Ngomhla woku-1 kaMeyi ekugqibeleni umthetho "kwi-Intanethi eyongamileyo", kodwa iingcali ziphantse zayibiza ngokukhawuleza icandelo laseRashiya le-Intanethi, ngoko yintoni? (ngamagama alula)
Eli nqaku lijolise ekuboneleleni ngolwazi ngokubanzi kubasebenzisi be-Intanethi ngaphandle kokuzintywilisela ekubhidekeni ngokungeyomfuneko kunye nesigama esingavakaliyo. Eli nqaku lichaza izinto ezilula kwabaninzi, kodwa kwabaninzi alithethi kuthi kumntu wonke. Kwaye nokukhupha intsomi malunga necandelo lezopolitiko lokugxeka lo mthetho.
Isebenza njani i-Intanethi?
Masiqale ngezinto ezisisiseko. I-Intanethi iqulethe abathengi, iirotha kunye neziseko zophuhliso, ezisebenza ngeprotocol ye-IP
(Idilesi ye-v4 ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: 0-255.0-255.0-255.0-255)
Abathengi ziikhompyuter zabasebenzisi ngokwazo, kwaleyo uhleli kuyo kwaye ufunda eli nqaku. Banonxibelelwano kwii-routers ezingabamelwane (ziqhagamshelwe ngokuthe ngqo). Abathengi bathumela idatha kwidilesi okanye uluhlu lweedilesi zabanye abathengi.
Ii-routers-Iqhagamshelwe kwii-router ezingabamelwane kwaye inokuqhagamshelwa kubathengi abangabamelwane. Abanayo idilesi yabo ye-IP eyahlukileyo (yokuhlengahlengiswa kuphela) idilesi ye-IP, kodwa banoxanduva loluhlu olupheleleyo lweedilesi. Umsebenzi wabo kukuqinisekisa ukuba ngaba banabathengi abanedilesi eceliweyo okanye ukuba bafuna ukuthumela idatha kwezinye iirotha; apha kufuneka bagqibe ukuba nguwuphi ummelwane onoxanduva loluhlu olufunekayo lweedilesi.
Iirutha zinokubekwa kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo: umnikezeli, ilizwe, ummandla, isixeko, isithili, kwaye nasekhaya unokuba neyakho indlela. Kwaye bonke banoluhlu lweedilesi zabo.
Iziseko zophuhliso ziquka iindawo zokutshintshiselana ngezithuthi, unxibelelwano ngeesathelayithi, iindawo zokungena kwilizwekazi, njl. ziyafuneka ukudibanisa iirutha kunye nezinye iirutha ezingabanye abaqhubi, amazwe, kunye neentlobo zonxibelelwano.
Ungayidlulisela njani idatha?
Njengoko uqonda, abathengi kunye nee-routers ngokwabo baxhunyiwe yinto ethile. Isenokuba:
Iingcingo
- Umhlaba
Inethiwekhi yomqolo yeRostelecom
- Ngaphantsi kwamanzi
Iintambo zangaphantsi kolwandle zeTransoceanic
Umoya
Ezi zi-Wi-Fi, i-LTE, i-WiMax kunye neebhulorho zerediyo zabaqhubi, ezisetyenziswa apho kunzima ukufaka iingcingo. Azisetyenziselwa ukwakha uthungelwano olupheleleyo lwababoneleli; badla ngokuba kukuqhubekeka kothungelwano olunentambo.
Cosmos
IiSathelayithi zinokusebenzela abasebenzisi abaqhelekileyo kwaye zibe yinxalenye yeziseko zoncedo zababoneleli.
ISATEL imephu yokugubungela ngesathelayithi
I-intanethi yinethiwekhi
Njengoko ubona, i-Intanethi imalunga nabamelwane kunye nabamelwane babamelwane. Kweli nqanaba lothungelwano akukho ziko kunye namaqhosha abomvu kwi-Intanethi yonke. Oko kukuthi, iMelika embi ayikwazi ukumisa i-traffic phakathi kwezixeko ezibini zaseRashiya, phakathi kwesixeko saseRashiya kunye nesiTshayina, phakathi kwesixeko saseRashiya kunye ne-Australia, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bangathanda kangakanani. Inye kuphela into abanokuyenza kukuwisa iibhombu kwii-router, kodwa oku ayisosisongelo senqanaba lenethiwekhi kwaphela.
enyanisweni akhona amaziko, kodwa shh...
kodwa la maziko anolwazi olukhethekileyo, oko kukuthi, bathi le yidilesi yelizwe elinjalo nelinjalo, isixhobo esinje, isixhobo esinjalo, umenzi onjalo, njl. Ngaphandle kwale datha, akukho nto itshintshayo kwinethiwekhi.
Lityala labantu abancinci bonke!
Inqanaba elingaphezulu kwedatha esulungekileyo yiWebhu yeHlabathi ebanzi esiyindwendwelayo. Umgaqo wokusebenza kweeprothokholi kuyo yidatha efundeka ngabantu. Ukuqala kwiidilesi zewebhusayithi, umzekelo, i-google.ru ihluke kumatshini 64.233.161.94. Kwaye ukugqiba ngeHttp protocol ngokwayo kunye nekhowudi yeJavaScript, unokufunda zonke, mhlawumbi kungekhona ngolwimi lwakho lwenkobe, kodwa ngolwimi lwabantu ngaphandle kokuguqulwa.
Kulapho ingcambu yobubi ilele khona.
Ukuguqula iidilesi eziqondakalayo ebantwini kwiidilesi eziqondakalayo kwii-router, iirejistri zezi dilesi ezifanayo ziyafuneka. Kanye njengoko kukho iirejista zombuso zeedilesi zolawulo ezifana: Lenin St., 16 - Ivan Ivanovich Ivanov uhlala. Ngoko kukho irejistri eqhelekileyo yehlabathi, apho iboniswe khona: google.ru - 64.233.161.94.
Kwaye ibekwe eMelika. Ke, yile ndlela esiya kunqunyulwa ngayo kwi-Intanethi!
Enyanisweni, akukho lula ngolo hlobo.
Ngokutsho
I-ICANN yikontraka yoluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe ukwenza umsebenzi we-IANA ngaphandle kokulawulwa koorhulumente (ikakhulukazi urhulumente wase-US), ngoko i-corporation inokuthathwa njengehlabathi jikelele, ngaphandle kokubhaliswa kwayo eCalifornia.
Ngapha koko, nangona i-ICANN iphethe ulawulo, ikwenza oku kuphela ngeemfuno kunye nemimiselo; ukubulawa kuqhutywa yenye inkampani engeyiyo ekarhulumente - VeriSign.
Okulandelayo kuza abancedisi beengcambu, kukho i-13 kubo kwaye bangabenkampani ezahlukeneyo kwi-Army yase-US ukuya kumaziko kunye neenkampani ezingenzi nzuzo ezivela eNetherlands, eSweden naseJapan. Kukho neekopi ezipheleleyo zazo emhlabeni wonke, kuquka eRashiya (eMoscow, eSt. Petersburg, eNovosibirsk, eRostov-on-Don).
Kwaye okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ezi seva ziqulethe uluhlu lweeseva ezithembekileyo kwihlabathi liphela, ezithi nazo ziqulathe olunye uluhlu lweeseva kwihlabathi liphela, esele luqulathe iirejista zamagama kunye needilesi ngokwazo.
Eyona njongo yeengcambu zeeseva kukuthetha ukuba irejista enjalo kunye nenjalo isemthethweni kwaye ayiyonyani. Kuyo nayiphi na ikhomputha unokuseta umncedisi ngoluhlu lwakho, kwaye umzekelo, xa ufikelela kwi-sberbank.ru, uya kuthunyelwa kungekhona idilesi yayo yokwenyani - 0.0.0.1, kodwa - 0.0.0.2, apho ikopi echanekileyo Iwebhusayithi yeSberbank iya kufumaneka, kodwa yonke idatha iya kubiwa. Kule meko, umsebenzisi uya kubona idilesi efunwayo kwifom efundeka ngumntu kwaye akayi kukwazi ukwahlula inkohliso evela kwisayithi yangempela. Kodwa ikhomputha ngokwayo idinga kuphela idilesi kwaye isebenza nayo kuphela, ayiyazi malunga naziphi na iileta. Oku ukuba uyijonge ngokwembono yezoyikiso ezinokubakho. Kutheni singenisa umthetho?
*i-ncbi enye eyaziwayo - ifanelekile
Okufanayo kuya kwingcambu eqhelekileyo ye-https/TLS/SSL certification - esele igxile ekuqinisekiseni ukhuseleko. Isicwangciso siyafana, kodwa enye idatha ithunyelwa kunye nedilesi, kubandakanywa nezitshixo zoluntu kunye neesignesha.
Into ephambili kukuba kukho indawo yokugqibela esebenza njenge-guarantor. Kwaye ukuba kukho amanqaku amaninzi anjalo kunye nolwazi olwahlukileyo, ngoko kulula ukucwangcisa indawo.
Injongo ephambili yobhaliso lweedilesi kukugcina uluhlu oluqhelekileyo lwamagama ukwenzela ukuphepha iziza ezimbini ezinedilesi enye ebonakalayo yomntu kunye nee-IP ezahlukeneyo. Khawucinge ngale meko: umntu omnye upapasha ikhonkco kwiwebhusayithi yemagazini.net kwiphepha elinesifundo malunga nokukhuselwa kwe-amphetamine stimulants usebenzisa i-amphonelic acid, omnye umntu uba nomdla kwaye acofe ikhonkco. Kodwa ikhonkco kuphela isicatshulwa ngokwayo: magazine.net, ayinanto kodwa. Nangona kunjalo, xa umbhali epapashe ikhonkco, wayikhuphela kwisiphequluli sakhe, kodwa wasebenzisa iGoogle DNS (irejista efanayo), kwaye phantsi kwemagazini yakhe yokungena idilesi 0.0.0.1, kunye nomnye wabafundi abalandela ikhonkco isebenzisa i-Yandex DNS kwaye igcina enye idilesi - 0.0.0.2, apho i-electronics store kunye ne-registry abazi nto malunga nayiphi na i-0.0.0.1. Emva koko, umsebenzisi akayi kukwazi ukujonga inqaku anomdla kulo. Eyona nto iphikisana nayo yonke inqaku lamakhonkco.
Kwabo banomdla ngokukhethekileyo: eqinisweni, iirejista ziqulethe uluhlu olupheleleyo lweedilesi, kwaye iziza nazo zinokutshintsha i-IP yokugqibela ngezizathu ezahlukahlukeneyo (Ngokukhawuleza, umboneleli omtsha unikezela ngesantya esikhulu). Kwaye ukuze amakhonkco angalahleki ukufaneleka kwawo, i-DNS ibonelela ngokukwazi ukutshintsha iidilesi. Oku kukwanceda ekunyuseni okanye ekunciphiseni inani leeseva ezisebenzela indawo.
Ngenxa yoko, kungakhathaliseki ukuba isigqibo secala laseMelika okanye uhlaselo lomkhosi, kubandakanywa ukuthinjwa kwamaziko angengawo karhulumente, ubuxoki bamaziko eengcambu, okanye ukutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo kobudlelwane neRashiya, akuyi kuba nako ukuzisa uzinzo. yecandelo laseRashiya le-Intanethi ukuya emadolweni.
Okokuqala, izitshixo ze-encryption master ngokwazo zigcinwa kwii-bunkers ezimbini kumacala ahlukeneyo e-United States. Okwesibini, ulawulo lolawulo lusasazwe kangangokuba kuya kufuneka ukuba kuxoxwe kunye nehlabathi lonke eliphucukileyo ukuze kuqhawulwe unxibelelwano lwaseRashiya. Eya kukhatshwa yingxoxo ende kwaye iRussia iya kuba nexesha nje lokuseka iziseko zayo. Okwangoku, akukho ziphakamiso ezinjalo zenziwe kwimbali, nakwithiyori. Ewe, kusoloko kukho iikopi naphi na emhlabeni. Kuya kwanela ukuhambisa itrafikhi kwikopi yaseTshayina okanye yaseIndiya. Ngenxa yoko, kuya kufuneka sifikelele kwisivumelwano nehlabathi liphela ngokomgaqo. Kwaye kwakhona, eRussia kuya kuhlala kukho uluhlu lwamva nje lweeseva kwaye unokuhlala uqhubeka ukusuka apho ubuyeke khona. Okanye unokutshintsha ngokulula utyikityo ngomnye.
Akudingeki ujonge utyikityo konke konke - nokuba yonke into yenzeka kwangoko kwaye amaziko aseRussia atshatyalalisiwe, ababoneleli banokungahoyi ukungabikho konxibelelwano kunye neeseva zeengcambu, oku kukhuseleko olongezelelweyo kwaye akuchaphazeli umzila.
AbaSebenzi bakwagcina i-cache (ezona zidumileyo ziceliwe) kuzo zombini izitshixo kunye neerejistri ngokwazo, kwaye iqhekeza le-cache yeewebhusayithi zakho ezidumileyo ligcinwe kwikhompyuter yakho. Ngenxa yoko, ekuqaleni awuyi kuva nantoni na.
Kukho namanye amaziko eWWW, kodwa ahlala esebenza kumgaqo ofanayo kwaye akafuneki kangako.
Wonke umntu uya kufa, kodwa abaphangi baya kuphila!
Ukongeza kwiiseva ezisemthethweni zeengcambu, kukho ezinye, kodwa zihlala zingabaphangi kunye ne-anarchists abachasa nayiphi na i-censorship, ngoko ke ababoneleli abazisebenzisi. Kodwa abanyuliweyo ... Apha, nokuba ihlabathi lonke liceba ukulwa neRashiya, aba bafana baya kuqhubeka bekhonza.
Ngendlela, i-algorithm ye-DHT yeenethiwekhi zeTorrent zontanga zinokuphila ngokuzolileyo ngaphandle kobhaliso; ayiceli idilesi ethile, kodwa inxibelelana ne-hash (isazisi) sefayile efunwayo. Oko kukuthi, abaphangi baya kuphila phantsi kwayo nayiphi na imeko!
Uhlaselo lokwenyani kuphela!
Esona sisongelo sokwenyani kuphela sinokuba liyelenqe lehlabathi liphela, ukusika zonke iintambo eziphuma eRashiya, ukudutyulwa kweesathelayithi kunye nokufakela uphazamiseko lukanomathotholo. Enyanisweni, kule meko yokuvalwa kwehlabathi, into yokugqibela eya kuba nomdla yi-Intanethi. Okanye imfazwe esebenzayo, kodwa yonke into iyafana apho.
I-Intanethi ngaphakathi eRashiya iya kuqhubeka isebenza njengoko injalo. Nje ngokuncipha okwethutyana kukhuseleko.
Uthetha ngantoni ke umthetho?
Eyona nto imangalisayo kukuba umthetho, ngokwethiyori, uchaza le meko, kodwa unikezela ngezinto ezimbini zokwenyani:
- Yenza awakho amaziko eWWW.
- Dlulisa zonke iindawo zokuwela umda we-Intanethi kwi-Roskomnadzor kwaye ufake izithinteli zomxholo.
Hayi, ezi azikho izinto ezimbini ezisombulula ingxaki, ezi, ngokomgaqo, izinto ezimbini ezisemthethweni, ezinye zifana: "kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwe-Intanethi." Akukho ndlela, izohlwayo, izicwangciso, ukwabiwa koxanduva kunye noxanduva, kodwa isibhengezo nje.
Njengoko sele uqonda, kuphela inqaku lokuqala elifanelekileyo kwi-Intanethi ezimeleyo, eyesibini kukujongwa kwaye yiyo yonke loo nto. Ngapha koko, oku kunokunciphisa umsebenzi wokwakha uthungelwano lomphetho, kwaye ekugqibeleni kunciphise uzinzo lwe-Intanethi ezimeleyo.
Inqaku lokuqala, njengoko sele sifumene, isombulula ingxaki yesongelo sexeshana esingalindelekanga kunye nesiyingozi kancinci. Oku kuya kuba sele kwenziwe ngabathathi-nxaxheba bothungelwano xa kuvela izisongelo, kodwa apha kucetywa ukuba kwenziwe oku kwangaphambili. Oku kufuneka kwenziwe kwangaphambili, kuphela kwimeko enye edakumba kakhulu.
Iziphumo ziyadanisa!
Ukushwankathela, kuvela ukuba urhulumente ubeke i-ruble ye-30 yezigidigidi kumthetho osombulula imeko engenakwenzeka, engeyona ingozi, eyona nto ayiyi kubangela ingozi. Kwaye inxalenye yesibini iya kuseka ucelo-mthetho. Sinikwa ucelo-mngeni ukuze singaqhawuki. Singakhuthaza ilizwe lonke ukuba lisele ubisi ngooLwezine ukuthintela ukubulala. Oko kukuthi, zombini ingqiqo kunye nengqiqo ithi ezi zinto azixhunyiwe kwaye azikwazi ukudibaniswa.
Ke kutheni le nto urhulumente elungiselela ngokuqhubekayo ukujongwa ngokupheleleyo ... ukuvavanywa kunye nemfazwe?
Umzuzu wokhathalelo oluvela kwi-UFO
Esi sixhobo sinokuphikisana, ke ngaphambi kokuba uphawule, nceda uvuselele inkumbulo yakho malunga nento ebalulekileyo:
Indlela yokubhala izimvo kwaye usinde
- Sukubhala izimvo ezikhubekisayo, ungazifumaneli ezobuqu.
- Yeka ulwimi olungcolileyo kunye nokuziphatha okuyityhefu (nakwimo egqunyiweyo).
- Ukunika ingxelo ngezimvo eziphula imithetho yesayithi, sebenzisa iqhosha elithi "Ingxelo" (ukuba likhona) okanye .
Yintoni omawuyenze, ukuba: |
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umthombo: www.habr.com