Amanye amanqaku kolu ngcelele:
- Imbali yodluliselo
- Imbali yeekhompyuter ze-elektroniki
- Imbali ye-transistor
- Imbali ye-Intanethi
Kwavela umnxeba ngebhaqo. Ukuba Ngenxa yophando lwenkulungwane malunga namathuba okuhambisa imiyalezo kusetyenziswa umbane, abantu bakhubeka emnxebeni befuna itelegraph ephuculweyo. Ke ngoko, kulula kakhulu ukwabela umhla obambekayo, nangona ungaqinisekanga ngokupheleleyo, wokuveliswa komnxeba-unyaka wekhulu lokusekwa kwe-United States, ngo-1876.
Kwaye akunakutshiwo ukuba ifowuni yayingenabo abanduleli. Ukususela kwi-1830, izazinzulu zophando zikhangele iindlela zokuguqula isandi sibe ngumbane, kunye nombane kwisandi.
Isandi sombane
Ngonyaka we-1837 , ugqirha kunye nomfuni kwintsimi ye-electromagnetism evela eMassachusetts, wakhubeka kwinto engaqhelekanga. Wafaka ucingo olujiyileyo olugqunyiweyo phakathi kweziphelo zemagnethi esisigxina, waze wabeka isiphelo ngasinye socingo kwisingxobo semekyuri esiqhagamshelwe ebhetrini. Ngalo lonke ixesha evula okanye evala isiphaluka, ephakamisa isiphelo socingo kwi-container okanye ehlisa apho, umazibuthe ukhupha isandi esinokuviwa kumgama wemitha. Ikhasi lawubiza ngokuba ngumculo we-galvanic, kwaye wacebisa ukuba yonke into yayimalunga "nokuphazamiseka kwemolekyuli" okwenzeka kwimagnethi. Iphepha liqalise amaza ophando kwimiba emibini yokufunyaniswa: ipropathi engaqhelekanga yemathiriyeli yesinyithi ukutshintsha imilo xa imagnetic, kunye nesizukulwana esicacileyo sesandi ngombane.
Sinomdla okhethekileyo kwizifundo ezibini. Eyokuqala yaqhutywa nguJohann Philipp Reis. UReis wafundisa imathematika kunye nesayensi kubantwana besikolo kwiGarnier Institute kufutshane neFrankfurt, kodwa ngexesha lakhe lokukhululeka wayezixakekise kuphando lombane. Ngeli xesha, oombane abaliqela sele bedale iinguqulelo ezintsha zomculo wegalvanic, kodwa uReis wayengowokuqala ukuqonda ialchemy yeendlela ezimbini zokuguqulela isandi kumbane kwaye ngokuphambanayo.
UReis waqonda ukuba i-diaphragm, efana ne-eardrum, inokuvala kwaye ivule isekethe yombane xa ingcangcazela. Iprototype yokuqala yesixhobo somnxeba, esakhiwa ngo-1860, yayinendlebe eqingqwe ngomthi enenwebu eyenziwe ngesinyi sehagu esolulelwe phezu kwayo. I-electrode yeplatinum ifakwe phantsi kwe-membrane, ethi, xa ishukuma, ivule kwaye ivale isiphaluka ngebhetri. Isixhobo sokwamkela inxeba yayisisilonda socingo esirhangqe inaliti yokunitha encanyatheliswe kwivayolin. Umzimba wevayolin uye wakhulisa ukungcangcazela kwesitayile sokutshintsha kwemilo njengoko sasinozibuthe ngokutshintshanayo kwaye sakhutshwa nguzibuthe.
Imodeli yamva yefowuni yeReis
UReis weza nophuculo oluninzi kwiprototype yangaphambili, kunye nabanye abavavanyi bafumanisa ukuba ukuba uyacula okanye uncwine into ethile kuyo, isandi esigqithisiweyo sihlala sisaziwa. Kwakunzima ukwahlula amagama, yaye ngokufuthi ayegqwetheka yaye engaqondwa. Imiyalezo emininzi yempumelelo yelizwi isebenzise amabinzana aqhelekileyo afana nelithi "molweni" nelithi "unjani" kwaye kulula ukuwaqikelela. Ingxaki ephambili yahlala kukuba i-Reis 'transmitter yavula kwaye yavala isekethe, kodwa ayizange ilawule amandla esandi. Ngenxa yoko, kuphela i-frequency ene-amplitude engatshintshiyo inokudluliselwa, kwaye oku akunako ukulinganisa zonke izinto ezifihlakeleyo zelizwi lomntu.
UReis wayekholelwa ukuba umsebenzi wakhe kufuneka wamkelwe yisayensi, kodwa akazange aphumelele oku. Isixhobo saso sasinomdla odumileyo phakathi kwabaphezulu kwezenzululwazi, kwaye iikopi zavela kwiindawo ezininzi zolu didi oluphezulu: eParis, eLondon, eWashington. Kodwa umsebenzi wakhe wezobuNzululwazi wakhatywa lijenali kaNjingalwazi Poggendorff Annalen der Physik [Analals of Physics], enye yeejenali zenzululwazi ezindala kunye nejenali enempembelelo kakhulu ngelo xesha. Iinzame zikaRace zokubhengeza ifowuni kwiinkampani zocingo nazo aziphumelelanga. Wayenesifo sephepha, yaye isigulo sakhe esasisiya siqatha samthintela ekubeni enze uphando olunzulu. Ngenxa yoko, ngowe-1873, ukugula kwathabatha ubomi namabhongo akhe. Kwaye oku akuyi kuba lixesha lokugqibela esi sifo siya kuthintela ukuphuhliswa kwembali yefowuni.
Ngelixa uRace wayephucula ifowuni yakhe, wayegqibezela uphononongo lwakhe lokuqala lwefiziyoloji yokuva: “Imfundiso yokuva ukuva njengeSiseko sePhysiological yeTheory yoMculo” [Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen als physiologische Grundlage für die Theorie der Musik], eyapapashwa ngowe-1862. UHelmholtz, ngoko unjingalwazi kwiYunivesithi yaseHeidelberg, wayeyingxilimbela yesayensi ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, esebenza kwi-physiology yombono, i-electrodynamics, i-thermodynamics, njl.
Umsebenzi kaHelmholtz unxulumene ngokufutshane nembali yethu, kodwa kuya kuba lusizi ukuwuphosa. KwiMfundiso yeeSensations zokuHlola, uHelmholtz wenzela umculo into eyenziwa nguNewton ekukhanyeni- wabonisa indlela imvakalelo ebonakala ngathi inye inokohlulwa ibe ngamacandelo ayo. Wabonisa ukuba ukungafani kwee-timbres, ukusuka kwi-violin ukuya kwi-bassoon, kuvela kuphela kwiiyantlukwano kumandla ahambelanayo we-overtones yabo (iithoni eziphindwe kabini, kathathu, njl. njl. ngokumalunga nenqaku lesiseko). Kodwa kwibali lethu, eyona nto inomdla ngomsebenzi wakhe ilele kwisixhobo esimangalisayo asiphuhlisele umboniso:
Helmholtz synthesizer eyahlukileyo
UHelmholtz wayalela isixhobo sokuqala kwindawo yokusebenzela yaseCologne. Ukubeka ngokulula, yayiyi-synthesizer ekwazi ukuvelisa izandi ezisekelwe kukwakheka kweetoni ezilula. Obona buchule bakhe bumangalisayo yayibubuchule obungaqondakaliyo bokuvelisa izandi zezikhamiso ezaziqhele ukuva ziphuma emlonyeni womntu kuphela.
I-synthesizer yasebenza ukusuka ekubetheni kwefolokhwe yokulungisa ephambili, eshukumayo kwinqaku elisisiseko, ukuvala nokuvula isiphaluka, ukuntywilisela ucingo lweplatinam kwisikhongozelo se-mercury. Iifolokhwe ezisibhozo zokulinganisa umazibuthe, nganye ingcangcazela ngethoni yayo, iphumle phakathi kweziphelo zikamazibuthe oqhagamshelwe kwisekethi. Ukuvalwa kwesekethe nganye kwavula i-electromagnets kwaye kwagcina iifolokhwe zokulungisa zikwimo engcangcazelayo. Ecaleni kwefolokhwe nganye yokulungisa kwakukho i-cylindrical resonator ekwaziyo ukukhulisa ukuduma kwayo ukuya kwinqanaba elivakalayo. Kwimeko eqhelekileyo, isiciko kwiresonator sasivaliwe kwaye sivalile isandi sefolokhwe yokulungisa. Ukuba ususa isiciko ecaleni, unokuva le ntetho yangaphezulu, kwaye ngaloo ndlela "dlala" isandi sexilongo, ipiyano, okanye unobumba wezikhamiso "o".
Esi sixhobo siya kudlala indima encinci ekudaleni uhlobo olutsha lwefowuni.
Harmonic telegraph
Enye yezinto ezitsala abaqulunqi besiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-1870 yayiyi-multitelegraph. Okukhona iisignali zetelegraph zixinene kucingo olunye, kokukhona ukusebenza kothungelwano lwetelegraph lulukhulu. Ekuqaleni kwee-XNUMXs, iindlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ze-duplex telegraphy (ukuthumela imiqondiso emibini kumacala ahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye) zaziwa. Kungekudala emva koko, uThomas Edison waphucula kubo ngokudala i-quadruplex, ukudibanisa i-duplex kunye ne-diplex (ukuhambisa izibonakaliso ezimbini kwicala elinye ngexesha elinye), ukuze ucingo lusetyenziswe ngokuphindwe kane ngokufanelekileyo.
Kodwa ngaba inani lemiqondiso linokwandiswa ngakumbi? Lungiselela uhlobo oluthile lwe-octoruplex, okanye nangaphezulu? Isibakala sokuba amaza esandi anokuguqulwa abe ngumsinga wombane aze abuye kwakhona anika ithuba elibangel’ umdla. Kuthekani ukuba sisebenzise iithoni zeepito ezahlukeneyo ukwenza i-acoustic, i-harmonic, okanye, ngokuthetha ngombongo, itelegraph yomculo? Ukuba ii-vibrations ezibonakalayo zee-frequencies ezahlukeneyo zinokuguqulelwa kwii-vibrations zombane kwaye emva koko zihlanganiswe kwakhona kwiifrikhwensi zazo zangaphambili kwelinye icala, kuyakwenzeka ukuthumela imiqondiso emininzi ngaxeshanye ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka. Isandi ngokwaso besiya kuba yindlela kuphela yokufikelela esiphelweni, indawo ephakathi eyenza imisinga ukuze kubekho imiqondiso emininzi kucingo olunye. Ukuze kube lula, ndiya kubhekisela kule ngcamango njenge-harmonic telegraph, nangona iinguqu ezahlukeneyo zamagama zazisetyenziswa ngelo xesha.
Le yayingeyiyo yodwa indlela yokudala iimpawu eziphindaphindwayo. EFransi [emva koko iyunithi yesantya somfuziselo ithiywe - baud / malunga. transl.] ngo-1874 weza nomatshini onosasazo olujikelezayo oluqokelela imiqondiso evela kwii-telegraph ezininzi. Kule mihla sinokuyibiza le nto ngokuba yi-multiplex eyahlulahlulwe lixesha endaweni yezihlandlo. Kodwa le ndlela yayine-drawback - ayiyi kukhokelela ekudalweni kwefowuni.
Ngelo xesha, i-American telegraphy yayilawulwa yi-Western Union, eyakhiwe kwiminyaka yee-1850 kwilinge lokuphelisa ukhuphiswano olungathandekiyo phakathi kweenkampani ezimbalwa ezinkulu ze-telegraph-inkcazo enokuthi isetyenziswe ngokulula ukuthethelela ukudibanisa okunjalo ngaphambi kokufika kwemithetho ye-antitrust. Omnye wabalinganiswa kwibali lethu walichaza ngokuthi "mhlawumbi lelona qumrhu likhulu lakha labakho." Ukuba namawaka eekhilomitha zeengcingo kunye nokuchitha imali eninzi ekwakheni nasekugcineni uthungelwano, iWestern Union ilandele uphuhliso kwinkalo ye-multiplex telegraphy ngomdla omkhulu.
Omnye umdlali naye ebelindele impumelelo kwishishini letelegraph. , igqwetha laseBoston kunye nomrhwebi, wayengomnye wabaxhasi abaphambili bokuzisa i-telegraph yaseMelika phantsi kolawulo lorhulumente wobumbano. U-Hubbard wayekholelwa ukuba iitelegrams zinokungabizi kakhulu njengeleta, kwaye wayezimisele ukujongela phantsi oko wayekubona njenge-Western Union's cynical and excutionist monopoly. Umthetho osayilwayo kaHubbard awuzange ucebise ukuba iinkampani zetelegraph zifakwe kuzwelonke, njengoko phantse onke amagunya aseYurophu enzayo, kodwa yayiza kuseka inkonzo yocingo exhaswa ngurhulumente phantsi kweSebe lePosi. Kodwa isiphumo bekuya kuba yinto efanayo, kwaye i-Western Union yayiza kulishiya eli shishini. Phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1870, inkqubela kumthetho yayimile, kodwa u-Hubbard wayeqinisekile ukuba ulawulo lwelungelo lomenzi elitsha letelegraph elibalulekileyo lingamnika ithuba lokutyhala isindululo sakhe ngeCongress.
Gardiner Green Hubbard
Kukho izinto ezimbini ezizodwa eUnited States: okokuqala, isikali selizwekazi leWestern Union. Akukho mbutho we-telegraph waseYurophu unemigca emide kangaka, kwaye, ngoko, akukho sizathu sokuphuhlisa i-multiplex telegraphy. Okwesibini, kukho umbuzo ovulekileyo wolawulo lukarhulumente kwi-telegraph. Inqaba yokugqibela yaseYurophu yayiyiBritani, eyathi yavelisa itelegraph ngowe-1870. Emva koku, azikho iindawo ezishiywe naphina ngaphandle kwe-United States apho ithemba elihendayo lokwenza impumelelo yetekhnoloji kunye nokujongela phantsi ukulawulwa kwemonopoly. Mhlawumbi ngenxa yoko, uninzi lomsebenzi we-harmonic telegraph wenziwa eUnited States.
Babebathathu kakhulu ababekhuphisana ngebhaso. Ababini kubo sele bengabaqambi abahloniphekileyo - и . Owesithathu yayingunjingalwazi wentetho kunye nomfundisi-ntsapho wezithulu ogama linguBell.
Ngwevu
UElisha Grey wakhulela kwifama yaseOhio. Njengoninzi lwabantu bexesha lakhe, wayedlala ngetelegraphy xa wayekwishumi elivisayo, kodwa xa wayeneminyaka eli-12 ubudala, xa uyise waswelekayo, waqalisa ukukhangela umsebenzi owawunokumxhasa. Wafunda kangangexesha elithile njengomkhandi weentsimbi, emva koko njengomchweli wenqanawa, yaye xa wayeneminyaka engama-22 wafunda ukuba unokufumana imfundo kwiKholeji yaseOberlin ngoxa wayesasebenza njengomchweli. Emva kweminyaka emihlanu efunda, wazijul' ijacu kumsebenzi wakhe njengomqambi kwicandelo letelegraphy. I-patent yakhe yokuqala yayiyi-self-adjusting relay, ethi, ngokusebenzisa i-electromagnetic yesibini endaweni yentwasahlobo ukubuyisela i-armature, ikhuphe isidingo sokulungelelanisa uvakalelo lwe-relay ngokuxhomekeke kumandla akhoyo kwisekethe.
UElisha Grey, ca. 1878
Ngo-1870, wayesele eliqabane kwinkampani evelisa izixhobo zombane, kwaye wasebenza apho njengenjineli eyintloko. Ngomnyaka we-1872, yena kunye neqabane bahambisa inkampani eChicago kwaye bayibiza ngokuba yiNkampani yoMbane yoMbane. Kungekudala iWestern Electric yaba ngumthengisi oyintloko wezixhobo zetelegraph kwiWestern Union. Ngenxa yoko, iya kushiya uphawu olubonakalayo kwimbali yocingo.
Ekuqaleni kuka-1874, uGrey weva isandi esingaqhelekanga siphuma kwigumbi lakhe lokuhlambela. Kwaba ngathi kukukhala kwerheotome engcangcazelayo, kuphela enamandla ngakumbi. I-reotome (ngokoqobo "i-streamer breaker") yayisisixhobo sombane esaziwayo esasebenzisa ulwimi lwesinyithi ukuvula nokuvala isekethe ngokukhawuleza. Ejonge kwigumbi lokuhlambela, uGrey wabona unyana wakhe ephethe ikhoyili yokungenisa eqhagamshelwe kwirheotome ngesandla esinye, kwaye ngesinye isandla ehlikihla i-zinc yokugquma ebhafini, eyayigquma ngaxeshanye. UGrey, enomdla ngamathuba, waphuma emsebenzini wakhe wosuku kwi-Western Electric ukuba abuyele ekuqulunqeni. Ehlotyeni, wayesele ephuhlise itelegraph yomculo ene-octave epheleleyo, awayekwazi ngayo ukudlala izandi kwidiaphragm eyenziwe kwisitya sentsimbi ngokucofa izitshixo zekhibhodi.
Isidluliseli
Umamkeli
I-telegraph yomculo yayiyinto entsha engenaxabiso licacileyo lentengiso. Kodwa uGrey waqonda ukuba ukukwazi ukusasaza izandi zeethowuni ezahlukeneyo ngocingo olunye kwamnika iinketho ezimbini. Nge-transmitter yoyilo olwahlukileyo, olukwazi ukuthabatha isandi emoyeni, i-telegraph yelizwi inokudalwa. Ngomnye ummkeli okwazi ukwahlula isignali edibeneyo kumacandelo ayo, kwakunokwenzeka ukwenza i-harmonic telegraphy - oko kukuthi, i-multiplex telegraphy esekelwe kwisandi. Wagqiba ekubeni agxininise kukhetho lwesibini, kuba ishishini le-telegraph lalineemfuno ezicacileyo. Waqinisekiswa kukhetho lwakhe emva kokufunda ngefowuni yeRace, ebonakala ngathi yinto yokudlala yefilosofi elula.
UGrey wenze isamkeli se-harmonic telegraph ukusuka kwiseti yee-electromagnets ezidityaniswe nemicu yentsimbi. Umcu ngamnye ulungelelaniswe kwi-frequency ethile, kwaye yavakala xa iqhosha elihambelanayo kwi-transmitter licinezelwa. Umthumeli usebenze kumgaqo ofanayo kunye netelegraph yomculo.
UGrey waphucula isixhobo sakhe kwiminyaka emibini elandelayo kwaye wasithatha waya kumboniso. Ngokusemthethweni umcimbi wawubizwa ngokuba "". Yayingumboniso wokuqala wehlabathi owawubanjelwe eUnited States, yaye wawungqamana nombhiyozo weminyaka elikhulu wesizwe, yaye ngenxa yoko wawuquka lowo ubizwa ngokuba. "UMboniso weNkulungwane" Yenzeka ePhiladelphia ehlotyeni lowe-1876. Apho, iGrey ibonise uxhulumaniso lwe "octruplex" (oko kukuthi, ukuhanjiswa kwemiyalezo esibhozo ngaxeshanye) kumgca wetelegraph olungiselelwe ngokukodwa ovela eNew York. Le mpumelelo yanconywa kakhulu ziijaji zalo mboniso, kodwa ngokukhawuleza yagutyungelwa ngomnye ummangaliso omkhulu ngakumbi.
Edison
, umongameli weWestern Union, ngokukhawuleza wafunda ngenkqubela kaGrey, eyamenza wanexhala kakhulu. Okona kulungileyo, ukuba iGrey iyaphumelela, imeko iyakukhokelela kwilayisenisi yelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza ebiza kakhulu. Okona kubi, ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza likaGrey liya kuba sisiseko sokuyilwa kwenkampani ekhuphisanayo eya kucela umngeni kulawulo lweWestern Union.
Ke ngoJulayi 1875, u-Orton wakhupha i-ace kumkhono wakhe: uThomas Edison. U-Edison wakhulela kwi-telegraphy, wachitha iminyaka eliqela njengomqhubi wetelegraph, emva koko waba ngumqambi. Uloyiso lwakhe olukhulu ngelo xesha yayilunxibelelwano lwe-quadruplex, olwenziwe ngemali ye-Western Union kunyaka ongaphambili. Ngoku u-Orton wayenethemba lokuba uya kuphucula imveliso yakhe kwaye adlule oko uGrey akwazi ukukwenza. Wanika u-Edison inkcazo yefowuni yeRace; UEdison wafunda nomsebenzi kaHelmholtz, owawusandul’ ukuguqulelwa kwisiNgesi.
U-Edison wayekwincopho yohlobo lwakhe, kwaye iingcamango ezintsha ziphuma kuye njengeentlantsi ezivela kwi-anvil. Kunyaka olandelayo wabonisa iindlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zetelegraphy ye-acoustic - eyokuqala yayifana ne-telegraph kaGrey, kwaye wasebenzisa iifolokhwe zokulungisa okanye iingcongolo ezingcangcazelayo ukwenza okanye ukuva amaza afunekayo. U-Edison akakwazanga ukufumana isixhobo esinjalo ukuba sisebenze kwinqanaba elamkelekileyo.
Indlela yesibini, awayibiza ngokuthi "i-acoustic transmitter", yahluke ngokupheleleyo. Kunokuba asebenzise iingcongolo ezingcangcazelayo ukusasaza amaza ahlukeneyo, wazisebenzisa ukusasaza ukubetha kwentliziyo ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Yahlula ukusetyenziswa kocingo phakathi kwee-transmitter ngexesha kunokuba ngamaza. Oku kufuna ungqamaniso olugqibeleleyo lokungcangcazela kwiperi nganye yomamkeli-transmitter ukuze imiqondiso ingadibani. Ngo-Agasti 1876, wayene-quadruplex esebenza kulo mgaqo, nangona kumgama ongaphezu kweemayile ezili-100 umqondiso waba yinto engenamsebenzi. Wayenamacebo okuphucula umnxeba kaRace, awawubeka bucala okwethutyana.
Kwaye emva koko u-Edison weva malunga nemvakalelo eyenziwe kwi-Centennial Exposition eFiladelphia yindoda egama linguBell.
Bell
wazalelwa e-Edinburgh, eSkotlani, wakhulela eLondon phantsi kolwalathiso olungqongqo lukayisemkhulu. NjengoGrey no-Edison, wabonisa umdla kwi-telegraph njengenkwenkwana, kodwa emva koko walandela emanyathelweni kayise kunye noyisemkhulu, ekhetha intetho yomntu njengento yakhe ephambili. Utatomkhulu wakhe, uAlexander, wazenzela igama eqongeni waza waqalisa ukufundisa ukuthetha esidlangalaleni. Uyise, u-Alexander Melville, naye wayengumfundisi-ntsapho, waze wavelisa wapapasha inkqubo yefonetiki, awayibiza ngokuba “yintetho ebonakalayo.” UAlexander omncinane (uAlec, njengoko wayebizwa njalo kwintsapho), wakhetha njengomsebenzi wakhe wokufundisa intetho kubantu abangevayo.
Ngasekupheleni kwee-1860s wayefunda i-anatomy kunye ne-physiology kwiYunivesithi yaseLondon College. Umfundi uMarie Eccleston wafundisisa naye, awayecebe ukutshata naye. Kodwa ke wayeka ukufunda kunye nothando. Abantakwabo ababini babulawa sisifo sephepha, kwaye uyise ka-Alec wafuna ukuba yena nentsapho yakhe eseleyo bafudukele kwihlabathi elitsha ukuze balondoloze impilo yonyana wakhe ekuphela kwakhe. UBell wathobela, nangona wayexhathisa kwaye wayicaphukela, waza wahamba ngomkhumbi ngo-1870.
Emva koqhankqalazo olufutshane eOntario, uAlexander, esebenzisa unxibelelwano lukayise, wafumana umsebenzi wokuba ngutitshala kwisikolo sezithulu eBoston. Apho yalukwa imisonto yekamva lakhe.
Okokuqala wayenomfundi, uMabel Hubbard, owaphulukana nokungeva kwakhe eneminyaka emihlanu ngenxa yomkhuhlane obomvu. UBell uqhubekile nokufundisa ngasese nasemva kokuba ngunjingalwazi we-vocacal physiology kunye nokuthetha esidlangalaleni kwiYunivesithi yaseBoston, kwaye uMabel wayephakathi kwabafundi bakhe bokuqala. Ngexesha loqeqesho, wayeneminyaka engaphantsi kwe-16 ubudala, engaphantsi kweminyaka elishumi kuBell, kwaye kwiinyanga ezimbalwa wayethandana nale ntombazana. Siza kubuyela kwibali lakhe kamva.
Ngo-1872 uBell wavuselela umdla wakhe kwitelegraphy. Kwiminyaka embalwa ngaphambilana, ngoxa wayeseLondon, uBell weva ngamalinge kaHelmholtz. Kodwa uBell akazange aqonde impumelelo kaHelmholtz, ekholelwa ukuba akazange adale kuphela, kodwa wahambisa izandi eziyinkimbinkimbi usebenzisa umbane. Ke uBell waba nomdla kwi-harmonic telegraphy - usetyenziso oludityanisiweyo locingo oluneempawu ezininzi ezithunyelwa kwiifrikhwensi ezininzi. Mhlawumbi iphefumlelwe ziindaba zokuba i-Western Union ifumene ingcamango ye-telegraph ye-duplex evela ku-Bostonian uJoseph Stearns, uBell waphinda waqwalasela iingcamango zakhe kwaye, njengo-Edison noGrey, waqala ukuzama ukuzisebenzisa.
Ngenye imini, xa wayetyelele uMabel, wabamba umsonto wesibini wekamva lakhe – emi ecaleni kwepiyano, wabonisa usapho lwakhe iqhinga awayelifunde ebutsheni bakhe. Ukuba ucula inqaku elicocekileyo kwipiyano, umtya ohambelana nawo uya kukhala kwaye uwubuyisele kuwe. Uxelele utata kaMabel ukuba isignali ye-telegraph elungisiweyo inokufezekisa umphumo ofanayo, kwaye wachaza ukuba ingasetyenziswa njani kwi-multiplex telegraphy. Kwaye uBell wayengenakufumana umphulaphuli ohambelana nebali lakhe: wavuma ngovuyo kwaye waqonda kwangoko imbono ephambili: "Kukho umoya omnye kuye wonke umntu, kwaye inye kuphela icingo elifunekayo," oko kukuthi, ukusasazeka kwamaza ombane ngaphakathi. ucingo lunokukopa ngokuncinci ukusasazwa kwamaza omoya okwenziwa sisandi esintsonkothileyo. Umphulaphuli kaBell yayinguGardiner Hubbard.
ifowuni
Kwaye ngoku eli bali liya lidida kakhulu, ngoko ndiyoyika ukuvavanya umonde wabafundi. Ndiza kuzama ukulandelela iindlela eziphambili ngaphandle kokuxinana kwiinkcukacha.
UBell, exhaswa nguHubbard kunye noyise womnye wabafundi bakhe, wasebenza ngenkuthalo kwi-harmonic telegraph ngaphandle kokubhengeza inkqubela yakhe. Watshintshana nomsebenzi onomsindo kunye namaxesha okuphumla xa impilo yakhe yamnkenenkene, ngelixa ezama ukufeza imisebenzi yakhe yaseyunivesithi, ukukhuthaza inkqubo kayise "yentetho ebonakalayo" kunye nomsebenzi wokuba ngumkhapheli. Waqesha umncedisi omtsha , Umkhandi onamava ovela kwi-workshop ye-Boston mechanical kaCharles Williams - abantu abanomdla kumbane bahlanganisene apho. U-Hubbard wabongoza uBell, kwaye wayengenazintloni zokusebenzisa isandla sentombi yakhe njengenkuthazo, wenqaba ukutshata naye de iBell iphucule i-telegraph yakhe.
Ngehlobo le-1874, ngelixa wayekwiholide kufutshane nekhaya losapho e-Ontario, uBell wayene-epiphany. Iingcinga ezininzi ezazikho kwi-subconscious yakhe zadityaniswa enye - umnxeba. Iingcinga zakhe zaphenjelelwa kancinci - isixhobo sokuqala sokurekhoda isandi kwihlabathi esipeyinte amaza esandi kwiglasi etshayayo. Oku kwaqinisekisa iBell ukuba isandi sayo nayiphi na into entsonkothileyo inokuncitshiswa kwiintshukumo zenqaku kwindawo, njengokushukuma kwangoku ngocingo. Asiyi kuhlala kwiinkcukacha zobuchwepheshe, kuba azinanto yakwenza neefowuni ezenziwe ngokwenene kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwazo kuyathandabuzeka. Kodwa bayithatha indlela entsha yokucinga kaBell.
Umzobo wengcinga yefowuni yokuqala yeBell ene "harmonics" (ayakhiwanga)
I-Bell ibeka le ngcamango ecaleni ixesha elithile ukuze ilandele, njengoko amaqabane akhe alindeleke kuye, injongo yokudala i-telegraph ye-harmonic.
Kodwa ngokukhawuleza wadinwa yindlela yokulungisa izixhobo zokusebenza kakuhle, yaza intliziyo yakhe, yadinwa yimiqobo emininzi esebenzayo emi endleleni yomboniso osebenzayo wenkqubo esebenzayo, itsalela ngakumbi kumnxeba. Ilizwi lomntu laliyinkanuko yakhe yokuqala. Ngehlobo lika-1875, wafumanisa ukuba iingcongolo ezingcangcazelayo azinakuvala nje ngokukhawuleza kwaye zivule isekethe ngendlela yesitshixo se-telegraph, kodwa ziphinde zenze umsinga oqhubekayo onjengamaza njengoko zihamba kwintsimi yemagnethi. Waxelela ingcamango yakhe yefowuni kuWatson, kwaye kunye bakha imodeli yokuqala yefowuni kulo mgaqo-i-diaphragm engcangcazelayo kwintsimi ye-electromagnetic yavuyisa i-wave-like current kwi-magnetic circuit. Esi sixhobo sasikwazi ukusasaza izandi ezithile zelizwi ezingavakaliyo. U-Hubbard akazange achukumiseke ngesixhobo kwaye wayala uBell ukuba abuyele kwiingxaki zangempela.
Umnxeba weBell's vestigial gallow ukusuka ehlotyeni 1875
Kodwa uBell usamqinisekisa u-Hubbard kunye namanye amaqabane ukuba umbono kufuneka ube nelungelo elilodwa lomenzi, kuba unokusetyenziswa kwi-multiplex telegraphy. Kwaye ukuba ufaka isicelo selungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza, akukho mntu uya kukwalela ukuba ukhankanye kuyo ithuba lokusebenzisa isixhobo kunxibelelwano lwelizwi. Ke ngoJanyuwari, iBell yongeza indlela entsha yokuvelisa amaza angoku kwidrafti yelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza: ukumelana nokuguquguquka. Wayefuna ukudibanisa i-diaphragm eshukumayo, efumene isandi, kunye noqhagamshelwano lweplatinum, iyancipha kwaye iphakanyiswe kwisitya esine-asidi, apho kwakukho enye, uqhagamshelwano olumileyo. Xa unxibelelwano oluhambayo lwatshona nzulu, indawo enkulu yomhlaba yadibana ne-asidi, eyanciphisa ukuchasana nokuhamba kwangoku phakathi kwabafowunelwa - kunye nolunye uhlangothi.
Umzobo we-Bell wengqikelelo yolwelo oluguquguqukayo olusidlulisayo lokuchasa
U-Hubbard, esazi ukuba iGrey yayishushu kwizithende zeBell, yathumela isicelo se-patent yangoku kwi-ofisi ye-patent kusasa ngoFebruwari 14, ngaphandle kokulinda ukuqinisekiswa kokugqibela kwiBell. Kwaye ngenjikalanga yaloo mini, igqwetha likaGrey lafika liphethe ipatent yalo. Kwakhona iqulethe isiphakamiso sokuvelisa i-waves yangoku usebenzisa ukuchasana okuguquguqukayo kolwelo. Ikwakhankanye ukuba nokwenzeka kokusetyenziswa koyilo kuzo zombini iitelegraph kunye nokuhanjiswa kwelizwi. Kodwa wayeneeyure ezininzi emva kwexesha ukuze aphazamise ipatent yeBell. Ukuba umyalelo wokufika wawahlukile, bekuya kubakho ukuxoxwa kwetyala eliphambili ixesha elide phambi kokuba kunikwe ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza. Ngenxa yoko, ngo-Matshi 7, iBell yakhutshwa inombolo ye-patent 174, "Ukuphuculwa kweTelegraphy," eyabeka ilitye lembombo kwixesha elizayo lokulawula inkqubo yeBell.
Kodwa eli bali libangel’ umdla linempoxo. Kuba ngoFebruwari 14, 1876, akukho Bell okanye Grey bakhe imodeli yokusebenza yefowuni. Akukho mntu uye wazama oku, ngaphandle komzamo omfutshane weBell ngoJulayi odlulileyo, apho bekungekho ukuchasana okuguquguqukayo. Ngoko ke, amalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza akufuneki ajongwe njengeziganeko ezibalulekileyo kwimbali yobuchwepheshe. Lo mzuzu ubalulekileyo kuphuhliso lomnxeba njengeshishini loshishino wawungenanto yakwenza nomnxeba njengesixhobo.
Kwakuphela emva kokuhambisa i-patent ukuba uBell noWatson babe nethuba lokubuyela kwifowuni, nangona u-Hubbard wayesoloko efuna ukuqhubeka nomsebenzi kwi-multiplex telegraph. UBell kunye noWatson bachitha iinyanga ezininzi bezama ukwenza imbono yokumelana nolwelo isebenze, kwaye umnxeba owakhiwe kulo mgaqo wasetyenziselwa ukuhambisa ibinzana elidumileyo: "Mnu. Watson, yiza apha, ndifuna ukukubona."
Kodwa abaqambi bahlala beneengxaki ngokuthembeka kwaba bathumeli. Ngoko ke, uBell noWatson baqalisa ukusebenza kwiitransmitha ezintsha besebenzisa umgaqo wemagneto ababewenza ngawo ehlotyeni lowe-1875—besebenzisa intshukumo yediaphragm kwimagnethi ukuze bavuyise ngokuthe ngqo umsinga. Iingenelo yayikukulula nokuthembeka. Ukungalungi yayikukuba amandla aphantsi ophawu lomnxeba ayesisiphumo sokungcangcazela emoyeni okudalwe lilizwi lesithethi. Oku kuthintele umgama osebenzayo we-magneto transmitter. Kwaye kwisixhobo esinokumelana okuguquguqukayo, ilizwi lahlengahlengisa umsinga owenziwe yibhetri, onokwenziwa womelele njengoko unqwenela.
Iimagneto ezitsha zisebenze ngcono kakhulu kunezo zehlobo elidlulileyo, kwaye uGardiner wagqiba kwelokuba kusenokubakho into kwingcinga yomnxeba emva kwayo yonke loo nto. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, wasebenza kwi-Massachusetts Education and Science Exposition Committee kuMboniso weCentennial osondelayo. Wasebenzisa impembelelo yakhe ukuze afumane iBell indawo kumboniso kunye nokhuphiswano apho abagwebi bagweba ukuveliswa kombane.
Bell/Watson magneto transmitter. Idiaphragm yentsimbi engcangcazelayo D ishukuma kumhlaba wemagnethi wemagnethi H kwaye inika umdla umsinga kwisekethe
Umamkeli
Abagwebi beza eBell ngokukhawuleza emva kokufunda i-telegraph ye-grey ye-harmonic. Wazishiya kwi-receiver kwaye waya kwenye yee-transmitter ezikwi-XNUMX leemitha kude negalari. Abanxibelelanisi bakaBell bamangaliswa kukumva ecula namazwi aphuma kwibhokisi encinane yentsimbi. Enye yeejaji yayiliqabane likaBell laseSkotlani (owathi kamva wanikwa igama elithi Lord Kelvin). Enochulumanco oluchulumancisayo, wabaleka enqumla iholo esiya eBell ukuya kumxelela ukuba uwavile amazwi akhe, waza kamva wabhengeza umnxeba “yeyona nto imangalisayo ayibonileyo eMelika.” UMlawuli waseBrazil naye wayekho, owathi kuqala wacinezela ibhokisi endlebeni yakhe, waza watsiba esitulweni sakhe ekhwaza esithi: “Ndiyeva, ndiyeva!”
Upapasho lweBell oluveliswe kumboniso lwakhokelela u-Edison ukuba alandele iimbono zakhe zangaphambili zokuhambisa umnxeba. Ngoko nangoko wahlasela eyona nto iphambili yokutsalwa kwesixhobo sikaBell-i-magneto transmitter ebuthathaka. Ukususela kuvavanyo lwakhe lwe-quadruplex, wayesazi ukuba ukuchasana kweetshiphu zamalahle kwatshintsha ngotshintsho kuxinzelelo. Emva kovavanyo oluninzi olunolungelelwaniso olwahlukileyo, uphuhlise isidluliseli esichasayo esisebenza kulo mgaqo. Esikhundleni soqhagamshelwano oluhamba kulwelo, amaza oxinzelelo lwelizwi lesithethi acinezele i-carbon "iqhosha", ukutshintsha ukuchasana kwayo, ngoko ke amandla akhoyo kwisekethe. Oku bekuthembeke ngakumbi kwaye kulula ukuphumeza kunezithuthi zolwelo ezaqanjwa nguBell noGrey, kwaye yaba ligalelo eliqinisekileyo kwimpumelelo yexesha elide yomnxeba.
Kodwa uBell wayesengowokuqala ukwenza umnxeba, ngaphandle kweenzuzo ezicacileyo kumava kunye nezakhono ababenazo iintshaba zakhe. Wayengowokuqala kungekhona ngenxa yokuba wayenokuqonda abanye abangazange bafikelele kuyo - nabo bacinga ngefowuni, kodwa bayithatha njengento engabalulekanga xa kuthelekiswa ne-telegraph ephuculweyo. UBell wayengowokuqala kuba wayethanda ilizwi lomntu ngaphezu kwe-telegraph, kangangokuba wayechasa iminqweno yamaqabane akhe ade abonise ubungqina bokusebenza kwefowuni yakhe.
Kuthekani nge-telegraph ye-harmonic, apho uGrey, u-Edison noBell bachitha umgudu omkhulu kunye nokucinga? Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku akukho nto iye yasebenza. Ukugcina iivibrators zoomatshini kuzo zozibini iziphelo zocingo ngolungelelwaniso olugqibeleleyo kungqineke kunzima kakhulu, kwaye akukho mntu waziyo indlela yokukhulisa umqondiso odityanisiweyo ukuze usebenze kumgama omde. Kwakusembindini wenkulungwane yama-XNUMX kuphela, emva kokuba itekhnoloji yombane iqale ngonomathotholo evunyelwe ulungelelwaniso oluchanekileyo kunye nokukhulisa ingxolo ephantsi, apho umbono wokupakisha imiqondiso emininzi yokuhanjiswa kucingo olunye waba yinyani.
Sala kakuhle kuBell
Nangona ukuphumelela kwefowuni kumboniso, u-Hubbard wayengenamdla wokwakha inkqubo yefowuni. Kubusika obulandelayo, wenza isindululo kuWilliam Orton, umongameli weWestern Union, ukuba athenge onke amalungelo omnxeba phantsi kwelungelo elilodwa lomenzi kaBell leedola ezili-100 000. U-Orton wala, ephenjelelwa yintlanganisela yokungathandwa kukaHubbard namacebo akhe eposi, ukuzithemba, kunye nokuzithemba. Umsebenzi kaEdison emnxebeni kunye nenkolelo yokuba ifowuni, xa ithelekiswa netelegraph, yayithetha into encinane kakhulu. Amanye amalinge okuthengisa umbono wefowuni awaphumelelanga, ngenxa yoloyiko olukhulu lweendleko zokumangalela ngamalungelo elungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza ukuba ayathengiswa. Ngoko ke, ngoJulayi 1877, uBell kunye namaqabane akhe baseka iNkampani yeBell Phone ukuze balungiselele inkonzo yabo yomnxeba. Kwangaloo nyanga inye, uBell ekugqibeleni watshata noMabel Gardiner kwikhaya losapho lwakhe, waphumelela ngokwaneleyo ukuzuza iintsikelelo zikayise.
UAlec nomfazi wakhe uMabel kunye nabantwana ababini abasaphilayo - oonyana bakhe ababini bafa besebancinane (c. 1885)
Ngomnyaka olandelayo, u-Orton watshintsha ingqondo yakhe malunga nomnxeba waza wadala inkampani yakhe, iNkampani yokuThetha i-American Telephone, enethemba lokuba amalungelo abenzi be-Edison, Grey kunye nabanye baya kukhusela inkampani ekuhlaselweni kwezomthetho kweBell. Waba sisoyikiso sokufa kwizinto ezinomdla zikaBell. IWestern Union yayineenzuzo ezimbini eziphambili. Okokuqala, izibonelelo zemali ezinkulu. Inkampani kaBell ibifuna imali kuba yaqesha izixhobo kubathengi bayo, nto leyo eyathatha iinyanga ezininzi ukuzihlawulela. Okwesibini, ukufikelela kwi-Edison's transmitter ephuculweyo. Nabani na othelekisa umthumeli wakhe kunye nesixhobo sikaBell wayengenakunceda kodwa aphawule ukucaca okungcono kunye nomthamo welizwi lalowo wangaphambili. Inkampani kaBell yayingenandlela yimbi ngaphandle kokumangalela lowo ekhuphisana naye ngokwaphulwa kwelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza.
Ukuba i-Western Union inamalungelo acacileyo kwi-transmitter ephezulu kuphela ekhoyo, iya kuba namandla anamandla okufikelela kwisivumelwano. Kodwa iqela likaBell lifumene ipatent yangaphambili yesixhobo esifanayo, esafunyanwa ngummi waseJamani , wayithenga. Kuphela kusemva kweminyaka emininzi yamadabi asemthethweni apho ilungelo lomenzi lika-Edison lanikwa ingqwalaselo ephambili. Ebona ukuba inkqubo ayiphumelelanga, ngoNovemba 1879 iWestern Union yavuma ukudlulisela onke amalungelo elungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza kwifowuni, izixhobo, kunye nesiseko esisele sibhalisile (abantu abangama-55) kwinkampani yaseBell. Ukutshintshana, bacela kuphela i-000% yerenti yefowuni kwiminyaka eyi-20 ezayo, kunye nokuba iBell ihlale ngaphandle kweshishini le-telegraph.
Inkampani yeBell yakhawuleza yatshintsha izixhobo zeBell ngeemodeli eziphuculweyo ezisekelwe kuqala kwilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza kaBerliner emva koko kumalungelo awodwa abenzi afunyenwe kwiWestern Union. Ngexesha lokuphela kwetyala, umsebenzi ophambili weBell wawungqina kwityala le-patent, apho kwakukho ininzi. Ngowe-1881 wayesele ethathe umhlala-phantsi ngokupheleleyo. NjengoMorse, kwaye ngokungafaniyo no-Edison, wayengenguye umenzi weenkqubo. UTheodore Vail, umphathi odlamkileyo owathi uGardiner wamkhwelisa kude nenkonzo yeposi, wathatha ulawulo lwenkampani wayikhokelela kwisikhundla esongamileyo elizweni.
Ekuqaleni, inethiwekhi yomnxeba yakhula ngokwahlukileyo kuthungelwano lwetelegraph. Le yokugqibela iphuhliswe ngokutsiba kunye nemida ukusuka kwiziko lorhwebo ukuya kwelinye, ukugubungela i-150 km ngexesha, ifuna ugxininiso oluphezulu lwabathengi abaxabisekileyo, kwaye emva koko izalisekisa uthungelwano ngoqhagamshelo kwiimarike ezincinci zasekhaya. Uthungelwano lwemfonomfono lwakhula njengeekristale ukusuka kwiindawo ezincinci zokukhula, ukusuka kubathengi abambalwa abakumaqela azimeleyo kwisixeko ngasinye kunye nommandla ojikelezileyo, kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe, kumashumi eminyaka, adityaniswa kwizakhiwo zengingqi nezesizwe.
Kwakukho imiqobo emibini kwiminxeba emikhulu. Okokuqala, kwakukho ingxaki yomgama. Nokuba kukho oomatshini abanyusiweyo bokuchasa okusekwe kwimbono ka-Edison, uluhlu olusebenzayo lwetelegraph kunye nomnxeba lwalungenakuthelekiswa nanto. Umqondiso womnxeba onzima ngakumbi wawuchatshazelwa ngakumbi kwingxolo, kwaye iimpawu zombane zemisinga eguquguqukayo zazingaziwa kakhulu kunezo zangoku ngqo ezisetyenziswe kwi-telegraph.
Okwesibini, bekukho ingxaki yonxibelelwano. Umnxeba kaBell yayisisixhobo sonxibelelwano esinokunxibelelana nomntu omnye; inokudibanisa amanqaku amabini ngocingo olunye. Kwi-telegraph oku akuzange kube yingxaki. I-ofisi enye inokusebenzela abathengi abaninzi, kwaye imiyalezo inokuhanjiswa ngokulula ukusuka kwiofisi esembindini ukuya komnye umgca. Kodwa kwakungekho ndlela ilula yokudlulisela incoko yomnxeba. Ekuphunyezweni kokuqala komnxeba, abantu besithathu nabalandelayo babenokunxibelelana kuphela nabantu ababini abathetha ngento eyayiza kubizwa ngokuba “yifowuni edityanisiweyo.” Oko kukuthi, ukuba zonke izixhobo zomrhumo ziqhagamshelwe kumgca omnye, ngoko ke ngamnye wabo wayenokuthetha (okanye i-eavesdrop) kunye nabanye.
Siza kubuyela kwingxaki yomgama ngexesha elifanelekileyo. IN Siza kuhlolisisa ingxaki yoqhagamshelwano kunye nemiphumo yayo, eyaba nefuthe ekuphuhliseni ukuhanjiswa.
Yintoni emayifundwe
- URobert V. Bruce, uBell: uAlexander Graham Bell kunye nokuTshaniswa koLodwa (1973)
- UDavid A. Hounshell, "uElisha Grey kunye noMnxeba: Ngezinto ezingalunganga zokuba yiNgcali," iTekhnoloji kunye neNkcubeko (1975).
- UPaul Israel, u-Edison: Ubomi boKuqanjwa (1998)
- UGeorge B. Prescott, uMnxeba wokuThetha, iPhonograph yokuThetha, kunye nezinye izinto ezintsha (1878)
umthombo: www.habr.com