Ngokuqinisekileyo wena, njengomsebenzisi weBitcoin, i-Ether okanye nayiphi na enye i-cryptocurrency, ubenexhala lokuba nabani na unokubona ukuba zingaphi iimali onazo kwi-wallet yakho, ozidlulisele kuye nokuba uzifumene kubani. Kukho impikiswano eninzi ejikeleze ii-cryptocurrencies ezingaziwa, kodwa into enye esingenakuphikisa ngayo yindlela Umphathi weprojekthi yeMonero uRiccardo Spagni kwiakhawunti yakhe ye-Twitter: "Kuthekani ukuba andifuni ukuba umntu othatha imali kwivenkile enkulu azi ukuba yimalini endinayo kwibhalansi yam kwaye ndiyichitha ngantoni?"
Kule nqaku siza kujonga inkalo yezobuchwepheshe yokungaziwa - indlela abayenza ngayo, kwaye banike umboniso omfutshane weendlela ezithandwa kakhulu, iinzuzo kunye neengxaki zabo.
Namhlanje kukho malunga neshumi elinesibini le-blockchains ezivumela ukuthengiselana okungaziwa. Ngexesha elifanayo, kwabanye, ukungaziwa kokudluliselwa kunyanzelekile, kwabanye kukhethwa, abanye bafihla kuphela idilesi kunye nabamkeli, abanye abavumeli abantu besithathu ukuba babone iimali zokudluliselwa. Phantse zonke iitekhnoloji esizicingayo zibonelela ngokungaziwa ngokupheleleyo-umntu ongaphandle akakwazi ukuhlalutya iibhalansi, abamkeli, okanye imbali yentengiselwano. Kodwa masiqale uphononongo lwethu nomnye woovulindlela kweli candelo ukulandelela ukuvela kweendlela zokungaziwa.
Okwangoku itekhnoloji ekhoyo yokungaziwa ingahlulwa ngokwamaqela amabini: ezo zisekwe ekuxubeni - apho iingqekembe ezisetyenzisiweyo zixutywe kunye nezinye iingqekembe ezivela kwi-blockchain - kunye nobuchwepheshe obusebenzisa ubungqina obusekwe kwipolynomials. Okulandelayo, siya kugxila kwiqela ngalinye kula kwaye siqwalasele izinto ezilungileyo kunye nezibi.
Ukuxova ngokusekelwe
Ingqekembe
ayizichazi iinguqulelo zabasebenzisi, kodwa yenza nzima ukulandela umkhondo wabo. Kodwa siye sagqiba ekubeni sibandakanye le teknoloji kuphononongo lwethu, kuba yayiyenye yemizamo yokuqala yokunyusa izinga lobumfihlo bentengiselwano kwinethiwekhi yeBitcoin. Le teknoloji inomdla ngokulula kwayo kwaye ayifuni ukutshintsha imithetho yenethiwekhi, ngoko inokusetyenziswa ngokulula kwiibhloko ezininzi.
Isekwe kumbono olula - kuthekani ukuba abasebenzisi bayangena kwaye benze iintlawulo zabo kwintengiselwano enye? Kuyavela ukuba ukuba uArnold Schwarzenegger kunye noBarack Obama bangena kwaye benza iintlawulo ezimbini kuCharlie Sheen noDonald Trump kwintengiselwano enye, kuya kuba nzima ukuqonda ukuba ngubani oxhasa iphulo lonyulo lweTrump - uArnold okanye uBarack.
Kodwa kwi-advanteji ephambili ye-CoinJoin ifika eyona nto iphosakeleyo - ukhuseleko olubuthathaka. Namhlanje, sele kukho iindlela zokuchonga ukuthengiselana kweCoinJoin kwinethiwekhi kunye neeseti zomdlalo wamagalelo kwiiseti zeziphumo ngokuthelekisa iimali zemali ezichithwe kwaye zenziwe. Umzekelo wesixhobo sohlalutyo olunjalo .
Iinkonzo:
β’ Ubulula
Umgcini:
β’ Ubonakaliso lwe-hackability
Monero
Umbutho wokuqala ovelayo xa usiva amagama athi "i-cryptocurrency engaziwa" yi-Monero. Le ngqekembe uzinzo kunye nobumfihlo bayo phantsi kwe-microscope yeenkonzo zobuntlola:
Kwenye yezakhe zamva nje Siyichaze ngokweenkcukacha iprotocol yeMonero, kwaye namhlanje siza kushwankathela okuthethiweyo.
Kwi-protocol ye-Monero, isiphumo ngasinye esichithwe kwi-transaction sixutywe ubuncinane kunye ne-11 (ngexesha lokubhala) iziphumo ezingahleliwe ezivela kwi-blockchain, ngaloo ndlela inzima igrafu yokudlulisa inethiwekhi kunye nokwenza umsebenzi wokulandelela ukuthengiselana ngekhompyutha. Ukufakwa okuxubileyo kusayinwe ngesignesha yendandatho, eqinisekisa ukuba utyikityo lunikezelwe ngumnini wemali enye yeengqekembe ezixubileyo, kodwa akenzi ukuba kwenzeke ukugqiba ukuba ngubani.
Ukufihla abamkeli, ingqekembe nganye esanda kuveliswa isebenzisa idilesi yexesha elilodwa, okwenza kube nzima kumntu obukeleyo (njengoko kunzima njengokuphula izitshixo ze-encryption, ngokuqinisekileyo) ukudibanisa nayiphi na imveliso kunye nedilesi yoluntu. Kwaye ukususela ngoSeptemba 2017, uMonero waqala ukuxhasa iprotocol (CT) kunye nezongezo ezithile, ngaloo ndlela ifihla iimali zodluliselo. Kancinci kamva, abaphuhlisi be-cryptocurrency bathathe indawo yokutyikitya kwe-Borromean nge-Bulletproofs, ngaloo ndlela behlisa kakhulu ubungakanani bentengiselwano.
Iinkonzo:
β’ Ukuvavanywa kwexesha
β’ Ubulula obunxulumeneyo
Umgcini:
β’ Ukuveliswa kobungqina kunye nokuqinisekiswa kuncinci kune-ZK-SNARKs kunye ne-ZK-STARKs
β’ Ayixhathisi kuqhekezwa kusetyenziswa iikhompyutha zequantum
Mimblewimble
I-Mimblewimble (MW) yasungulwa njengetekhnoloji enobungozi yokufihla ukudluliselwa kwinethiwekhi yeBitcoin, kodwa yafumanisa ukuphunyezwa kwayo njenge-blockchain ezimeleyo. Isetyenziswa kwii-cryptocurrencies ΠΈ .
I-MW iphawuleka kuba ayinazo iidilesi zoluntu, kwaye ukuze kuthunyelwe intengiselwano, abasebenzisi batshintshiselana ngeziphumo ngokuthe ngqo, ngaloo ndlela besusa amandla omntu obukeleyo wangaphandle ukuhlalutya ukudluliselwa kummkeli ukuya kummkeli.
Ukufihla iimali zegalelo kunye neziphumo, iprotocol eqhelekileyo ecetyiswe nguGreg Maxwell ngo-2015 isetyenziswa - (CT). Oko kukuthi, amaxabiso afihliweyo (okanye kunoko, asebenzisa ), kwaye endaweni yabo inethiwekhi isebenza ngezinto ezibizwa ngokuba zizibophelelo. Ukuze intengiselwano ithathwe njengesemthethweni, isixa seemali eziinkozo ezichithiweyo kunye neveliswayo kunye nekhomishini kufuneka ilingane. Ekubeni uthungelwano lungasebenzi ngokuthe ngqo ngamanani, ukulingana kuqinisekiswa kusetyenziswa i-equation yezi zibophelelo ezifanayo, okubizwa ngokuba ngukuzinikela kwi-zero.
Kwi-CT yantlandlolo, ukuqinisekisa ukunganyaniseki kwamaxabiso (okuthiwa bubungqina boluhlu), basebenzisa iiSiginitsha ze-Borromean (iisayinitsha ze-ring ye-Borromean), ezithathe indawo enkulu kwi-blockchain (malunga neekhilobhayithi ezi-6 ngemveliso nganye. ). Kule nkalo, izinto ezingeloncedo kwiimali ezingaziwa kusetyenziswa obu bugcisa bubandakanya ubungakanani bentengiselwano enkulu, kodwa ngoku baye bagqiba ekubeni baziyeke ezi zisayino ngokuthanda itekhnoloji ethe kratya-iBulletproofs.
Akukho ngcamango yentengiselwano kwibhloko ye-MW ngokwayo, kukho kuphela iziphumo ezichithiweyo kunye neziveliswa ngaphakathi kwayo. Akukho ntengiselwano - akukho ngxaki!
Ukuthintela u-de-anonymization womthathi-nxaxheba wokudluliselwa kwinqanaba lokuthumela ukuthengiselana kwinethiwekhi, kusetyenziswa iprotocol. , esebenzisa ikhonkco le-network proxy nodes yobude obungenasizathu ehambisa intengiselwano enye kwenye ngaphambi kokuba isasazwe kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba, ngaloo ndlela iphazamisa i-trajectory yentengiselwano engena kwinethiwekhi.
Iinkonzo:
β’ Ubungakanani bebhloko encinci
β’ Ubulula obunxulumeneyo
Umgcini:
β’ Ukuveliswa kobungqina kunye nokuqinisekiswa kuncinci kune-ZK-SNARKs kunye ne-ZK-STARKs
β’ Inkxaso yeempawu ezifana nemibhalo kunye nemisayino emininzi kunzima ukuyiphumeza
β’ Ayixhathisi kuqhekezwa kusetyenziswa iikhompyutha zequantum
Ubungqina kwiipolynomials
ZK-SNARKs
Igama elintsonkothileyo lobu buchwepheshe limele β Succinct Non-Interactive Argument of Knowledge, "enokuguqulelwa ngokuthi "Succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proof." Yaba kukuqhubela phambili kweprotocol ye-zerocoin, eyaphinda yavela kwi-zerocash kwaye yaqala ukuphunyezwa kwi-cryptocurrency ye-Zcash.
Ngokubanzi, ubungqina bokungabi nalwazi buvumela elinye iqela ukuba lingqinele kwelinye ubunyani bengxelo ethile yemathematika ngaphandle kokuxela naluphi na ulwazi malunga nalo. Kwimeko ye-cryptocurrencies, iindlela ezinjalo zisetyenziselwa ukubonisa ukuba, umzekelo, ukuthengiselana akuvelisi iingqekembe zemali ngaphezu kokuchitha, ngaphandle kokuchaza inani lokudluliselwa.
I-ZK-SNARKs inzima kakhulu ukuyiqonda, kwaye kuya kuthatha ngaphezu kwenqaku elinye ukuchaza indlela esebenza ngayo. Kwiphepha elisemthethweni leZcash, imali yokuqala eyenza le protocol, inkcazo yokusebenza kwayo inikezelwe . Ke ngoko, kwesi sahluko siza kuphelela kwingcaciso engaphezulu kuphela.
Ukusebenzisa i-algebraic polynomials, i-ZK-SNARKs iqinisekisa ukuba umthumeli wentlawulo ungumnikazi weengqekembe zemali azichithayo kwaye inani leemali ezichithiweyo alidluli inani leemali ezenziweyo.
Le protocol yenziwe ngenjongo yokunciphisa ubungakanani bobungqina bobungqina benkcazo kwaye ngexesha elifanayo liqinisekisa ngokukhawuleza. Ewe, ngokutsho U-Zooko Wilcox, i-CEO ye-Zcash, ubukhulu bobungqina bungama-bytes angama-200 kuphela, kwaye ukuchaneka kwayo kunokuqinisekiswa kwi-milliseconds eyi-10. Ngaphezu koko, kwinguqu yamva nje ye-Zcash, abaphuhlisi bakwazile ukunciphisa ixesha lokuvelisa ubungqina malunga nemizuzwana emibini.
Nangona kunjalo, ngaphambi kokusebenzisa le teknoloji, inkqubo yokuseta ethembekileyo "yeeparamitha zoluntu" iyafuneka, ebizwa ngokuba "ngumthendeleko" (). Ubunzima bonke kukuba ngexesha lokufakwa kwezi parameters, akukho qela elinazo naziphi na izitshixo zangasese ezishiywe kubo, ezibizwa ngokuba "inkunkuma enetyhefu", ngaphandle koko iya kukwazi ukuvelisa iingqekembe ezintsha. Unokufunda ukuba le nkqubo yenzeka njani ukusuka kwividiyo ukuya phambili .
Iinkonzo:
β’ Ubukhulu obuncinane bobungqina
β’ Ukuqinisekisa ngokukhawuleza
β’ Ukuvelisa ubungqina obukhawulezayo
Umgcini:
β’ Inkqubo entsonkothileyo yokumisela iiparamitha zoluntu
β’ Inkunkuma enetyhefu
β’ Ukudityaniswa kobunzima bobugcisa
β’ Ayixhathisi kuqhekezwa kusetyenziswa iikhompyutha zequantum
ZK-STARKs
Ababhali beetekhnoloji ezimbini zokugqibela balungile ekudlaleni ngee-akhronimi, kwaye isishunqulelo esilandelayo simela "Iimpikiswano eziNgaphandle zoLwazi eziZero-Knowledge Scalable Transparent." Le ndlela yayijoliswe ekusombululeni iintsilelo ezikhoyo ze-ZK-SNARKs ngelo xesha: imfuno yokumiselwa okuthembekileyo kweeparamitha zoluntu, ubukho benkunkuma enetyhefu, ukungazinzi kwe-cryptography kwi-hacking usebenzisa i-algorithms ye-quantum, kunye nokuveliswa kobungqina obunganeleyo. Nangona kunjalo, abaphuhlisi be-ZK-SNARK baye bajongana ne-drawback yokugqibela.
I-ZK-STARKs iphinda isebenzise ubungqina obusekelwe kwi-polynomial. Itekhnoloji ayisebenzisi i-cryptography engundoqo yoluntu, endaweni yoko ixhomekeke kwi-hashing kunye nethiyori yokuhambisa. Ukuphelisa ezi ndlela ze-cryptographic kwenza itekhnoloji imelane ne-quantum algorithms. Kodwa oku kuza ngexabiso - ubungqina bunokufikelela kumakhulu eekhilobhayithi ngobukhulu.
Okwangoku, i-ZK-STARK ayinakho ukuphunyezwa kuyo nayiphi na i-cryptocurrencies, kodwa ikhona kuphela njengethala leencwadi . Nangona kunjalo, abaphuhlisi banezicwangciso zayo eziya ngaphaya kwe-blockchains (kwezo ababhali banika umzekelo wobungqina beDNA kwiziko ledatha lamapolisa). Ngenxa yale njongo yadalwa , eyathi ekupheleni kwe-2018 iqokelelwe utyalo-mali olusuka kwiinkampani ezinkulu kushishino.
Unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nendlela iZK-STARK isebenza ngayo kwizithuba zeVitalik Buterin (, , ).
Iinkonzo:
β’ Ukuxhathisa ukuqhekezwa kweekhompyutha zequantum
β’ Ukuvelisa ubungqina obukhawulezayo
β’ Ukuqinisekiswa kobungqina obukhawulezayo
β’ Akukho nkunkuma enetyhefu
Umgcini:
β’ Ukuntsonkotha kobugcisa
β’ Ubungakanani obukhulu bobungqina
isiphelo
I-Blockchain kunye nemfuno ekhulayo yokungaziwa ibeka iimfuno ezintsha kwi-cryptography. Ke ngoko, isebe le-cryptography elaqalwa phakathi kwiminyaka yee-1980-ubungqina obungenalwazi-liye lazaliswa ngeendlela ezintsha eziphuhlayo kwiminyaka nje embalwa.
Ke, ukubhabha kweengcinga zesayensi kwenze ukuba iCoinJoin iphelelwe lixesha, kwaye iMimbleWimble yaba ngumntu omtsha othembisayo onemibono emitsha. I-Monero ihlala isisigebenga esingagungqiyo ekukhuseleni ubumfihlo bethu. Kwaye i-SNARKs kunye ne-STARKs, nangona zineentsilelo, zinokuba ziinkokeli kwintsimi. Mhlawumbi kule minyaka izayo, amanqaku esiwabonisile kwikholamu ethi "Cons" yetekhnoloji nganye ayisayi kuba namsebenzi.
umthombo: www.habr.com