Ibali lokukhutshwa elichaphazela yonke into

Iintshaba Zokwenyani ngo-12f-2

Ekupheleni kuka-Epreli, ngelixa i-White Walkers yayirhangqe uWinterfell, kukho into enomdla ngakumbi eyenzekayo kuthi; senze into engaqhelekanga. Ngokomgaqo, sihlala sikhupha izinto ezintsha kwimveliso (njengaye wonke umntu). Kodwa le yayahlukile. Ubungakanani bayo babukukuba naziphi na iimpazamo esinokuzenza zinokuchaphazela zonke iinkonzo zethu kunye nabasebenzisi. Ngenxa yoko, sikhuphe yonke into ngokwesicwangciso, ngaphakathi kwexesha elicwangcisiweyo nelibhengezwayo, ngaphandle kwemiphumo yokuthengisa. Eli nqaku limalunga nendlela esiphumelele ngayo oku kunye nokuba nabani na angayiphinda njani ekhaya.

Andizukuchaza ngoku izigqibo zoyilo kunye nezobuchwephesha esizenzileyo okanye ndichaze ukuba zisebenza njani zonke. La ngamanqaku akwimida amalunga nendlela olona qaliso lunzima lwenzeka ngayo, endithe ndaluqaphela nalapho ndandibandakanyeka ngokuthe ngqo kulo. Andibangi ukugqibelela okanye iinkcukacha zobugcisa; mhlawumbi ziya kuvela kwelinye inqaku.

Imvelaphi + luhlobo luni lomsebenzi olu?

Sakha iqonga lelifu Mail.ru Cloud Solutions (MCS), apho ndisebenza njengomlawuli wezobugcisa. Kwaye ngoku lixesha lokongeza i-IAM (i-Identity and Access Management) kwiqonga lethu, elibonelela ngolawulo olumanyeneyo lwazo zonke iiakhawunti zomsebenzisi, abasebenzisi, iiphasiwedi, iindima, iinkonzo kunye nokunye. Kutheni ifuneka efini ngumbuzo ocacileyo: lonke ulwazi lomsebenzisi lugcinwe kuyo.

Ngokuqhelekileyo izinto ezinjalo ziqala ukwakhiwa ekuqaleni kwazo naziphi na iiprojekthi. Kodwa ngokwembali izinto ziye zahluka kancinci kwi-MCS. I-MCS yakhiwe kwiindawo ezimbini:

• I-Openstack enemodyuli yayo yogunyaziso ye-Keystone,
• I-Hotbox (i-S3 yokugcina) esekelwe kwiprojekthi ye-Mail.ru Cloud,

apho kwavela khona iinkonzo ezintsha.

Ngokusisiseko, ezi yayiziintlobo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zogunyaziso. Ngaphezu koko, sisebenzise uphuhliso olwahlukileyo lwe-Mail.ru, umzekelo, i-Mail.ru yokugcina igama eliyimfihlo, kunye nesiqhagamshelo esizibhalayo esivulekileyo, ngenxa yokuba i-SSO (ugunyaziso lokuphela ukuya ekupheleni) lunikezelwe kwiqela le-Horizon. koomatshini benyani (i-OpenStack UI yakudala).

Ukwenza i-IAM kuthi kwakuthetha ukuyidibanisa yonke ibe yinkqubo enye, eyethu ngokupheleleyo. Kwangaxeshanye, asiyi kulahlekelwa nayiphi na imisebenzi endleleni, kodwa siya kudala isiseko sexesha elizayo esiza kusivumela ukuba siyicokise ngokuphandle ngaphandle kokuyihlaziya kwaye siyilinganise ngokwemigaqo yokusebenza. Kwakhona ekuqaleni, abasebenzisi babenomzekelo wokufikelela kwiinkonzo (i-RBAC ephakathi, ulawulo olusekelwe kwindima) kunye nezinye izinto ezincinci.

Umsebenzi ubonakale ungeyonto encinci: i-python kunye ne-perl, ii-backends ezininzi, iinkonzo ezibhaliweyo ezizimeleyo, amaqela amaninzi ophuhliso kunye ne-admins. Kwaye okona kubaluleke kakhulu, kukho amawaka abasebenzisi abaphilayo kwinkqubo yemveliso yokulwa. Konke oku kwafuneka kubhalwe kwaye, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, kukhutshwe ngaphandle kokwenzakala.

Siza kukhupha ntoni?

Ukuyibeka ngokurhabaxa, malunga neenyanga ezi-4 silungiselele oku kulandelayo:

• Senze iidaemon ezininzi ezintsha ezidityanisiweyo zemisebenzi ebisebenza ngaphambili kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zeziseko zophuhliso. Ezinye iinkonzo zamiselwa i-backend entsha ngohlobo lwezi demon.
• Sabhala ukugcinwa kwethu okuphakathi kweephasiwedi kunye nezitshixo, ezifumaneka kuzo zonke iinkonzo zethu, ezinokuguqulwa ngokukhululekileyo njengoko sifuna.
• Sibhale i-4 i-backends entsha ye-Keystone ukusuka ekuqaleni (abasebenzisi, iiprojekthi, iindima, izabelo zendima), leyo, eneneni, ithathe indawo yedatha yayo, kwaye ngoku isebenza njengendawo yokugcina iiphasiwedi zethu zabasebenzisi.
• Sifundise zonke iinkonzo zethu ze-Openstack ukuya kwinkonzo yemigaqo-nkqubo yomntu wesithathu kwimigaqo-nkqubo yabo endaweni yokufunda le migaqo-nkqubo ekuhlaleni kwiseva nganye (ewe, yindlela i-Openstack esebenza ngayo ngokungagqibekanga!)

Ukuphinda kusebenze kwakhona okukhulu kufuna okukhulu, okuyinkimbinkimbi kwaye, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, utshintsho oluhambelanayo kwiinkqubo ezininzi ezibhalwe ngamaqela ahlukeneyo ophuhliso. Yakuba idityanisiwe, yonke inkqubo kufuneka isebenze.

Ulukhupha njani olo tshintsho kwaye ungayijiki? Okokuqala sagqiba ekubeni sijonge kancinci kwixesha elizayo.

Iqhinga lokusasaza

• Kunokwenzeka ukuba ukhuphe imveliso kwizigaba ezininzi, kodwa oku kuya kwandisa ixesha lokuphuhlisa ngamaxesha amathathu. Ukongeza, ixesha elithile siya kuba nokungangqinelani ngokupheleleyo kwedatha kwiziko ledatha. Kuya kufuneka ubhale ezakho izixhobo zongqamaniso kwaye uhlale kwiivenkile ezininzi zedatha ixesha elide. Kwaye oku kudala iintlobo ezininzi zemingcipheko.
• Yonke into enokuthi ilungiselelwe ngokucacileyo kumsebenzisi yenziwe kwangaphambili. Kwathatha iinyanga ezi-2.
• Sizivumele ixesha lokuphumla iiyure ezininzi - kuphela kwimisebenzi yabasebenzisi ukuyila kunye nokutshintsha izixhobo.
• Ngokusebenza kwazo zonke izixhobo esele zenziwe, ixesha lokuphumla lalingamkelekanga. Sicebe ukuba ngexesha lokukhutshwa, izixhobo kufuneka zisebenze ngaphandle kwexesha lokuphumla kwaye zichaphazele abathengi.
• Ukunciphisa impembelelo kubathengi bethu ukuba kukho into engahambi kakuhle, sigqibe ekubeni siphume ngeCawa ngokuhlwa. Abathengi abambalwa balawula oomatshini benyani ebusuku.
• Silumkise bonke abathengi bethu ukuba ngexesha elikhethelwe ukukhutshwa, ulawulo lwenkonzo aluyi kufumaneka.

Urhoqo: yintoni ukukhutshwa?

Yonke ingcali ye-IT inokuphendula ngokulula ukuba yintoni ukukhutshwa. Ufaka i-CI / CD, kwaye yonke into ihanjiswa ngokuzenzekelayo kwivenkile. 🙂

Ngokuqinisekileyo oku kuyinyaniso. Kodwa ubunzima kukuba ngezixhobo zanamhlanje zokuhanjiswa kwekhowudi, ukuqonda kokukhutshwa ngokwako kulahlekile. Ulibala njani malunga ne-epicness yokuveliswa kwevili xa ujonga izithuthi zanamhlanje. Yonke into i-automation kangangokuba ukukhutshwa kuhlala kuqhutywa ngaphandle kokuqonda wonke umfanekiso.

Kwaye wonke umfanekiso unje. Ukukhutshwa kuqulathe imiba emine engundoqo:

1. Ukuhanjiswa kwekhowudi, kubandakanywa nokuguqulwa kwedatha. Ngokomzekelo, ukufuduka kwabo.
2. Ukubuyisela umva ikhowudi kukukwazi ukubuyela umva ukuba kukho into engahambi kakuhle. Umzekelo, ngokwenza ii-backups.
3. Ixesha lomsebenzi ngamnye wokukhutshwa/ukubuyisela umva. Kufuneka uqonde ixesha lazo nakuphi na ukusebenza kwamanqaku amabini okuqala.
4. Ukusebenza okuchaphazelekayo. Kuyimfuneko ukuvavanya zombini iziphumo ezilungileyo ezilindelekileyo kunye nezibi ezinokubakho.

Yonke le miba kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo ukulungiselela ukuqaliswa ngempumelelo. Ngokuqhelekileyo kuphela eyokuqala, okanye eyona nto ibhetele eyesibini, inqaku liyavavanywa, kwaye emva koko ukukhutshwa kuthathwa njengempumelelo. Kodwa eyesithathu neyesine zibaluleke ngakumbi. Ngowuphi umsebenzisi angathanda ukuba ukukhutshwa kuthathe iiyure ezi-3 endaweni yomzuzu? Okanye ukuba into engeyomfuneko iyachaphazeleka ngexesha lokukhutshwa? Okanye ngaba ukwehla kwenkonzo enye kuya kukhokelela kwiziphumo ezingalindelekanga?

Isenzo 1..n, ukulungiselela ukukhululwa

Ekuqaleni ndacinga ngokuchaza ngokufutshane iintlanganiso zethu: iqela lonke, iinxalenye zalo, iimfumba zeengxoxo kwiindawo zekhofi, iingxabano, iimvavanyo, iingqondo. Emva koko ndacinga ukuba akuyi kuba yimfuneko. Iinyanga ezine zophuhliso zihlala zibandakanya oku, ngakumbi xa ungabhali into enokuhanjiswa rhoqo, kodwa into enye enkulu yenkqubo ephilayo. Echaphazela zonke iinkonzo, kodwa akukho nto kufuneka itshintshe kubasebenzisi ngaphandle "kweqhosha elinye kujongano lwewebhu."

Ukuqonda kwethu indlela yokuqaliswa kwatshintsha kwintlanganiso nganye entsha, kwaye ngokubalulekileyo. Umzekelo, besiza kuhlaziya yonke idatabase yethu yokuhlawula. Kodwa siye sabala ixesha kwaye saqonda ukuba akunakwenzeka ukwenza oku ngexesha elifanelekileyo lokukhutshwa. Kusithathile phantse iveki eyongezelelweyo ukucima kunye nokugcina uvimba wedatha yentlawulo. Kwaye xa isantya esilindelekileyo sokukhutshwa sasingekaneliseki, sayalela i-hardware eyongezelelweyo, enamandla ngakumbi, apho isiseko sonke satsalwa. Ayikuko ukuba besingafuni ukuyenza le nto kwakamsinyane, kodwa imfuneko yangoku yokukhupha isishiye singenandlela yokukhetha.

Xa omnye wethu wayethandabuza ukuba ukukhutshwa kunokuchaphazela ukufumaneka koomatshini bethu, sachitha iveki siqhuba iimvavanyo, iimvavanyo, uhlalutyo lwekhowudi kwaye safumana ukuqonda okucacileyo ukuba oku akuyi kwenzeka kwimveliso yethu, kwaye kwanabona bantu bathandabuzayo bavuma. ngale nto.

Okwangoku, abafana abavela kwinkxaso yobugcisa baqhube iimvavanyo zabo ezizimeleyo ukuze babhale imiyalelo kubathengi kwiindlela zokuxhuma, ezimele zitshintshe emva kokukhutshwa. Basebenza kumsebenzisi we-UX, balungiselela imiyalelo kwaye banikezela ngokubonisana komntu.

Senze ngokuzenzekelayo yonke imisebenzi yokukhutshwa enokwenzeka. Wonke umsebenzi wawubhalwe, kwanawona ulula, kwaye iimvavanyo bezisoloko ziqhutywa. Baye baxoxa ngeyona ndlela ingcono yokucima inkonzo - shiya i-daemon okanye uvale ukufikelela kwinkonzo nge-firewall. Senze uluhlu lokukhangela amaqela kwinqanaba ngalinye lokukhutshwa kwaye sihlaziya rhoqo. Sizoba kwaye sihlaziya rhoqo itshati ye-Gantt yawo wonke umsebenzi wokukhupha, kunye namaxesha.

Kwaye…

Isenzo sokugqibela, ngaphambi kokuba siphume

...lixesha lokuphuma.

Njengoko bathi, umsebenzi wobugcisa awukwazi ukugqitywa, kuphela ukugqiba ukusebenza kuwo. Kufuneka wenze umzamo wentando, ukuqonda ukuba awuyi kufumana yonke into, kodwa ukholelwa ukuba wenze zonke iingcamango ezifanelekileyo, ezibonelelwe kuzo zonke iimeko ezinokwenzeka, zivale zonke iibhugi ezibalulekileyo, kwaye bonke abathathi-nxaxheba benza konke okusemandleni abo. Okukhona ukhupha ikhowudi, kokukhona kunzima ukuziqinisekisa ngale nto (ngaphandle koko, wonke umntu uyaqonda ukuba akunakwenzeka ukubona yonke into kwangaphambili).

Sagqiba ekubeni sikulungele ukukhutshwa xa siqinisekile ukuba senze konke okusemandleni ethu ukugubungela yonke imingcipheko yabasebenzisi bethu ehambelana neempembelelo ezingalindelekanga kunye namaxesha aphantsi. Oko kukuthi, nantoni na inokuhamba kakubi ngaphandle:

1. Ichaphazela (ingcwele kuthi, eyona nto ixabisekileyo) iziseko zophuhliso lwabasebenzisi,
2. Ukusebenza: ukusetyenziswa kwenkonzo yethu emva kokukhutshwa kufuneka kufane nangaphambili.

Ukuqengqeleka ngaphandle

I-roll ezimbini, i-8 ayiphazamisi

Sithatha ixesha lokuphumla kuzo zonke izicelo ezivela kubasebenzisi iiyure ezi-7. Ngeli xesha, sinesicwangciso sokukhupha kunye nesicwangciso sokubuyisela umva.

• Ukukhutshwa ngokwako kuthatha malunga neeyure ezi-3.
• Iiyure ezi-2 zokuvavanya.
• Iiyure ezi-2 - zigcinelwe ukubuyisela umva kweenguqu.

Itshathi ye-Gantt izotyiwe kwisenzo ngasinye, ukuba ithatha ixesha elingakanani, kwenzeka ntoni ngokulandelelanayo, yintoni eyenziwayo ngokunxuseneyo.

Iqhekeza letshathi yeGantt, enye yeenguqulelo zokuqala (ngaphandle kokuphunyezwa okufanayo). Esona sixhobo siNxibelelwano siBalulekileyo

Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba banendima yabo ekukhutshweni kwayo okumiselweyo, yeyiphi imisebenzi abayenzayo, kwaye yintoni abanoxanduva layo. Sizama ukuzisa isigaba ngasinye kwi-othomathikhi, siyikhuphe, siyibuyisele emva, siqokelele impendulo kwaye siyikhuphe kwakhona.

Imbali yeziganeko

Ngoko, abantu abali-15 beza emsebenzini ngeCawa, ngoAprili 29, ngentsimbi yeshumi ebusuku. Ukongeza kubathathi-nxaxheba abaphambili, abanye beza nje ukuza kuxhasa iqela, nto leyo ebulela ngokukhethekileyo kubo.

Kukwafanelekile ukukhankanya ukuba umvavanyi wethu ophambili useholideyini. Akunakwenzeka ukukhupha ngaphandle kovavanyo, sihlola iinketho. Umntu osebenza naye uyavuma ukusivavanya kwiholide, nto leyo athi afumane umbulelo ongazenzisiyo kwiqela lonke.

00:00. Yeka
Siyeka izicelo zabasebenzisi, xhoma uphawu oluthi umsebenzi wobugcisa. Ukubekwa esweni kuyakhala, kodwa yonke into iqhelekile. Sijonga ukuba akukho nto iwileyo ngaphandle koko bekumele kuwa. Kwaye siqala umsebenzi wokufuduka.

Wonke umntu unesicwangciso esishicilelweyo sokukhupha inqaku ngenqaku, wonke umntu uyazi ukuba ngubani owenza ntoni kwaye ngowuphi umzuzu. Emva kwesenzo ngasinye, sijonga amaxesha ukuqinisekisa ukuba asidluli, kwaye yonke into ihamba ngokwesicwangciso. Abo bangathathi nxaxheba ekukhutshweni ngokuthe ngqo kwinqanaba langoku balungiselela ngokuqalisa ithoyizi ye-intanethi (i-Xonotic, uhlobo lwe-3 quacks) ukwenzela ukuba bangaphazamisi oogxa babo. 🙂

02:00. Ikhutshwe
Isimangaliso esimnandi - sigqiba ukukhutshwa kwiyure engaphambili, ngenxa yokulungiswa kogcino lwedatha kunye nemibhalo yokufuduka. Isikhalo esijikelezileyo, "ikhutshiwe!" Yonke imisebenzi emitsha ikwimveliso, kodwa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kuphela sinokuyibona kwi-interface. Wonke umntu uya kwimodi yokuvavanya, uwahlele ngokwamaqela, kwaye uqala ukubona okwenzekileyo ekugqibeleni.

Akuzange kube kuhle kakhulu, siyaqonda oku emva kwemizuzu eyi-10, xa kungekho nto ixhunyiwe okanye isebenza kwiiprojekthi zamalungu eqela. Ungqamaniso olukhawulezayo, sivakalisa iingxaki zethu, sibeka izinto eziphambili ngokubaluleka, singene ngokwamaqela kwaye singene ekulungiseni ingxaki.

02:30. Iingxaki ezimbini ezinkulu vs amehlo amane
Sifumana iingxaki ezimbini ezinkulu. Siye saqaphela ukuba abathengi abayi kubona ezinye iinkonzo ezixhunyiwe, kwaye iingxaki ziya kuvela kunye neeakhawunti zeqabane. Zombini kungenxa yemibhalo yokufuduka engafezekanga kwezinye iimeko. Kufuneka siyilungise ngoku.

Sibhala imibuzo erekhoda oku, ngamehlo ama-4 ubuncinci. Siyabavavanya ngexesha lokuveliswa kwangaphambili ukuqinisekisa ukuba bayasebenza kwaye abaphuli nantoni na. Ungaqengqeleka. Kwangaxeshanye, siqhuba uvavanyo lwethu lokudibanisa rhoqo, olutyhila eminye imiba embalwa. Zonke zincinci, kodwa zifuna ukulungiswa.

03:00. -2 iingxaki +2 iingxaki
Ezi ngxaki zimbini zangaphambili zilungisiwe, kwaye phantse zonke ezincinci nazo. Bonke abo bangaxakekanga kulungiso basebenza ngenkuthalo kwiiakhawunti zabo kwaye baxela oko bakufumeneyo. Sibeka phambili, sisasaza phakathi kwamaqela, kwaye sishiye izinto ezingabalulekanga kusasa.

Siqhuba iimvavanyo kwakhona, bafumanisa iingxaki ezimbini ezinkulu ezintsha. Ayizizo zonke iinkqubo zenkonzo ezifike ngokuchanekileyo, ngoko ke ezinye izicelo zomsebenzisi aziluphumeleli ugunyaziso. Kunye nengxaki entsha ngeeakhawunti zeqabane. Masikhawuleze sijonge.

03:20. Ungqamaniso olungxamisekileyo
Umba omnye omtsha walungiswa. Okwesibini, silungiselela ungqamaniso olungxamisekileyo. Siyayiqonda into eyenzekayo: ukulungiswa kwangaphambili kwalungisa enye ingxaki, kodwa kwadala enye. Sithatha ikhefu ukuze sibone indlela yokwenza ngokuchanekileyo kwaye ngaphandle kwemiphumo.

03:30. Amehlo amathandathu
Siyaqonda ukuba imeko yokugqibela yesiseko kufuneka ibe yintoni ukuze yonke into ihambe kakuhle kubo bonke amaqabane. Sibhala isicelo esinamehlo angama-6, siyikhuphe kwimveliso yangaphambili, siyivavanye, siyikhuphe kwimveliso.

04:00. Yonke into iyasebenza
Zonke iimvavanyo ezigqithisiweyo, akukho zingxaki zibalulekileyo ezibonakalayo. Ngamaxesha ngamaxesha, into kwiqela ayisebenzi kumntu, sisabela ngokukhawuleza. Amaxesha amaninzi isivusi sinyani. Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha into ayifiki, okanye iphepha elahlukileyo alisebenzi. Sihlala, silungise, silungise, silungise. Iqela elahlukileyo lisungula inqaku lokugqibela elikhulu - ukuhlawulisa.

04:30. Indawo yokungabuyi
Inqaku lokungabuyi liyasondela, oko kukuthi, ixesha apho, ukuba siqala ukuhlehla, asiyi kuhlangabezana nexesha lokuphumla esilinikiweyo. Kukho iingxaki nge-billing, eyazi kwaye irekhode yonke into, kodwa ngenkani yenqaba ukubhala imali kubaxhasi. Kukho iibugs ezininzi kumaphepha ngamanye, iintshukumo, kunye nezimo. Umsebenzi oyintloko uyasebenza, zonke iimvavanyo ziphumelela ngempumelelo. Sithatha isigqibo sokuba ukuqaliswa kwenzekile, asiyi kubuya umva.

06:00. Vula wonke umntu okwi-UI
Iibugs zilungisiwe. Eminye engabheneli kubasebenzisi ishiyelwa kamva. Sivula ujongano kuye wonke umntu. Siyaqhubeka nokusebenza ekuhlawuleni, silindele ingxelo yomsebenzisi kunye neziphumo zokubeka iliso.

07:00. Iingxaki ngomthwalo we-API
Kuyacaca ukuba sihlele kakubi umthwalo kwi-API yethu kwaye savavanya lo mthwalo, ongenakukwazi ukuchonga ingxaki. Ngenxa yoko, ≈5% yezicelo aziphumeleli. Masihlanganiseni sijonge isizathu.

I-Billing inenkani kwaye ayifuni ukusebenza nayo. Sigqiba kwelokuba siyihlehlise kude kube kamva ukuze senze utshintsho ngendlela ezolileyo. Okokuthi, zonke izibonelelo ziqokelelwe kuyo, kodwa ukucinywa kwabathengi akuhambi. Ngokuqinisekileyo, oku kuyingxaki, kodwa xa kuthelekiswa nokukhutshwa ngokubanzi kubonakala kungabalulekanga.

08:00. Lungisa i-API
Sikhuphe ukulungiswa komthwalo, ukungaphumeleli kwahamba. Saqala sagoduka.

10:00. Konke
Yonke into ilungisiwe. Kuzolile ekubekeni iliso kwaye kwindawo yabathengi, iqela ngokuthe ngcembe liya kulala. Ityala lihleli, siza kulibuyisela ngomso.

Ke emini bekukho ukukhutshwa okulungisiweyo okugciniweyo, izaziso, iikhowudi zokubuyisela kunye nokwenza ngokwezifiso kwabanye abathengi bethu.

Ngoko, ukukhutshwa kube yimpumelelo! Kakade ke, kunokuba ngcono, kodwa siye safikelela kwizigqibo malunga noko kwakunganelanga ukuba sifezekise imfezeko.

Iyonke

Ngexesha leenyanga ezi-2 zolungiselelo olusebenzayo lokukhutshwa, imisebenzi engama-43 yagqitywa, ehlala kwiiyure ezimbalwa ukuya kwiintsuku ezininzi.

Ngexesha lokukhutshwa:

• iidemon ezintsha kunye nezitshintshileyo - iziqwenga ezi-5, ezithatha indawo ye-monoliths ezi-2;
• utshintsho phakathi koovimba beenkcukacha - zonke ezi-6 zogcino-lwazi oluneenkcukacha zabasebenzisi ziye zachatshazelwa, ukukhutshelwa kwenziwe ukusuka koovimba bedatha abathathu abadala ukuya kwenye entsha;
• umphambili owenziwe ngokutsha ngokupheleleyo;
• isixa sekhowudi ekhutshiweyo - i-33 yewaka lemigca yekhowudi entsha, ≈ i-3 lamawaka imigca yekhowudi kwiimvavanyo, ≈ i-5 imigca yekhowudi yokufuduka;
• yonke idatha ilungile, akukho matshini womthengi omnye owonakeleyo. 🙂

Iindlela ezilungileyo zokuhambisa kakuhle

Basikhokela kule meko inzima. Kodwa, ukuthetha ngokubanzi, kuluncedo ukuzilandela ngalo naluphi na ukhuliso. Kodwa okukhona intsonkotha yokukhutshwa, kokukhona inkulu indima abayidlalayo.

1. Into yokuqala ekufuneka uyenzile kukuqonda ukuba ukukhutshwa kungabachaphazela njani okanye kuya kubachaphazela njani abasebenzisi. Ngaba kuya kubakho ixesha lokuphumla? Ukuba kunjalo, lithini ixesha lokuphumla? Oku kuya kubachaphazela njani abasebenzisi? Zeziphi ezona meko zilungileyo nezimbi kakhulu? Kwaye ugubungele iingozi.
2. Cwangcisa yonke into. Kwinqanaba ngalinye, kufuneka uqonde yonke imiba yokukhutshwa:
   • ukuhanjiswa kwekhowudi;
   • ukubuyisela umva ikhowudi;
   • ixesha lomsebenzi ngamnye;
   • ukusebenza okuchaphazelekayo.
3. Dlala ngeemeko de zonke izigaba zokukhutshwa, kunye nobungozi kuzo zonke, zibe sobala. Ukuba unamathandabuzo, unokuthatha ikhefu kwaye uhlolisise inqanaba elithandabuzekayo ngokwahlukileyo.
4. Inqanaba ngalinye linakho kwaye kufuneka liphuculwe ukuba linceda abasebenzisi bethu. Umzekelo, iya kunciphisa ixesha lokuphumla okanye isuse imingcipheko ethile.
5. Uvavanyo lokubuyela umva lubaluleke kakhulu kunovavanyo lokuhanjiswa kwekhowudi. Kuyimfuneko ukujonga ukuba ngenxa ye-rollback inkqubo iya kubuyela kwisimo sayo sokuqala, kwaye uqinisekise oku kunye neemvavanyo.
6. Yonke into enokuthi izenzekele kufuneka izenzekele. Yonke into engenakuzenzela kufuneka ibhalwe kwangaphambili kwiphepha lokukopela.
7. Bhala ikhrayitheriya yempumelelo. Yeyiphi imisebenzi ekufuneka ibekhona kwaye ngaliphi ixesha? Ukuba oku akwenzeki, sebenzisa isicwangciso sokubuyela umva.
8. Kwaye okubaluleke kakhulu - abantu. Wonke umntu kufuneka ayiqonde into ayenzayo, kutheni kwaye yintoni exhomekeke kwizenzo zabo kwinkqubo yokukhutshwa.

Kwaye kwisivakalisi esinye, ngokucwangcisa kakuhle kunye nokucacisa ungakhupha nantoni na oyifunayo ngaphandle kwemiphumo yokuthengisa. Nokuba into eya kuchaphazela zonke iinkonzo zakho kwimveliso.

umthombo: www.habr.com