Amanye amanqaku kolu ngcelele:
- Imbali yodluliselo
- Imbali yeekhompyuter ze-elektroniki
- Imbali ye-transistor
- Imbali ye-Intanethi
yasebenza enye kwenye, idibanisa izikhululo ezimbini. Kodwa sele ngo-1877 cinga inkqubo edityanisiweyo yehlabathi. UBell wabhala kwisibhengezo sabatyali-mali abanokubakho ukuba kanye njengokuba uthungelwano lukamasipala lwegesi kunye namanzi ludibanisa amakhaya kunye namashishini kwizixeko ezikhulu kumaziko okuhambisa,
Ubani unokuyithelekelela indlela iintambo zomnxeba ezaziya kubekwa ngayo ngaphantsi komhlaba okanye zixhonywe ngasentla, yaye amasebe azo ebeya kungena kwizindlu zabucala, amasimi, iivenkile, imizi-mveliso, njl. njl., njalo njalo, eziqhagamshela ngentambo enkulu eneofisi esembindini apho iingcingo zingena khona. inokudityaniswa njengoko ifunwa, iseka unxibelelwano oluthe ngqo phakathi kwazo naziphi na iindawo ezimbini esixekweni. Ngaphezu koko, ndiyakholelwa ukuba kwixesha elizayo iingcingo ziya kudibanisa iiofisi zeNkampani yeeFowuni kwiidolophu ezahlukeneyo, kwaye umntu kwindawo enye yelizwe uya kukwazi ukunxibelelana nomnye umntu kwindawo ekude.
Kodwa yena okanye abantu bexesha lakhe babengenabuchule bobuchule bokuqonda ezi ngqikelelo. Bekuya kuthabatha amashumi eminyaka kunye nobukrelekrele obuninzi kunye nokusebenza nzima ukwenza umnxeba ube ngowona matshini ubanzi nontsokothileyo owaziwa ngumntu, lowo uya kunqumla amazwekazi kwaye ekugqibeleni iilwandle ukudibanisa yonke iminxeba esehlabathini kunye nayo yonke enye.
Olu tshintsho lwenziwe, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukuphuhliswa kokutshintsha - i-ofisi ephakathi enezixhobo ezikwazi ukubuyisela umnxeba ovela kumgca womnxeba ukuya kumgca womnxeba. Ukutshintsha i-automation kuye kwakhokelela ekwandeni okukhulu kobunzima beesekethe zokuhambisa, ezichaphazele kakhulu iikhompyuter.
Ukutshintsha kokuqala
Ngeentsuku zokuqala zeefowuni, akukho mntu wayenokuthi kanye kanye ukuba zenzelwe ntoni. Ukugqithiswa kwemiyalezo erekhodiweyo kwimigama emide sele ikwazile kwaye ibonise ukuba luncedo kwayo kwizicelo zorhwebo nezomkhosi. Kodwa akukhange kubekho mizekelo yokuhambisa isandi kumgama omde. Ngaba yayisisixhobo soshishino esifana netelegraph? Isixhobo sonxibelelwano lwentlalo? Ijelo lokuzonwabisa kunye nokuziphatha okuhle, njengokusasaza umculo kunye neentetho zezopolitiko?
UGardiner Greene Hubbard, omnye wabaxhasi abakhulu bakaBell, ufumene isifaniso esiluncedo. Oosomashishini beTelegraph bakhe iinkampani ezininzi zetelegraph kule minyaka idlulileyo. Abantu abazizityebi okanye amashishini amancinci aqeshe umgca wetelegraph ozinikeleyo obadibanisa neofisi ephakathi yenkampani. Emva kokuthumela itelegram, banokutsalela iteksi, bathumele umthunywa nomyalezo kumthengi okanye kumhlobo, okanye bafowunele amapolisa. UHubbard wayekholelwa ukuba umnxeba unokuthatha indawo yetelegraph kwimiba enjalo. Kulula kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa, kwaye ukukwazi ukugcina uqhagamshelwano ngelizwi kukhawuleza inkonzo kunye nokunciphisa ukungaqondani. Ke wakhuthaza ukuyilwa kwenkampani enjalo, enikezela ngokuqeshisa ngeefowuni ezinxulumene neenkampani zefowuni zalapha ekhaya, zombini ezisandula ukusekwa kwaye zaguqulwa kutshintshiselwano lwetelegraph.
Umphathi wenye yezi nkampani zemfonomfono usenokuqaphela ukuba ufuna iimfonomfono ezingamashumi amabini ukuze athethe nabathengi abangamashumi amabini. Yaye kwezinye iimeko, omnye umthengi wayefuna ukuthumela umyalezo komnye—ngokomzekelo, ugqirha othumela incwadi kagqirha kusokhemisti. Kutheni ungabaniki nje ithuba lokunxibelelana?
UBell naye wayenokuza nombono onjalo. Uchithe uninzi lwe-1877 kukhenketho lokuthetha ekhuthaza umnxeba. UGeorge Coy waya kwenye yezi ntetho eNew Haven, Connecticut, xa uBell wayecacisa ngombono wakhe weofisi yefowuni ephakathi. UCoy waphefumlelwa ngumbono, waququzelela iNkampani yeSithili yeSithili saseNew Haven, wathenga ilayisenisi kwiNkampani yeBell waza wafumana ababhalisi bakhe bokuqala. NgoJanuwari 1878, wayesele eqhagamshele ababhalisi abangama-21 esebenzisa iswitshi yokuqala yemfonomfono kawonke-wonke, eyenziwe ngeengcingo ezilahliweyo kunye neziphatho zeketile.
Kwisithuba esingangonyaka, izixhobo ezifanayo zethutyana zokuqhagamshela abantu ababhalisele iimfonomfono zasekuhlaleni zaqala ukubonakala kulo lonke ilizwe. Imodeli yentlalo eqikelelwayo yokusetyenziswa komnxeba yaqala ukuqaqambisa ezi ndawo zonxibelelwano lwendawo-phakathi kwabarhwebi kunye nababoneleli, oosomashishini kunye nabathengi, oogqirha kunye noosokhemesti. Kwanaphakathi kwabahlobo nabazanayo ababezizityebi ngokwaneleyo ukuba bathenge obutofotofo obunjalo. Iindlela ezizezinye zokusebenzisa umnxeba (umzekelo, njengendlela yokusasaza) zaqalisa ukunyamalala ngokuthe ngcembe.
Kwisithuba seminyaka embalwa, iiofisi zeefowuni ziye zadibana kuyilo oluqhelekileyo lokutshintsha kwehardware obuya kuhlala amashumi eminyaka: uluhlu lweesokethi ezinokuthi umqhubi aqhagamshele esebenzisa iingcingo eziplagi. Baphinde bavumelana ngentsimi efanelekileyo kumqhubi. Ekuqaleni, iinkampani zemfonomfono, ezininzi kuzo ezakhula kwiinkampani zetelegraph, zaqeshwa kubasebenzi ababekho—oonobhala abangamakhwenkwe nabathunywa. Kodwa abathengi bakhalazela ubukrwada babo, yaye abaphathi babandezeleka ngenxa yobundlobongela babo. Kungekudala bathatyathelw’ indawo ngamantombazana achubekileyo, anesidima.
Uphuhliso lwexesha elizayo lolu tshintsho lusembindini luya kuqinisekisa ukhuphiswano lolawulo lwefoni phakathi kodidi lukaGoliyati lukaBell kunye nabakhuphisana abazimeleyo abasakhulayo.
Bell kunye neenkampani ezizimeleyo
I-American Bell Telephone Company, ebambe inombolo yelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza ka-Bell's 1876 "uphuculo lwetelegraph", yayikwimeko enenzuzo kakhulu ngenxa yobubanzi obubanzi belungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza. Inkundla yagweba ukuba le patent ayiquki kuphela izixhobo ezithile ezichazwe apho, kodwa kunye nomgaqo wokuhambisa isandi ngamaza ombane, enika uBell ukuba abe yedwa kwifowuni eUnited States de kube ngo-174, xa i-patent ye-465 yeminyaka yaphela.
Iinkampani zolawulo zisebenzise eli xesha ngobulumko. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqaphela uMongameli и . I-Forbes yayiyi-aristocrat yaseBoston kwaye iphezulu kuluhlu lwabatyali-mali abathatha ulawulo lwenkampani xa amaqabane okuqala eBell ephelelwa yimali. UVail, umtshana omkhulu weqabane uSamuel Morse, , wayengumongameli weyona nto ibalulekileyo kwiinkampani zeBell, iMetropolitan Telephone, esekelwe eNew York, kwaye wayengumphathi oyintloko we-American Bell. U-Vail wabonisa ubuchule bakhe bokuphatha njengentloko yeNkonzo ye-Mail kaLoliwe, ehlela iposi kwiikhareji ezisendleleni eya kwiindawo eziya kuzo, ithathwa njengenye yezona zinto zinomtsalane ngexesha layo.
IForbes kunye neVail zijolise ekufumaneni iBell kuzo zonke iidolophu ezinkulu zelizwe kunye nokudibanisa zonke ezo zixeko kunye nemigca yomgama omde. Ngenxa yokuba eyona asethi yenkampani yayisisiseko sababhalisi abasele bekho, bakholelwa ukuba inethiwekhi yeBell ukufikelela okungenakuthelekiswa nanto kubathengi abakhoyo kuya kubanika inzuzo engenakugqithiswa yokhuphiswano ekufuneni abathengi abatsha emva kokuba i-patent iphelelwe.
I-Bell ingene kwizixeko ezitsha hayi phantsi kwegama le-American Bell, kodwa ngokunika ilayisensi kwiseti yamalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza kumsebenzisi wasekhaya kunye nokuthenga isininzi sezabelo kuloo nkampani kwisivumelwano. Ukuqhubela phambili ukukhuthaza kunye nokwandisa imigca edibanisa iiofisi zesixeko, baseka enye inkampani, i-American Telephone kunye neTelegraph (AT&T) ngo-1885. UWeil wongeze ubongameli bale nkampani kuluhlu lwakhe olunomtsalane lwezikhundla. Kodwa mhlawumbi eyona nto ibalulekileyo yokongeza kwipotfoliyo yenkampani yayikukufumana ngo-1881 umdla olawulayo kwinkampani yezixhobo zombane zaseChicago iWestern Electric. Yasekwa ekuqaleni Bell imbangi Elisha Grey, ke waba umboneleli omkhulu wezixhobo Western Union ukuba ekugqibeleni abe umenzi ngaphakathi Bell.
Kwaba ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1890, ngasekupheleni kolawulo lwe-Bell olusemthethweni, apho iinkampani zemfonomfono ezizimeleyo zaqalisa ukurhubuluza ziphuma kwiikona apho uBell wayezibhuqe ngeU.S. Patent No. 174. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini eyalandelayo, abazimeleyo. iinkampani zenze isoyikiso esibi kwiBell, kwaye omabini Amaqela akhula ngokukhawuleza kumzabalazo wemimandla kunye nababhalisi. Ukukhuthaza ukwanda, iBell yajika ubume bayo bombutho ngaphakathi ngaphandle, iguqula i-AT&T ukusuka kwinkampani yabucala ibe yinkampani yokubamba. I-American Bell yabhaliswa ngokwemithetho karhulumente. IMassachusetts, eyalandela ingcamango yakudala yequmrhu njengomqulu olinganiselweyo kawonke-wonke-ngoko i-American Bell kwafuneka ifake isicelo kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho ukuba zingene kwisixeko esitsha. Kodwa i-AT&T, eququzelelwe phantsi kwemithetho yeshishini yenkululeko yaseNew York, yayingenayo imfuneko enjalo.
I-AT&T yandisiwe uthungelwano kwaye yaseka okanye yafumana iinkampani ukuze zihlanganise kwaye zikhusele amabango ayo kumaziko amakhulu asezidolophini, ukwandisa uthungelwano oluhlala lukhula lwemigca emide kwilizwe lonke. Iinkampani ezizimeleyo bezithatha imimandla emitsha ngokukhawuleza, ngakumbi kwiidolophu ezincinci apho i-AT&T yayingekafiki.
Ebudeni bolu khuphiswano lukhulu, inani leemfonomfono ezisetyenziswayo landa ngomlinganiselo omangalisayo. Ngowe-1900, kwakukho iimfonomfono ezisisi-1,4 sezigidi eUnited States, xa kuthelekiswa ne-800 eYurophu kunye ne-000 ehlabathini lonke. Kwakukho isixhobo esinye kubo bonke abantu baseMelika abangama-100. Ngaphandle kweUnited States, yiSweden neSwitzerland kuphela ezisondeleleneyo. Kwiminxeba ye-000 yezigidi zeefowuni, i-60 yayingababhalisi beBell kwaye abanye bangabanini beenkampani ezizimeleyo. Kwiminyaka nje emithathu, la manani akhule ukuya kwi-1,4 yezigidi kunye ne-800 yezigidi, ngokulandelanayo, kwaye inani lokutshintsha lisondele kumashumi amawaka.
Inani lokutshintsha, malunga. 1910
Inani elikhulayo lokutshintsha libeke uxinzelelo ngakumbi kutshintshiselwano lwemfonomfono oluphakathi. Ukuphendula, ishishini leefowuni liphuhlise itekhnoloji entsha yokutshintsha eye yadibana yaba ziinxalenye ezimbini eziphambili: enye, ethandwa nguBell, eqhutywa ngabathwali. Omnye, owamkelwa ziinkampani ezizimeleyo, wasebenzisa izixhobo ze-electromechanical ukuphelisa ngokupheleleyo abaqhubi.
Ukwenzela lula, le nto siyakuyibiza ngokuba yi-manual/auto shift fault line. Kodwa ungasivumeli esi sigama sikukhohlise. Kanye njengemigca yokukhangela "ezenzekelayo" kwiivenkile ezinkulu, ukutshintshwa kwe-electromechanical, ngakumbi iinguqulelo zabo zangaphambili, zibeka uxinzelelo olongezelelweyo kubathengi. Ukususela kumbono wenkampani yefowuni, i-automation yanciphisa iindleko zabasebenzi, kodwa ukusuka kwinqanaba lokujonga iinkqubo, badlulisela umsebenzi ohlawulwayo womqhubi kumsebenzisi.
I-Operator ikwimo yokulinda
Ngeli xesha lokhuphiswano, iChicago yayiliziko eliphambili leBell System lokusungula izinto ezintsha. U-Angus Hibbard, i-CEO yeChicago Telephone, wayetyhala imida yocingo ukunyusa amandla anikezelwe kwisiseko esibanzi sabasebenzisi-kwaye oko akuzange kuhlale kakuhle kwi-AT & T kwikomkhulu. Kodwa ekubeni bekungekho unxibelelwano olunamandla kakhulu phakathi kwe-AT&T kunye neenkampani ezisebenzayo, akazange akwazi ukumlawula ngokuthe ngqo - wayenokubukela kuphela kwaye agxumeke.
Ngelo xesha, uninzi lwabathengi bakaBell yayingabarhwebi, iinkokeli zoshishino, oogqirha, okanye amagqwetha awayehlawula umrhumo osicaba ngokusetyenziswa kwemfonomfono okungenamkhawulo. Bambalwa abantu ababesakwazi ukuhlawula i-$125 ngonyaka, nto leyo elingana namawaka aliqela eedola namhlanje. Ukwandisa inkonzo kubathengi abaninzi, iChicago Telephone yazisa iminikelo emithathu emitsha kwiminyaka yoo-1890 eyanikezela ngeendleko eziphantsi kunye namanqanaba eenkonzo ezincitshisiweyo. Ekuqaleni kwakukho inkonzo kunye ne-counter counter kumgca kunye nokufikelela kubantu abaninzi, iindleko eziqulethwe ngomzuzu kunye nomrhumo omncinci kakhulu wokubhalisa (ngenxa yokwahlulwa komgca omnye phakathi kwabasebenzisi abaninzi). Umsebenzisi urekhode ukusetyenziswa kwexesha lomthengi ephepheni - imitha yokuqala ezenzekelayo eChicago ayizange ibonakale de kube emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala. Emva koko kwakukho inkonzo yotshintshiselwano lwendawo, kunye neefowuni ezingenamkhawulo kwiibhloko ezininzi ezijikelezayo, kodwa ngenani elincitshisiweyo labaqhubi ngomthengi ngamnye (kwaye ngoko kwandiswa kwamaxesha okudibanisa). Kwaye ekugqibeleni, kwakukho ifowuni ehlawulwayo, efakwe kwikhaya lomthengi okanye kwiofisi. I-nickel yayanele ukwenza umnxeba othabatha imizuzu emihlanu ukuya kuyo nayiphi na indawo esixekweni. Yayiyinkonzo yokuqala yomnxeba efumanekayo kudidi oluphakathi, kwaye ngo-1906, iifowuni ezingama-40 ze-000 zaseChicago yayiziifowuni zokuhlawulwa.
Ukuhambisana nesiseko sakhe sobhaliso esikhula ngokukhawuleza, u-Hibbard wasebenza ngokusondeleyo noMbane waseNtshona, oyena mveliso uphambili wawuse-Chicago, kwaye ngokukodwa kunye noCharles Scribner, injineli yayo eyintloko. Ngoku akukho mntu waziyo malunga ne-Scribner, kodwa ke yena, umbhali wamalungelo obunikazi angamakhulu amaninzi, wayebhekwa njengomqambi odumileyo kunye nonjiniyela. Phakathi impumelelo yakhe yokuqala yaba kuphuhliso iswitshi esemgangathweni yenkqubo Bell, kuquka isinxibelelanisi ucingo lomsebenzisi, ebizwa ngokuba "jack imela" ngokufana yayo epokothweni imela esongwayo [jackknife]. Eli gama kamva lafinyezwa ku “jack”.
I-Scribner, i-Hibbard kunye namaqela abo aphinde ahlaziye i-circuit switching circuit ukunyusa ukusebenza kakuhle komsebenzisi. Imiqondiso exakekileyo kunye nethowuni yentsimbi (ebonisa ukuba i-handset ithathiwe) ikhulule abasebenzi ekubeni baxelele abafowunayo ukuba kukho impazamo. Izibane zombane ezincinci ezibonisa iminxeba esebenzayo zatshintsha amasango ekufuneka umqhubi atyhale endaweni nganye. Umbuliso womqhubi othi "molo", owamema incoko, watshintshwa "inombolo, nceda", ethetha impendulo enye kuphela. Ngombulelo kolu tshintsho, ixesha lokufowuna eliqhelekileyo kwiifowuni zasekhaya eChicago lehlile ukusuka kwimizuzwana engama-45 ngo-1887 ukuya kwimizuzwana eyi-6,2 ngo-1900.
Ukutshintsha okuqhelekileyo nabaqhubi, malunga. 1910
Ngelixa iChicago Telephone, iWestern Electric, kunye nezinye iintente zeBell zisebenza ukwenza unxibelelwano lwe-carrier ngokukhawuleza kwaye lusebenze, abanye bazama ukulahla abathwali ngokupheleleyo.
Almon Brown Strowger
Izixhobo zokuqhagamshela iifowuni ngaphandle kokungenelela komntu zinikwe ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza, zaboniswa kwaye zasetyenziswa ukususela ngo-1879 ngabavelisi abavela e-USA, France, Britane, Sweden, Italy, Russia and Hungary. EUnited States kuphela, ngowe-1889, kwabhaliswa amalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza angama-27 okutshintsha ifowuni ezenzekelayo. Kodwa, njengoko kwenzekile rhoqo kwimbali yethu, ikhredithi yokuyila utshintsho oluzenzekelayo ngokungalunganga luye kumntu omnye: iAlmon Strowger. Oku akuchanekanga ngokupheleleyo, kuba abantu ababengaphambi kwakhe bakha izixhobo ezilahlwayo, baziphatha njenge-gizmos, bengenakho ukuphuma kwiimarike ezincinci, ezikhula kancinci, okanye bengenako ukwenza imali kulo mbono. Umatshini weStrowger wawungowokuqala ukuphunyezwa kwinqanaba lemizi-mveliso. Kodwa kwakhona akunakwenzeka ukubiza ngokuthi "umatshini weStrouger," kuba akazange azakhele ngokwakhe.
UStrowger, utitshala oneminyaka engama-50 ubudala waseKansas City wajika usomashishini, wayefana nje nomyili wezinto ezintsha ngexesha lokwanda kobuchule bobugcisa. Amabali okwenziwa kwakhe kwi-switchboard axelwe amaxesha amaninzi, kwaye abonakala engawommandla weentsomi kunezibakala ezinzima. Kodwa zonke zivela ekunganeliseki kukaStrowger kwinto yokuba abaqhubi bendawo yakhe yokutshintshiselana ngefowuni babephambukisa abathengi kulowo akhuphisana naye. Akusenakwenzeka ukwazi ukuba iyelenqe elinjalo lenzeka ngokwenene, okanye ukuba iStrowger yayilixhoba layo. Ngokunokwenzeka, yena ngokwakhe wayengengosomashishini olungileyo njengoko wayezicingela. Kwimeko nayiphi na into, ingcamango yefowuni "ngaphandle kwamantombazana" yavela kule meko.
Ilungelo lomenzi wakhe lango-1889 lachaza inkangeleko yesixhobo apho ingalo yentsimbi eyomeleleyo yathatha indawo yesiphatho esithambileyo somqhubi wefowuni. Endaweni yocingo lwejack, yayibambe uqhagamshelwano lwentsimbi olunokuhamba kwi-arc kwaye ikhethe enye yemigca ye-100 eyahlukeneyo yabathengi (ingaba kwinqwelomoya enye, okanye, kwinguqulelo ye "dual-motor", kwiinqwelomoya ezilishumi zemigca elishumi nganye) .
Umntu owayefowuna wayelawula isandla esebenzisa izitshixo zetelegraph ezibini, elinye lelamashumi, elinye libe leleeyunithi. Ukuqhagamshela kubabhalisi 57, umnxeba ucofe iqhosha leshumi izihlandlo ezihlanu ukuhambisa isandla kwiqela elinqwenelekayo labathengi abalishumi, emva koko ucofe isitshixo sezo izihlandlo ezisixhenxe ukufikelela umrhumi omfunayo kwiqela, emva koko ucofe iqhosha lokugqibela ukuze uqhagamshelane. Kwifowuni enomqhubi, umnxeba kufuneka athathe ifowuni, alinde ukuba umqhubi aphendule, athi "57" kwaye ulinde uxhumano.
Inkqubo ayizange idideke kuphela ukusebenzisa, kodwa yayifuna izixhobo ezingeyomfuneko: iingcingo ezintlanu ukusuka kubhalisi ukuya kutshintshi kunye neebhetri ezimbini zefowuni (enye ukulawula ukutshintsha, enye yokuthetha). Ngeli xesha, i-Bell yayisele isiya kwisistim yebhetri esembindini, kwaye izikhululo zabo ezitsha zazingenazo iibhetri kunye neengcingo ezimbini kuphela.
Kuthiwa i-Strowger yakhe imodeli yokuqala yokutshintsha ukusuka kwizikhonkwane ezinamathele kwi-starched collars. Ukuphumeza isixhobo esisebenzayo, wayefuna uncedo lwezemali kunye nobugcisa lwamaqabane amaninzi abalulekileyo: ngokukodwa, usomashishini uJoseph Harris kunye nonjiniyela u-Alexander Keith. UHarris unike uStrowger ngenkxaso-mali kwaye wongamela ukudalwa kweStrowger Automatic Telephone Exchange Company, eyenza iiswitshi. Ngobulumko wagqiba kwelokuba angayifumani le nkampani hayi kwisiXeko saseKansas, kodwa ekhayeni lakhe eliseChicago. Ngenxa yobukho bayo, iWestern Electric yayisembindini wobunjineli beefowuni. Phakathi kweenjineli zokuqala eziqeshwe nguKeith, oweza kwinkampani evela kwihlabathi lokuvelisa amandla waza waba ngumlawuli wezobuchwepheshe weStrowger Automatic. Ngoncedo lwezinye iinjineli ezinamava, waphuhlisa ingcamango ekrwada kaStrowger yaba sisixhobo esichanekileyo esilungele ukuveliswa kunye nokusetyenziswa ngobuninzi, kwaye wongamela lonke uphuculo olukhulu lobugcisa kwisixhobo kwiminyaka engama-20 ezayo.
Kolu luhlu lophuculo, ezimbini bezibaluleke kakhulu. Eyokuqala yayikukutshintshwa kwezitshixo ezininzi ngokucofa okukodwa, okwavelisa ngokuzenzekelayo zombini iipulses ezishukumise iswitshi kwindawo efunwayo kunye nomqondiso woqhagamshelwano. Esi sixhobo senziwe lula kakhulu sababhalisile kwaye saba yindlela emiselweyo yokulawula utshintsho oluzenzekelayo de iBell yazisa ukudayela kwethoni yokuchukumisa kwihlabathi ngeminyaka yoo-1960. Ifowuni ezenzekelayo iye yafana nefowuni ejikelezayo. Okwesibini kwakukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo yokudibanisa ezimbini, eyavumela ukuba i-1000 yokuqala kwaye emva koko abasebenzisi be-10 badibanise omnye nomnye ngokudayela i-000 okanye i-3 amadijithi. Ukutshintsha kwenqanaba lokuqala kukhethwe enye yeshumi okanye ikhulu lokutshintsha kwinqanaba lesibini, kwaye olo tshintsho lwakhetha olufunwayo kubabhalisi be-4. Oku kwavumela ukutshintshela okuzenzekelayo ukuba kukhuphisane kwizixeko ezikhulu apho kwakuhlala amawaka ababhalisile.
I-Strowger Automatic yafakela iswitshi yokuqala yorhwebo e-LaPorte, e-Indiana, ngo-1892, inceda ababhalisi abangamashumi asibhozo be-Cushman Telephone Company ezimeleyo. Owayesakuba yi-Bell subsidiary esebenza esixekweni yenza ukuphuma ngempumelelo emva kokuphulukana nengxabano yelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza kunye ne-AT&T, inika uCushman noStrowger ithuba legolide lokuthatha indawo yakhe kwaye bazingele abathengi bakhe. Kwiminyaka emihlanu kamva, uKeith wongamela ukufakwa kokuqala kokutshintshwa kwemigangatho emibini e-Augusta, eGeorgia, ekhonza imigca engama-900.
Ngelo xesha, uStrowger wayesele ethathe umhlala-phantsi kwaye wayehlala eFlorida, apho wafela khona kwiminyaka embalwa kamva. Igama lakhe laye lachithwa kwigama leNkampani yeFowuni eSebenzayo, kwaye yaziwa ngokuba yiAutelco. I-Autelco yayingumthengisi ophambili wokutshintsha kwe-electromechanical e-US nakuninzi lwaseYurophu. Ngo-1910, utshintsho oluzenzekelayo lwanceda ababhalisi baseMelika abangama-200 kwii-000 zokutshintshiselana ngefowuni, phantse zonke zakhiwe yi-Autelco. Nganye yayiyeyenkampani yefowuni ezimeleyo. Kodwa ama-131 200 ayeyinxalenye encinane kwizigidi zabantu baseMerika ababhalisela iminxeba. Nditsho neenkampani ezininzi ezizimeleyo bezilandela ekhondweni likaBell, kwaye iBell ngokwayo ibingekacingi nzulu ngokuthatha indawo yabaqhubi bayo.
Ulawulo ngokubanzi
Abachasi benkqubo yeBell bazamile ukucacisa ukuzibophelela kwenkampani ekusebenziseni abaqhubi njengenjongo engalunganga, kodwa izityholo zabo kunzima ukuzikholelwa. Kwakukho izizathu ezininzi ezifanelekileyo zoku kunye nesinye esasibonakala sisengqiqweni ngelo xesha, kodwa xa sijonga umva sikhangeleka singalunganga.
IBell kwafuneka iphuhlise eyakhe iswitshi kuqala. I-AT&T yayingenanjongo yokuhlawula i-Autelco ngokutshintshiselana ngomnxeba. Ngethamsanqa, ngo-1903, wafumana ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza kwisixhobo esaphuhliswa ngabazalwana bakaLorimer baseBrantford, eOntario. Kwakukwesi sixeko apho abazali baka-Alexander Bell bahlala khona emva kokushiya iSkotlani, kwaye apho umbono wefowuni waqala ukufika engqondweni yakhe xa wayetyelele apho ngo-1874. Ngokungafaniyo ne-Strowger switch, isixhobo se-Lorimers sasebenzisa ii-pulses ezibuyela umva ukuhambisa i-lever yokukhetha - oko kukuthi, ii-pulses zombane eziphuma kwi-switch, nganye itshintshela i-relay kwisixhobo sombhalisi, ibangela ukuba ibale phantsi ukusuka kwinani elibekwe ngumbhalisi. i-lever ukuya kwi-zero.
Kwi-1906, i-Western Electric yabela amaqela amabini ahlukeneyo ukuba aphuhlise utshintsho olusekelwe kwingcamango ye-Lorimers, kunye neenkqubo ezizenzileyo-iphaneli kunye ne-rotary-zakha isizukulwana sesibini sokutshintsha okuzenzekelayo. Bobabini batshintshe i-lever ngesixhobo sokudayela esiqhelekileyo, sihambisa isamkeli se-pulse ngaphakathi kwisikhululo esiphakathi.
Okubaluleke ngakumbi kwiinjongo zethu, i-mechanics ye-Western Electric's switching equipment-ichazwe ngokucokisekileyo ngokucokisekileyo kwiingxelo-mlando zomnxeba-yayizijikelezo zokubuyisela ezisetyenziselwa ukulawula ukutshintsha. Kodwa ababhali-mbali bakhankanya oku kuphela ngokukhawuleza.
Oku kulusizi, ekubeni ukufika kweesekethe zolawulo lwe-relay kuneziphumo ezimbini ezibalulekileyo kwimbali yethu. Ngexesha elide, baphefumlele ingcamango yokuba indibaniselwano yokutshintsha ingasetyenziselwa ukumela i-arithmetic engafanelekanga kunye nokusebenza okunengqiqo. Ukuphunyezwa kwezi ngcamango kuya kuba ngumxholo wenqaku elilandelayo. Kwaye okokuqala bawutyeshela umceli mngeni wokugqibela wobunjineli bokutshintsha okuzenzekelayo-ukwazi ukukala ukuze bakhonze imimandla emikhulu yasezidolophini apho iBell yayinamawaka ababhalisi.
Indlela i-Strowger etshintsha ngayo isikali, isetyenziswe ngu-Alexander Keith ukutshintsha phakathi kwemigca ye-10, ayinakulinganiswa kakhulu. Ukuba siqhubekile nokwandisa inani leeleya, umnxeba ngamnye wawufuna izixhobo ezininzi kakhulu ukuba zinikezelwe kuyo. Iinjineli zeBell zibize enye indlela yokukala umthumeli. Igcine inombolo efowunelweyo ngumfowunelwa kwirejista, emva koko yaguqulela loo nombolo kwiikhowudi ezingaqhelekanga (ezidla ngokunganamanani) ezilawula utshintsho. Oku kwavumela ukutshintshela ukuba kuqwalaselwe ngakumbi ngokuguquguqukayo - umzekelo, iifowuni phakathi kweebhodi zokutshintsha zinokuthi zihanjiswe kwisikhululo esiphakathi (esingazange sihambelane nedijithi enye kwinombolo ecofelweyo), kunokuba idibanise yonke ibhodi yokutshintsha esixekweni kubo bonke abanye. .
Kubonakala ngathi, , injineli yophando kwiCandelo le-AT & T yeTrafikhi, yaba ngowokuqala ukuza "nomthumeli". UMolina waphawulwa ngophando lwakhe olutsha olwasebenzisa ukubakho kwezibalo kufundo lwetrafikhi yomnxeba. Ezi zifundo zamkhokelela malunga ne-1905 kwingcamango yokuba ukuba ukuhanjiswa kwefowuni kwahlulwa ukusuka kwinani lokugqibela elibizwe ngumsebenzisi, ngoko oomatshini banokusebenzisa imigca ngokufanelekileyo ngakumbi.
U-Molina ubonise ngokwezibalo ukuba ukusasaza iifowuni kumaqela amakhulu emigca kuvumele iswitshi ukuba iphathe umthamo omnxeba omninzi ngelixa igcina isibonakaliso esixakekileyo siyafana. Kodwa iiswitshi zeStrowger zazikhawulelwe kwimigca elikhulu, ekhethiweyo kusetyenziswa amadijithi amabini. Ukutshintsha kwemigca ye-1000 esekelwe kwimivo emithathu kufunyenwe kungasebenzi. Kodwa iintshukumo zomkhethi, olawulwa ngumthumeli, akunyanzelekanga ukuba zihambelane neenombolo ezifowunelweyo ngumfowunelwa. Umkhethi onjalo unokukhetha kwimigca engama-200 okanye engama-500 ekhoyo kwiisistim ezijikelezayo nakwiiphaneli, ngokulandelelanayo. U-Molina ucebise uyilo lwerejista yokufowuna kunye nesixhobo sokudlulisa esakhiwe kumxube we-relays kunye ne-ratchets, kodwa ngexesha i-AT & T yayilungele ukuphumeza iipaneli kunye neenkqubo ezijikelezayo, ezinye iinjineli zazisele zifike ngokukhawuleza "abathumeli" ngokusekelwe kwii-relays zodwa.
Isixhobo sokudlulisa umnxeba kaMolina, i-patent No.
Kwakukho inyathelo elincinci elisele ukusuka "kumthumeli" ukuya kulawulo oludibeneyo. Amaqela e-Western Electric aqonda ukuba akuyomfuneko ukuba abiyele umthumeli kubo bonke ababhalisileyo okanye yonke iminxeba esebenzayo. Inani elincinci lezixhobo zokulawula zinokwabelwana ngazo phakathi kwayo yonke imigca. Xa umnxeba ungenile, umthumeli wayevula okwethutyana aze arekhode amanani afowunelweyo, asebenze nesitshixo ukuze ubuyisele ifowuni, aze ayicime alinde elandelayo. Ngotshintsho lwephaneli, umthumeli, kunye nolawulo olwabiweyo, i-AT & T yayinenkqubo eguquguqukayo kunye neyokunyuka enokusingatha kunye nothungelwano olukhulu lwaseNew York naseChicago.
Udlulisele kwitshintshi yephaneli
Kodwa nangona iinjineli zenkampani bezichithile zonke izichaso zobuchwephesha kwifowuni engasebenziyo, abaphathi be-AT&T basenamathandabuzo. Babengaqinisekanga ukuba abasebenzisi banako ukusingatha ukucofa amanani amathandathu kunye nesixhenxe afunekayo ukuze ucofe ngokuzenzekelayo kwizixeko ezikhulu. Ngelo xesha, abafowunelwa bafowunelwa ngababhalisi bokutshintsha kwendawo ngokunika umqhubi ngeenkcukacha ezimbini - igama lokutshintsha okufunwayo kunye (ngokuqhelekileyo) inombolo enezinombolo ezine. Umzekelo, umthengi osePasadena unokufikelela kumhlobo wakhe oseBurbank ngokuthi “Burbank 5553.” Ulawulo lweBell lukholelwa ukuba ukutshintshwa kwe "Burbank" ngekhowudi enedijithi ezimbini okanye ezintathu kungakhokelela kwinani elikhulu leefowuni ezingachanekanga, ukukhungatheka komsebenzisi, kunye nenkonzo embi.
Ngowe-1917, uWilliam Blauwell, umqeshwa we-AT&T, wacebisa indlela eya kuphelisa ezi ngxaki. Umbane waseNtshona unako, xa usenza umatshini womrhumi, uprinte oonobumba ababini okanye abathathu ecaleni kwedijithi nganye yokucofa. Uluhlu lweefowuni luya kubonisa oonobumba abambalwa bokuqala bokutshintsha ngalunye, abahambelana nonyaka wabo wedijithali, ngoonobumba abakhulu. Endaweni yokuba ukhumbule ikhowudi yamanani engaqhelekanga kwibhodi yokutshintsha efunwayo, umnxeba uya kupela inombolo: BUR-5553 (yeBurbank).
A 1939 Bell phone rotary dial ngenombolo Lakewood 2697, leyo 52-2697.
Kodwa nangona kwakungekho nchaso ekutshintsheni kwiinguqu ezizenzekelayo, i-AT & T yayingenaso isizathu sobugcisa okanye sokusebenza sokushiya indlela ephumelelayo yokuxhuma iifowuni. Yimfazwe kuphela eyamtyhalela koku. Ukwanda okukhulu kwemfuno yempahla yemizi-mveliso kusoloko kuphakamisa iindleko zomsebenzi wabasebenzi: eUnited States phantse kuphindwe kabini ukususela ngowe-1914 ukusa kowe-1919, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekwandeni kwemivuzo kwezinye iindawo. Ngokukhawuleza, inqaku eliphambili lokuthelekisa phakathi kokutshintsha okulawulwa ngumqhubi kunye nokuzenzekelayo kwakungekho bugcisa okanye ukusebenza, kodwa yimali. Ngenxa yokunyuka kweendleko zokuhlawula abaqhubi, ngo-1920 i-AT&T yagqiba ekubeni ayinakukwazi ukumelana noomatshini kwaye yayalela ukufakwa kweenkqubo ezizenzekelayo.
Inkqubo yokuqala enjalo yokutshintsha ipaneli yangena kwi-intanethi e-Omaha, eNebraska, ngo-1921. Kwalandelwa yiNew York switch ngo-Oktobha 1922. Ngo-1928, i-20% ye-AT & T yokutshintsha yayizenzekelayo; ngo-1934 – 50%, ngo-1960 – 97%. I-Bell yavala umnxeba wokugqibela kunye nabaqhubi eMaine ngo-1978. Kodwa abaqhubi bekusafuneka ukuba baququzelele iifowuni ezikude, kwaye baqala ukutshintshwa kule ndawo kuphela emva kokuphela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II.
Ngokusekwe kumabali enkcubeko yethu adumileyo malunga netekhnoloji kunye neshishini, kuya kuba lula ukucinga ukuba ukugawula i-AT&T kusinde ngokulambisa kwintshabalalo ezandleni zabantu abancinci abazimeleyo, ekugqibeleni batshintshela kwitekhnoloji ebonakala iphezulu ebikhe yaqhutywa ngamashishini amancinci. Kodwa eneneni, i-AT&T yahlawula isoyikiso esibangelwa ziinkampani ezizimeleyo ishumi leminyaka ngaphambi kokuba iqalise ukutshintshiselana ngefowuni ngokuzenzekelayo.
Intsimbi yoloyiso
Iziganeko ezibini ezenzeka kwiminyaka elishumi yokuqala yenkulungwane yama-XNUMX zaqinisekisa uninzi lwabezoshishino ukuba akukho mntu unokuyoyisa i-Bell System. Eyokuqala yaba kukungaphumeleli kweNkampani yoMnxeba eZimeleyo yase-United States yaseRochester yaseNew York. I-United States Independent okokuqala ngqa yagqiba ukwakha uthungelwano olukhuphisanayo lomgama omde. Kodwa abakwazanga ukungena kwimarike ebalulekileyo yaseNew York kwaye batshona. Okwesibini kwaba ukuwa kwe-Illinois Telephone ezimeleyo kunye neTelegraph, eyayizama ukungena kwimarike yaseChicago. Ayiphelelanga nje ekubeni ezinye iinkampani zingakhuphisani nenkonzo yomgama omde ye-AT&T, kodwa zikwabonakala zingenakho ukukhuphisana nayo kwiimarike ezinkulu zasezidolophini.
Ngaphezu koko, imvume yeChicago yenkampani esebenzayo yaseBell (iHibbard's Chicago Telephone) ngo-1907 yenza kwacaca ukuba urhulumente wesixeko akayi kuzama ukukhuthaza ukhuphiswano kwishishini lomnxeba. Kwavela ingqiqo entsha yezoqoqosho yokuba bodwa bendalo - inkolelo yokuba kwezinye iindidi zeenkonzo zoluntu, ukuzidibanisa phantsi komniki-nkonzo omnye kwaba sisiphumo esinengeniso nendalo sophuhliso lwemarike. Ngokwale nkcazo-bungcali, impendulo echanekileyo kwi-monopoly yayiyimimiselo yayo yoluntu, kwaye kungekhona ukhuphiswano olunyanzelwayo.
«» Ngo-1913 waqinisekisa amalungelo afunyenwe kurhulumente wobumbano ukuba aqhube iNkampani yeBell. Ekuqaleni kwakubonakala ngathi ulawulo oluqhubekayo , ethandabuza indibaniselwano enkulu yamashishini, ingayaphula iNkqubo yeBell okanye ngenye indlela irhoxe kulawulo lwayo. Yiloo nto kanye eyayicingwa ngumntu wonke xa igqwetha likaWilson, uJames McReynolds, walivula kwakhona ityala elichasene neBell elingeniswe phantsi kwetyala lokuqala lokungathembeki. , wabeka etafileni ngakulowo wayemandulele. Kodwa i-AT&T kunye norhulumente kungekudala bafikelela kwisivumelwano, esisayinwe ngusekela mongameli wenkampani, uNathan Kingsbury. I-AT & T yavuma ukuthengisa i-Western Union (apho yayithenge isininzi iminyaka emininzi ngaphambili), iyeke ukuthenga iinkampani zefowuni ezizimeleyo, kwaye idibanise iinkampani ezizimeleyo ngenethiwekhi yomgama omde ngamaxabiso afanelekileyo.
I-AT&T ibonakala ngathi ichaphazeleke kakhulu kumabhongo ayo. Kodwa umphumo wokuzibophelela kukaKingsbury waqinisekisa kuphela amandla akhe kumnxeba wesizwe. Izixeko kunye namazwe sele ziyibeke yacaca into yokuba azizukuzama ukunqanda ngokungqongqo ukuba bodwa kwefowuni, kwaye ngoku urhulumente wobumbano ubajoyine. Ngaphezu koko, into yokuba iinkampani ezizimeleyo zafumana ukufikelela kuthungelwano olude lwaqinisekisa ukuba luya kuhlala lulo kuphela inethiwekhi yohlobo lwayo eUnited States de kufike uthungelwano lwemicrowave kwisiqingatha senkulungwane kamva.
Iinkampani ezizimeleyo zaba yinxalenye yomatshini omkhulu, embindini owawuyiBell. Ukuvalwa kokufumana iinkampani ezizimeleyo kwapheliswa ngo-1921 kuba yayilinani elikhulu leenkampani ezizimeleyo ezifuna ukuthengiswa kwi-AT&T eyayicelwe ngurhulumente. Kodwa iinkampani ezininzi ezizimeleyo zisasinda kwaye zade zaphumelela, ngakumbi iGeneral Telephone & Electric (GTE), eyafumana i-Autelco njengekhuphisana neWestern Electric, kwaye yayinengqokelela yayo yeenkampani zasekhaya. Kodwa bonke bawuva umtsalane weNkwenkwezi yentsimbi ababeyijikeleza.
Ngaphandle kweemeko ezitofotofo, abalawuli beBell babengayi kuhlala bethe cwaka. Ukukhuthaza ukuveliswa kweefowuni eziqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kokulawula kwishishini, uMongameli we-AT & T uWalter Gifford wenza i-Bell Telephone Laboratories kwi-1925 kunye nabasebenzi be-4000. I-Bell iphinde yaphuhlisa isizukulwana sesithathu sokutshintsha okuzenzekelayo kunye nabafumani bamanyathelo, abalawulwa zezona zijikelezo zokudlulisa ezintsonkothileyo ezaziwa ngoko. Ezi ziganeko zimbini ziya kukhokelela abantu ababini, и kuphononongo lwemilinganiso enomdla phakathi kweesekethe zokutshintsha kunye neenkqubo zengqiqo yemathematika kunye nokubala.
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