakanyeka kumsebenzi wokuphucula umamkeli.
UFleming ngowe-1890
Wonke umntu wayesazi ukuba i-coherer yayingumamkeli ohluphekileyo malunga novakalelo, kwaye i-detector magnetic ephuhliswe kwi-Macroni yayingekho ngcono ngakumbi. Ukufumana umntu oza kuthatha indawo yakhe, uFleming waqala wagqiba kwelokuba akhe isiphaluka esibuthathaka ukuze abone amaza akwaHertzian. Isixhobo esinjalo, nangaphandle kokuba sibe sisixhobo ngokwaso, siya kuba luncedo kuphando lwexesha elizayo.
Ukwenza oku, kwakufuneka eze nendlela yokulinganisa ngokuqhubekayo umjelo owenziwe ngamaza angenayo, endaweni yokusebenzisa i-discrete coherer (ebonisa kuphela kwizizwe-apho i-sawdust ibambene kunye - okanye i-off states). Kodwa izixhobo ezaziwayo zokulinganisa amandla akhoyo - i-galvanometers - efunekayo rhoqo, oko kukuthi, i-unidirectional current yokusebenza. Umsinga oguqukayo ochwayitiswa ngamaza kanomathotholo watshintsha indlela ngokukhawuleza kangangokuba kwakungekho mlinganiselo owawunokwenzeka.
UFleming ukhumbule ukuba unezinto ezininzi ezinomdla zokuqokelela uthuli kwigumbi lakhe - izibane ze-Edison. Ngeminyaka yee-1880 wayengumcebisi we-Edison Electric Lighting Company eLondon, kwaye wasebenza kwingxaki yokucima izibane. Ngelo xesha wafumana iikopi ezininzi zesalathiso, mhlawumbi kuWilliam Preece, injineli yombane eyintloko yeNkonzo yePosi yaseBrithani, owayesanda kubuya kumboniso wombane ePhiladelphia. Ngelo xesha, ulawulo lwe-telegraph kunye nomnxeba yayiyinto eqhelekileyo ngaphandle kwe-United States ngeenkonzo zeposi, ngoko ke yayiziko lobuchwephesha bombane.
Kamva, ngo-1890, uFleming ngokwakhe wafunda umphumo we-Edison esebenzisa izibane ezifunyenwe kwi-Preece. Wabonisa ukuba isiphumo kukuba i-current yajikeleza kwicala elinye: amandla ombane angalunganga angahamba ukusuka kwi-filament eshushu ukuya kwi-electrode ebandayo, kodwa kungekhona ngokufanayo. Kodwa kuphela ngo-1904, xa wayejongene nomsebenzi wokubona amaza kanomathotholo, wafumanisa ukuba le nyaniso ingasetyenziswa ekusebenzeni. Isalathisi se-Edison siya kuvumela kuphela indlela enye ye-AC pulses ukuwela i-gap phakathi kwe-filament kunye ne-plate, okubangelwa ukuhamba rhoqo kunye nokungahambi kakuhle.
UFleming wathatha isibane esinye, wasidibanisa ngokulandelelana kunye negalvanometer waza wavula i-spark transmitter. I-Voila - isibuko sajika kwaye i-beam yokukhanya yahamba kwisikali. Isebenzile. Inokulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo isignali yerediyo engenayo.
Iiprototypes zevalve yeFleming. I-anode iphakathi kwiluphu yefilament (i-cathode eshushu)
UFleming wabiza imveliso yakhe ngokuthi "ivalve" kuba yayivumela kuphela umbane ukuba uhambe kwicala elinye. Kwimigaqo yobunjineli bombane ngokubanzi, ibiyinto yokuhlaziya-indlela yokuguqula umsinga otshintshanayo ube ngumsinga othe ngqo. Emva koko yayibizwa ngokuba yi-diode kuba yayinee-electrode ezimbini - i-cathode eshushu (i-filament) ekhupha umbane, kunye ne-anode ebandayo (ipleyiti) eyayifumanayo. UFleming wazisa uphuculo oluninzi kuyilo, kodwa eneneni isixhobo sasingahlukanga kwisibane sesalathisi esenziwe nguEdison. Ukutshintshwa kwayo kumgangatho omtsha kwenzeka ngenxa yenguqu kwindlela yokucinga - sele siyibonile le nto kaninzi. Utshintsho lwenzeka kwihlabathi leengcamango kwintloko kaFleming, kungekhona kwihlabathi lezinto ezingaphandle kwayo.
Ivalve yaseFleming ngokwayo yayiluncedo. Yayisesona sixhobo silungileyo sokulinganisa imiqondiso yerediyo, kunye nesixhobo sokubona esilungileyo ngokwaso. Kodwa akazange aligungqise ihlabathi. Ukukhula okuqhumayo kwe-elektroniki kwaqala kuphela emva kokuba u-Lee de Forest efake i-electrode yesithathu kwaye wajika ivalve ibe yi-relay.
Ukuphulaphula
U-Lee de Forest wayekhuliswe ngendlela engaqhelekanga kumfundi waseYale. Uyise, uMfundisi uHenry de Forest, wayeligqala leMfazwe yamakhaya eNew York kunye nomfundisi. , yaye wayekholelwa ngokuqinileyo ukuba njengomshumayeli wayefanele asasaze ukukhanya kobuthixo kolwazi nokusesikweni. Ethobela ubizo lomsebenzi, wamkela isimemo sokuba ngumongameli weKholeji yaseTalladega eAlabama. Ikholeji yasekwa emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya nguMbutho wabavangeli baseMelika, ozinze eNew York. Yayijonge ukufundisa nokucebisa abahlali abantsundu basekuhlaleni. Apho u-Lee waziva ephakathi kwelitye kunye nendawo enzima-abantu abamnyama basekuhlaleni bamthobisa ngenxa yobuqili bakhe kunye nobugwala, kunye nabamhlophe bendawo - ngokuba .
Ukanti, esengumfana, u-de Forest waba nokuzithemba ngamandla. Wafumanisa i-penchant ye-mechanics kunye nokuyila-imodeli yakhe yesikali ye-locomotive yaba ngummangaliso wendawo. Njengomntu okwishumi elivisayo, ngelixa wayefunda eTalladega, wagqiba ekubeni anikele ubomi bakhe ekuyilweni. Wandula ke, esengumfana yaye ehlala kwisixeko saseNew Haven, unyana womfundisi wazilahla iinkolelo zakhe zokugqibela zonqulo. Baye bemka ngokuthe ngcembe ngenxa yokuqhelana neDarwinism, baza baphetshethwa njengomoya emva kokufa kukayise ngesiquphe. Kodwa ingqiqo yekamva lakhe ayizange ishiye i-Forest - wayezijonga njengengqondi kwaye wazama ukuba nguNikola Tesla wesibini, i-wizard ecebileyo, edumileyo kunye engaqondakaliyo yexesha lombane. Abafundi afunda nabo eYale bamjonga njengebhegi yomoya. Isenokuba yeyona ndoda ingaziwayo esakha sadibana nayo kwimbali yethu.
de Forest, c.1900
Emva kokuphumelela kwiYunivesithi yaseYale ngo-1899, uDe Forest wakhetha ukukwazi ubugcisa obuvelayo bokuhanjiswa kwesignali engenacingo njengendlela yobutyebi kunye nodumo. Kumashumi eminyaka alandelayo, wayihlasela le ndlela ngokuzimisela nokuzithemba okukhulu, kwaye ngaphandle kokuthandabuza. Konke kwaqala ngentsebenziswano de Forest kunye neqabane lakhe Ed Smythe e Chicago. U-Smythe waligcina ishishini labo lisebenza ngeentlawulo eziqhelekileyo, kwaye bekunye baphuhlisa esabo isixhobo sokukhangela amaza kanomathotholo, aquka iipleyiti zentsimbi ezimbini ezidityaniswe yiglu ethi de Forest ebizwa ngokuba yi "paste" [goo]. Kodwa u-de Forest akazange akwazi ukulinda ixesha elide umvuzo wobuchule bakhe. Wamlahla uSmythe kwaye wadibana nomxhasi-mali waseNew York ogama linguAbraham White [ngokumangalisayo watshintsha igama lakhe kulowo wamnika ekuzalweni, Schwartz, ukuze afihle imicimbi yakhe emnyama. Mhlophe/Mhlophe – (isiNgesi) mhlophe, Schwarz/Schwarz – (isiJamani) mnyama / malunga. inguqulelo], ukuvula iDe Forest Wireless Telegraph Company.
Imisebenzi yenkampani ngokwayo yayibaluleke okwesibini kuwo omabini amaqhawe ethu. UMhlophe wasebenzisa ithuba lokungazi kwabantu ukuze afole iipokotho zakhe. Uqhathe izigidi kubatyali-zimali abasokola ukuhambisana nesantya ebesilindelekile sikanomathotholo. Kwaye u-de Forest, ngenxa yobuninzi beemali ezivela kwaba "suckers," wagxila ekuboniseni ubuchule bakhe ngokuphuhliswa kwenkqubo entsha yaseMelika yokusasazwa kolwazi olungenazingcingo (ngokungafaniyo neYurophu ephuhliswe nguMarconi nabanye).
Ngelishwa kwinkqubo yaseMelika, i-De Forest detector ayizange isebenze kakuhle. Uyisombulule le ngxaki okwexeshana ngokuboleka uyilo olunelungelo elilodwa lomenzi kaReginald Fessenden lwesixhobo sokukhangela esibizwa ngokuba yi "liquid baretter" - iingcingo ezimbini zeplatinam ezintywiliselwe kwibhafu yeasidi yesulfuric. UFessenden wafaka isimangalo ngenxa yokwaphulwa kwelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza - kwaye ngokucacileyo ngewayephumelele eli tyala. UDe Forest khange akwazi ukuphumla de eze nomtshina omtsha owakhe yedwa. Ekwindla ka-1906, wabhengeza ukudalwa komtshina onjalo. Kwiintlanganiso ezimbini ezihlukeneyo kwi-American Institute of Electrical Engineering, u-de Forest wachaza umtshina wakhe omtsha ongenazintambo, owawubiza ngokuba yi-Audion. Kodwa imvelaphi yayo yokwenene iyathandabuza.
Okwexeshana, iinzame zika-de Forest zokwakha isixhobo esitsha zazijikeleza ngokudlula kwilangatye. , leyo, ngokombono wakhe, ingaba ngumqhubi we-asymmetric. Umbono, ngokucacileyo, awuzange uthweswe yimpumelelo. Ngexesha elithile ngo-1905, wafunda ngevalve yaseFleming. I-De Forest yafika entlokweni yakhe ukuba le valve kunye nesixhobo sayo esisekwe kwisitshisi sasingahlukanga - ukuba utshintshe intambo eshushu ngedangatye, kwaye wayigubungela ngebhalbhu yeglasi ukuvala igesi, uya kufumana ivalve efanayo. Waphuhlisa uluhlu lwamalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza olandela imbali yokwenziwa kwevalve yangaphambi kweFleming esebenzisa izixhobo zokujonga amadangatye egesi. Kuyabonakala ukuba wayefuna ukuzibeka kwindawo ephambili ekuyilweni kwakhe, edlula ipatent kaFleming, kuba ukusebenza neBunsen burner kwandulela umsebenzi kaFleming (babeqhubeka ukusukela ngo-1900).
Akunakwenzeka ukutsho ukuba oku kukuzikhohlisa okanye ubuqhophololo, kodwa umphumo waba yi-patent ka-Agasti ka-Agasti ka-1906 "yesitya seglasi esingenanto equlethe i-electrode ezimbini ezahlukeneyo, phakathi kwayo kukho i-gaseous medium ethi, xa ishushu ngokwaneleyo, ibe yi-conductor kwaye." yenza into yokuva." Izixhobo kunye nokusebenza kwesixhobo kungenxa yeFleming, kwaye inkcazo yokusebenza kwayo kungenxa yeDe Forest. IDe Forest ekugqibeleni yaphulukana nengxabano yelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza, nangona yathatha iminyaka elishumi.
Umfundi onentumekelelo usenokuba sele ezibuza ukuba kutheni sichitha ixesha elingaka kulo mfo ozibiza ngokuba yingcibi egqithisa iingcamango zabanye abantu njengeyakhe? Isizathu silele kwiinguqu ezenziwa ngu-Audion kwiinyanga ezimbalwa zokugqibela ze-1906.
Ngelo xesha, uDe Forest wayengenamsebenzi. UMhlophe kunye namaqabane akhe baphephe uxanduva ngokunxulumene nesimangalo sikaFessenden ngokudala inkampani entsha, i-United Wireless, kunye nokuboleka i-American De Forest assets nge-$1. I-De Forest yaxoshwa kunye ne-$ 1000 yembuyekezo kunye namalungelo obunikazi amaninzi angenamsebenzi ezandleni zakhe, kuquka i-patent ye-Audion. Uqhelene nobomi obutofotofo, wajongana nobunzima bemali kwaye wazama ngamandla ukuguqula iAudion ibe yimpumelelo enkulu.
Ukuze uqonde okwenzekayo emva koko, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba u-de Forest wayekholelwa ukuba wayeyila i-relay - ngokungafaniyo ne-Fleming rectifier. Wenza iAudion yakhe ngokudibanisa ibhetri kwipleyiti yevalve ebandayo, kwaye wayekholelwa ukuba isibonakaliso kwisiphaluka se-antenna (exhunywe kwi-filament eshushu) imodareyitha yangoku ephezulu kwisekethe yebhetri. Wayengalunganga: ezi yayingezizo iisekethe ezimbini, ibhetri yatshintsha nje isiginali kwi-antenna, kunokuba ikhulise.
Kodwa le mpazamo yaba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu, kuba ikhokelele kwi-Forest kwi-experiments nge-electrode yesithathu kwi-flask, eyayifanele ukuba ikhuphe ngakumbi imijikelezo emibini yale "relay". Ekuqaleni wongeza i-electrode yesibini ebandayo ecaleni kweyokuqala, kodwa ke, mhlawumbi ephenjelelwa ziindlela zolawulo ezisetyenziswa ziingcali zefiziksi ukuqondisa kwakhona imiqadi kwizixhobo ze-cathode-ray, wayisusa i-electrode kwindawo phakathi kwefilament kunye nepleyiti yokuqala. Wagqiba ekubeni le ndawo inokuphazamisa ukuhamba kombane, kwaye yatshintsha imilo ye-electrode yesithathu ukusuka kwipleyiti ukuya kwi-wavy wire efana ne-rasp - kwaye wayibiza ngokuthi "igridi".
Ngo-1908 iAudion triode. Intambo (eyaphukileyo) ngasekhohlo yi-cathode, i-wavy wire yi-mesh, ipleyiti yensimbi ejikelezileyo yi-anode. Isenemisonto efana nebhalbhu eqhelekileyo.
Kwaye ngenene yayiyi-relay. Umsinga obuthathaka (onjengalowo uveliswa yi-eriyali yerediyo) esetyenziswe kwigridi inokulawula umbane onamandla ngakumbi phakathi kwefilament kunye nepleyiti, ukugxotha amasuntswana ahlawuliweyo azama ukudlula phakathi kwawo. Le detector isebenze ngcono kakhulu kunevalve kuba ayilungisanga nje kuphela, kodwa yandisa isignali yerediyo. Kwaye, njenge-valve (kwaye ngokungafaniyo ne-coherer), inokuvelisa umqondiso oqhubekayo, okwenza kube lula ukudala i-radiotelegraph kuphela, kodwa kunye ne-radiotelephone (kwaye kamva - ukuhanjiswa kwezwi kunye nomculo).
Enyanisweni khange isebenze kakuhle. I-audios ye-De Forest yayiphelile, yatshiswa ngokukhawuleza, ayinakuhambelana kwimveliso, kwaye yayingasebenzi njenge-amplifiers. Ukuze i-Audion ethile isebenze ngokuchanekileyo, kwakuyimfuneko ukulungelelanisa iiparamitha zombane zesekethe kuyo.
Nangona kunjalo, u-de Forest wayekholelwa kwimveliso yakhe. Waseka inkampani entsha ukuba ayibhengeze, iDe Forest Radio Telephone Company, kodwa intengiso yayincinci. Eyona mpumelelo inkulu yayikukuthengiswa kwezixhobo kwinqanawa ye-intra-fleet telephony ngexesha lokujikeleza kwehlabathi "". Noko ke, umphathi wezo nqanawa, ekubeni engenalo ixesha lokufumana oomatshini bokuthutha i-de Forest nabo bamkela iinqwelo-moya ukuba basebenze nokuqeqesha abasebenzi xa bezisebenzisa, wayalela ukuba zipakishwe zize zishiywe kwindawo yokugcina izinto. Ngaphezu koko, inkampani entsha kaDe Forest, ekhokelwa ngumlandeli ka-Abraham White, yayingekho sidima kuneyangaphambili. Ukongezelela kumashwa akhe, kungekudala wazifumanisa etyholwa ngobuqhetseba.
Kwiminyaka emihlanu, i-Audion ayizange iphumelele. Kwakhona, ifowuni yayiza kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni i-digital relay, ngeli xesha ihlangula ubugcisa obuthembisayo kodwa obungavavanywanga obusecicini lokulibaleka.
Kwaye kwakhona ifowuni
Inethiwekhi yonxibelelwano olude yayiyinkqubo ye-AT&T engundoqo. Yabophelela kunye iinkampani ezininzi zasekuhlaleni kwaye yabonelela ngenzuzo engundoqo yokhuphiswano njengoko amalungelo awodwa abenzi be-Bell ayephelelwe lixesha. Ngokujoyina inethiwekhi ye-AT&T, umthengi omtsha, ngokwethiyori, unokufikelela kubo bonke abanye ababhalisi amawaka eekhilomitha kude-nangona ngokwenyani, iifowuni ezikude zazinqabile. Uthungelwano lwalusisiseko sezinto ezibonakalayo kwingcamango yenkampani "yePolisi enye, iNkqubo enye, iNkonzo enye yokumisa."
Kodwa ekuqaleni kweshumi lesibini lenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, le nethiwekhi yafikelela kubukhulu bayo bomzimba. Okukhona iingcingo zomnxeba zisolula, kokukhona usiba buthathaka kwaye uvakala ngakumbi umqondiso odlula kuzo, kwaye ngenxa yoko, intetho yaphantse yangavakali. Ngenxa yoku, bekukho iinethiwekhi ezimbini ze-AT&T e-US, zohlulwe ngummango welizwekazi.
Kwinethiwekhi yasempuma, iNew York yayisisikhonkwane, kunye nabaphinda oomatshini kunye – ikhonkco elimisela ukuba ilizwi lomntu linokuhamba kangakanani na. Kodwa ezi teknoloji zazingenamandla onke. Iikhoyili zatshintsha iimpawu zombane zesekethe yefowuni, ukunciphisa ukunyanzeliswa kwee-frequencies zezwi - kodwa zinokunciphisa kuphela, zingayiphelisi. Abaphinda-phinda oomatshini (isithethi nje somnxeba esiqhagamshelwe kwimakrofoni yokukhulisa) yongeza ingxolo ngokuphinda nganye. Umgca we-1911 ukusuka eNew York ukuya eDenver wathatha le ntambo ukuya kubude bayo obukhulu. Kwakungekho ntetho yokwandisa inethiwekhi kulo lonke ilizwekazi. Noko ke, ngowe-1909, uJohn Carty, injineli eyintloko ye-AT&T, wathembisa esidlangalaleni ukwenza kanye oko. Wathembisa ukwenza oku kwiminyaka emihlanu – ngethuba eqala eSan Francisco ngowe-1915.
Umntu wokuqala ukwenza isithembiso esinjalo ngoncedo lwe-amplifier yefowuni entsha yayingengowaseMelika, kodwa yindlalifa yentsapho ecebileyo yaseViennese enomdla kwisayensi. Ukuba mncinci Ngoncedo lwabazali bakhe, wathenga inkampani eyenza iimfonomfono waza waqalisa ukwenza isandisi-lizwi sefowuni. Ngowe-1906, wayesele enze i-relay esekelwe kwimibhobho ye-cathode ray, eyayisetyenziswa kakhulu ngelo xesha kuvavanyo lwefiziksi (yaye kamva yaba sisiseko sobugcisa bescreen sevidiyo esasilawula ngenkulungwane yama-XNUMX). Uphawu olungenayo olubuthathaka lulawule umazibuthe ogobe umqadi, uhlengahlengisa umsinga owomeleleyo kumjikelo oyintloko.
Ngo-1910, u-von Lieben kunye noogxa bakhe, u-Eugene Reise kunye noSigmund Strauss, bafunda malunga ne-Audione ye-Forest kwaye batshintshela umazibuthe kwityhubhu ngegridi elawula imitha ye-cathode - olu yilo lolona lusebenzayo kwaye luphezulu kunayo nayiphi na into eyenziwa eUnited States. Amazwe ngelo xesha. Uthungelwano lomnxeba waseJamani kungekudala lwamkela isandisi-lizwi se-von Lieben. Ngowe-1914, sibulela kuye, umnxeba ophazamisekileyo watsalelwa umnxeba ngumphathi woMkhosi wasePrussia waseMpuma kwikomkhulu laseJamani, elikumgama weekhilomitha ezili-1000, eKoblenz. Oku kwanyanzela umphathi wabasebenzi ukuba athumele iinjengele zaseHindenberg naseLudendorff empuma, kuzuko olungunaphakade kunye nemiphumo emibi. Izandisi-lizwi ezifanayo kamva zanxibelelanisa ikomkhulu laseJamani nemikhosi yasendle emazantsi nasempuma ukuya kuthi xhaxhe ngeMakedoni naseRomania.
Ikopi ye-von Lieben ye-cathode ray relay ephuculweyo. I-cathode isezantsi, i-anode yikhoyili phezulu, kwaye igridi yintsimbi ejikelezayo ephakathi.
Noko ke, imiqobo yolwimi neyomhlaba, kwanemfazwe, yathetha ukuba olu yilo aluzange lufike eUnited States, yaye ezinye iziganeko zakhawuleza zayithimba.
Ngeli xesha, uDe Forest washiya iNkampani yeRadio Telephone ngo-1911 waza wabalekela eCalifornia. Apho wafumana umsebenzi kwi-Federal Telegraph Company e-Palo Alto, eyasekwa ngumfundi waseStanford . Ngokucacileyo, i-de Forest yayiza kusebenza kwi-amplifier eya kwandisa umthamo we-federal radio output. Enyanisweni, yena, uHerbert van Ettan (injineli yefowuni enamava) kunye noCharles Logwood (umyili wamamkeli) bazimisele ukwenza isandisi-lizwi sefowuni ukuze bobathathu baphumelele ibhaso kwi-AT&T, ekwakusithiwa yi-1 yezigidi zeedola.
Ukwenza oku, u-de Forest wathatha i-Audion esuka kwi-mezzanine, kwaye ngo-1912 yena kunye noogxa bakhe babesele benesixhobo esilungele umboniso kwinkampani yefowuni. Yayiquka iiAudions ezininzi eziqhagamshelwe kuthotho, zenza ulwandiso kwizigaba ezininzi, kunye nezinto ezininzi ezincedisayo. Isixhobo sisebenze ngokwenene-sinokunyusa umqondiso ngokwaneleyo ukuba uve itshefu esiwayo okanye iwotshi epokothweni iphawula. Kodwa kuphela kwimisinga kunye nombane ophantsi kakhulu ukuba ube luncedo kwifowuni. Njengoko okwangoku kwanda, ii-Audions zaqala ukukhupha ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kwaye umqondiso wajika waba yingxolo. Kodwa ishishini leefowuni lalinomdla ngokwaneleyo wokusa isixhobo kwiinjineli zabo kwaye libone ukuba bangenza ntoni ngalo. Kwenzeka ukuba omnye wabo, i-physicist encinci uHarold Arnold, wayesazi kakuhle indlela yokulungisa i-amplifier evela kwi-Federal Telegraph.
Lixesha lokuxoxa ngendlela ivalve kunye neAudion esebenze ngayo. Ukuqonda okubalulekileyo okufunekayo ukucacisa umsebenzi wabo kwavela kwiLebhu yaseCavendish eCambridge, itanki yokucinga ye-electron physics entsha. Ngo-1899 apho, uJ. J. Thomson wabonisa kwiimvavanyo ze-cathode ray tubes ukuba i-particle enobunzima, eyathi kamva yaziwa ngokuba yi-electron, ithwala i-current isuka kwi-cathode ukuya kwi-anode. Kwiminyaka embalwa eyalandelayo, uOwen Richardson, ugxa kaThomson, waphuhlisa esi sindululo saba yithiyori yezibalo yokuphuma kwethermionic.
U-Ambrose Fleming, injineli esebenza uhambo olufutshane olusuka eCambridge, wayeqhelene nale misebenzi. Kwacaca kuye ukuba ivalve yakhe yasebenza ngenxa yokukhutshwa kwe-thermionic yee-electron ukusuka kwi-filament eshushu, ukuwela i-vacuum gap kwi-anode ebandayo. Kodwa i-vacuum kwisibane sesalathisi yayingekho nzulu - oku kwakungeyomfuneko kwi-bulb eqhelekileyo. Kwakwanele ukumpompa ioksijini eyaneleyo ukukhusela umsonto ekubambeni umlilo. UFleming waqonda ukuba ukuze isivalo sisebenze kakuhle, kwakufuneka sikhutshwe ngokucokisekileyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuze igesi eseleyo ingaphazamisi ukuhamba kwee-electron.
UDe Forest akazange ayiqonde le nto. Ekubeni wafika kwivalve kunye ne-Audion ngokusebenzisa iimvavanyo kunye neBunsen burner, inkolelo yakhe yayichasene - ukuba igesi eshushu ye-ionized yayiyilwelo olusebenzayo lwesixhobo, kwaye ukususwa kwayo ngokupheleleyo kuya kukhokelela ekuyekisweni kokusebenza. Yiyo loo nto i-Audion yayingazinzanga kwaye ingonelisekanga njengomamkeli werediyo, kwaye kutheni ikhuphe ukukhanya okuluhlaza.
U-Arnold e-AT&T wayekwimeko efanelekileyo yokulungisa impazamo ka-de Forest. Wayeyingcali yefiziksi eyayifunde phantsi kukaRobert Millikan kwiYunivesithi yaseChicago kwaye wayeqeshwe ngokukodwa ukuba asebenzise ulwazi lwakhe lwe-electronic physics entsha kwingxaki yokwakha inethiwekhi yomnxeba yonxweme ukuya elunxwemeni. Wayesazi ukuba ityhubhu ye-Audion yayiza kusebenza kakuhle kwi-vacuum ekufutshane-egqibeleleyo, wayesazi ukuba iimpompo zamva nje zinokufikelela kwi-vacuum enjalo, wayesazi ukuba uhlobo olutsha lwe-oxid-coated filament, kunye nepleyiti enkulu kunye negridi. ukwandisa ukuhamba kwee-electron. Ngamafutshane, waguqula i-Audion ibe ityhubhu ye-vacuum, umenzi wemimangaliso wexesha lombane.
I-AT&T yayine-amplifier enamandla efunekayo ukwakha umgca we-transcontinental - yayingenawo amalungelo okuyisebenzisa. Abameli benkampani baziphatha ngokungathembeki ngexesha lothethathethwano kunye neHlathi, kodwa baqala incoko eyahlukileyo ngegqwetha leqela lesithathu, elikwazile ukuthenga amalungelo okusebenzisa i-Audion njenge-amplifier yefowuni ye-50 yeedola (malunga ne-000 yezigidi zeedola kwi-1,25 yeedola). Umgca waseNew York-San Francisco uvulwe kanye ngexesha, kodwa ngakumbi njengoloyiso lobuchule bobugcisa kunye nentengiso yeshishini kunendlela yonxibelelwano. Iindleko zokufowuna zazixhomile kangangokuba phantse kwakungekho mntu unokuzisebenzisa.
Ixesha le-elektroniki
Ityhubhu yevacuum yokwenyani ibe yingcambu yomthi omtsha ngokupheleleyo wezinto zombane. Njengogqithiso, ityhubhu yevacuum yandisa usetyenziso lwayo njengoko iinjineli zafumana iindlela ezintsha zokulungisa uyilo lwayo ukusombulula iingxaki ezithile. Ukukhula kwesizwe "-od" akuzange kuphele ngeediode kunye ne-triodes. Iqhubekile nayo , eyongeze igridi eyongezelelweyo exhasa ukukhulisa ngokukhula kwezinto kwisekethe. Okulandelayo kwavela , , kwaye nkqu . Iithiratroni ezizaliswe ngumphunga wemekyuri zavela, zikhazimla kukukhanya okuluhlaza okoyikekayo. Izibane ezincinci zilingana nozwane omncinci okanye i-acorn. Izibane ze-cathode ezingathanga ngqo apho i-hum yomthombo we-AC ayizange iphazamise umqondiso. I-Saga ye-Vacuum Tube, echaza ukukhula kweshishini le-tube ukuya kwi-1930, idwelisa ngaphezu kwe-1000 imizekelo eyahlukeneyo ngesalathisi - nangona ezininzi zazingekho iikopi ezingekho mthethweni ezivela kwiimpawu ezingathembekiyo: Ultron, Perfectron, Supertron, Voltron, njalo njalo.
Okubaluleke ngakumbi kuneentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeefom kwakukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezicelo ze-vacuum tube. Iisekethe ezivuselelayo zajika i-triode yaba sisidluliseli-esenza amaza agudileyo kunye ne-sine angaguqukiyo, ngaphandle kwentlantsi enengxolo, ekwazi ukusasaza isandi ngokugqibeleleyo. Ngomntu osebenzisanayo kunye neentlantsi ngowe-1901, uMarconi wayengakwazi ukusasaza intwana encinane yeMorse code ngaphaya kweAtlantiki emxinwa. Ngomnyaka we-1915, usebenzisa i-vacuum tube njenge-transmitter kunye ne-receiver, i-AT & T inokuhambisa ilizwi lomntu ukusuka e-Arlington, eVirginia ukuya e-Honolulu-umgama ophindwe kabini. Ngeminyaka yee-1920s, badibanisa umnxeba omde kunye nosasazo lweaudio olukumgangatho ophezulu ukwenza uthungelwano lokuqala lukanomathotholo. Ngaloo ndlela, kungekudala isizwe sonke sasinokuphulaphula ilizwi elifanayo kunomathotholo, enoba nguRoosevelt okanye uHitler.
Ngaphaya koko, ukukwazi ukwenza ii-transmitter ezilungelelaniswe ngokuthe ngqo kunye nozinzo rhoqo zivumele iinjineli zonxibelelwano ukuba zifezekise iphupha ekudala libambekile lokuphindaphinda okuphindaphindayo okwatsala u-Alexander Bell, u-Edison kunye nabanye kwiminyaka engamashumi amane eyadlulayo. Ngo-1923, i-AT&T yayinomgca welizwi onezitishi ezilishumi ukusuka eNew York ukuya ePittsburgh. Ukukwazi ukuhambisa amazwi amaninzi ngocingo olulodwa lobhedu lunciphise kakhulu iindleko zeefowuni ezikude, ezithi, ngenxa yeendleko zabo eziphezulu, bezisoloko zifikeleleka kuphela kubantu abazizityebi kunye namashishini. Ukubona ukuba yintoni i-vacuum tubes enokuyenza, i-AT & T yathumela amagqwetha abo ukuba athenge amalungelo awongezelelweyo kwi-Forest ukuze aqinisekise amalungelo okusebenzisa i-Audion kuzo zonke izicelo ezikhoyo. Bebonke, bamhlawula i-390 yeedola, imali yanamhlanje elingana ne-000 yezigidi zeedola.
Ngokuguquguquka okunjalo, kutheni iityhubhu zokufunxa zingazange zilawule isizukulwana sokuqala sekhompyuter ngendlela ezazilawula ngayo oonomathotholo nezinye izixhobo zonxibelelwano? Ngokucacileyo, i-triode inokuba lutshintsho lwedijithali njenge-relay. Ngoko kucacile ukuba u-de Forest wayekholelwa ukuba wayeyidalile i-relay ngaphambi kokuba ayidale. Kwaye i-triode yayiphendula ngakumbi kune-electromechanical relay yemveli kuba bekunganyanzelekanga ukuba ishukumise isikhali. I-relay eqhelekileyo idinga ii-milliseconds ezimbalwa ukutshintsha, kunye nokutshintsha kwe-flux ukusuka kwi-cathode ukuya kwi-anode ngenxa yokutshintsha kwamandla ombane kwigridi phantse ngokukhawuleza.
Kodwa izibane zazinentlupheko eyahlukileyo kwiirelays: ukuthambekela kwazo, njengabanduleli bazo, iiglowubhu zokukhanya, ukutshisa. Ubomi be-original Audion de Forest babufutshane kakhulu - malunga neeyure ze-100 - ukuba isibane siqulethe i-filament esecaleni, eyayifanele idibaniswe emva kokuba eyokuqala itshiswe. Oku kwakubi kakhulu, kodwa nasemva koko, kwanezona zibane zisemgangathweni zazingenakulindelwa ukuba zihlale ngaphezu kweeyure ezingamawaka aliqela. Kwiikhompyuter ezinamawaka ezibane kunye neeyure zokubala, oku kwakuyingxaki enkulu.
Kwelinye icala, ii-Relays “zazithembeke ngendlela emangalisayo,” ngokutsho kukaGeorge Stibitz. Kangangokuba wayibanga loo nto
Ukuba iseti yeereyilayi ezimilise u-U ziqale kunyaka wokuqala wexesha lethu kwaye zitshintshe umfowunelwa kanye ngomzuzwana ngamnye, zisasebenza nanamhlanje. Ukungaphumeleli kokuqala koqhagamshelwano kunokulindelwa ngaphambi kwewaka leminyaka kamva, kwindawo ethile ngonyaka we-3000.
Ngaphezu koko, kwakungekho amava ngeesekethe ezinkulu ze-elektroniki ezinokuthelekiswa neesekethe ze-electromechanical zeenjineli zefowuni. Irediyo kunye nezinye izixhobo zinokuqulatha izibane ezi-5-10, kodwa hayi amakhulu amawaka. Akukho mntu waziyo enoba kwakunokwenzeka kusini na ukwenza ikhompyutha enezibane ezingama-5000 XNUMX isebenze. Ngokukhetha ii-relays endaweni yeetyhubhu, abaqulunqi beekhompyuter benza ukhetho olukhuselekileyo nolulondolozayo.
Kwinxalenye elandelayo siza kubona ukuba kwakutheni ukuze la mathandabuzo oyiswe.
umthombo: www.habr.com
