Unxibelelwano luhlala luyinto engcwele,
Kwaye edabini kubaluleke ngakumbi ...
Namhlanje, umhla we-7 kuCanzibe, luSuku lukanomathotholo noNxibelelwano. Oku kungaphezu kweeholide zobungcali - yintanda-bulumko yonke yokuqhubeka, ukuzingca kwenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zoluntu, eziye zangena kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi kwaye akunakwenzeka ukuba ziphelelwe lixesha kwixesha elizayo. Kwaye kwiintsuku ezimbini, nge-9 kaMeyi, iya kuba yiminyaka engama-75 yoloyiso kwiMfazwe eNkulu yePatriotic. Kwimfazwe apho unxibelelwano ludlale indima enkulu kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ibalulekileyo. Amajoni anxibelelanisa iiyantlukwano, iimfazwe nemida, maxa wambi ngokoqobo ngeendleko zobomi bawo, esiba yinxalenye yenkqubo eyenza kube nokwenzeka ukudlulisela imiyalelo okanye inkcazelo. Le yayiyinto yokwenene yemihla ngemihla ebudeni bemfazwe. ERashiya, uSuku lweMilitary Signalman lusekiwe, lubhiyozelwa ngo-Oktobha 20. Kodwa ndiyazi ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba iyabhiyozelwa namhlanje, ngoSuku lweRadio. Ngoko ke, masikhumbule izixhobo kunye nobuchwepheshe bonxibelelwano lweMfazwe Enkulu yePatriotic, kuba akukho sizathu sokuba bathi unxibelelwano luyintsholongwane yemfazwe. Ezi mithambo-luvo zazikwimida yazo nangaphaya kwazo.
Iisignali zoMkhosi oBomvu ngo-1941 nge-reel kunye nefowuni yasendle
Iifowuni zentsimi
Ekuqaleni kweMfazwe Enkulu yePatriotic, unxibelelwano oluneentambo lwaluyekile ukuba lilungelo le-telegraph; iintambo zomnxeba zaziphuhliswa kwi-USSR, kwaye kwavela iindlela zokuqala zokunxibelelana kusetyenziswa amaza onomathotholo. Kodwa ekuqaleni, yayilunxibelelwano lweengcingo olwaluyeyona nto iphambili: iifowuni zenza ukuba kube lula ukuseka unxibelelwano kwindawo evulekileyo, ehlathini, ngaphaya kwemilambo, ngaphandle kokufuna nayiphi na isiseko. Ngaphezu koko, umqondiso osuka kwifowuni enengcingo awunakubanjwa okanye uthathwe ngaphandle kokufikelela ngokwasemzimbeni.
Imikhosi ye-Wehrmacht ayizange ilale: yayifuna ngokunyanisekileyo imigca yonxibelelwano yentsimi kunye nezibonda, iqhume ibhomu kwaye yenza umonakalo. Ukuhlasela amaziko onxibelelwano kwakukho neegobolondo ezikhethekileyo ezazithi, xa kuqhunyiswa ibhombu, iingcingo ezibotshelelweyo zize ziwukrazule wonke umnatha wonxibelelwano.
Owokuqala ukudibana nemfazwe kunye namajoni ethu yayiyifowuni yentsimi elula i-UNA-F-31, enye yezo zazifuna iingcingo zobhedu ukuqinisekisa unxibelelwano. Nangona kunjalo, yayilunxibelelwano lweentambo olwahlulwa ngexesha lemfazwe ngozinzo nokuthembeka. Ukusebenzisa ifowuni, kwakwanele ukutsala ikhebula kwaye uyixhume kwisixhobo ngokwayo. Kodwa kwakunzima ukuphulaphula umnxeba onjalo: kufuneka udibanise ngokuthe ngqo kwintambo, eyayigadwe (njengomthetho, ababonisi bahamba ngamabini okanye kwiqela elincinci). Kodwa ivakala ilula “kubomi bangaphandle.” Ngexesha lokulwa, ababonisi babeka ubomi babo emngciphekweni kwaye batsala iingcingo phantsi komlilo wotshaba, ebusuku, ecaleni kwedama, njl. Ngaphezu koko, utshaba lwalujonge ngononophelo izenzo zeempawu zeSoviet kwaye, ngethuba lokuqala, lwatshabalalisa izixhobo zonxibelelwano kunye neentambo. Ubuqhawe bama-signalmen babungazi mida: bangena emanzini abandayo eLadoga kwaye bahamba phantsi kweembumbulu, bawela umgca ongaphambili kwaye bancedisa ukuqaphela. Imithombo yamaxwebhu ichaza iimeko ezininzi xa umqondiso, ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, wacinezela intambo ephukileyo ngamazinyo akhe ukuze i-spasm yokugqibela ibe likhonkco elilahlekileyo lokuqinisekisa unxibelelwano.
UNA-F-31
I-UNA-F (ifowuni) kunye ne-UNA-I (inductor) zaveliswa kwisixeko saseGorky (Nizhny Novgorod) ngo. , ukususela ngowe-1928. Yayisisixhobo esilula kwisakhelo somthi esinebhanti, esine-handset, i-transformer, i-capacitor, intonga yombane, ibhetri (okanye izibane zombane). Umnxeba we-inductor wafowuna usebenzisa intsimbi, kwaye umnxeba wefowuni wafowuna usebenzisa i-buzzer yombane. Imodeli ye-UNA-F yayithule kangangokuba umnxeba waphoqeleka ukuba agcine ummkeli kufuphi nendlebe yakhe ngexesha lonke lokutshintsha (ngo-1943, i-headphone ekhululekile yenzelwe). Ngomnyaka we-1943, ukuguqulwa okutsha kwe-UNA-FI kwabonakala - ezi fowuni zazinoluhlu olwandisiweyo kwaye zinokudibaniswa naluphi na uhlobo lokutshintsha - i-phonic, inductor kunye ne-phonoinductor.
Iifowuni zentsimi i-UNA-I-43 kunye nomnxeba we-inductor zenzelwe ukuququzelela unxibelelwano lomnxeba lwangaphakathi kwikomkhulu kunye nezithuba zomyalelo wemibutho yemikhosi kunye neeyunithi. Ukongeza, izixhobo ze-inductor zazisetyenziselwa ukunxibelelana ngomnxeba phakathi kwekomkhulu elikhulu lomkhosi kunye nekomkhulu elisezantsi. Unxibelelwano olunjalo lwenziwa ngokuyintloko ngocingo olunentambo ezimbini ezisisigxina, apho izixhobo zetelegraph nazo zasebenza ngaxeshanye. Izixhobo ze-Inductor ziye zasasazeka kwaye zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngenxa yokulungelelaniswa kokutshintsha kunye nokwenyuka kokuthembeka.
I-UNA-FI-43 - ifowuni yentsimi
Uchungechunge lwe-UNA lwatshintshwa yi-TAI-43 iifowuni kunye ne-inductor call, eyenzelwe ngesiseko sophando olucacileyo lweefowuni zaseJamani ezithathiweyo FF-33. Uluhlu lonxibelelwano ngentambo yommandla lwaya kuthi ga kwi-25 km, kwaye ludlule kumgca ongaphezulu we-3 mm osisigxina - i-250 km. I-TAI-43 inikeze uxhulumaniso oluzinzileyo kwaye yayiphindwe kabini ilula kuneefani zayo zangaphambili. Olu hlobo lwemfonomfono lwalusetyenziselwa ukubonelela ngonxibelelwano kumanqanaba ukusuka kwicandelo nangaphezulu.
TAI-43
Okubaluleke ngakumbi kukuba isixhobo sefowuni yasendle "PF-1" (uNcedo oluya Phambili) kwinqanaba leqela leqela-lenkampani, elathi "loyisa" kuphela i-18 km ngentambo yentsimi. Ukuveliswa kwezixhobo kwaqala ngo-1941 kwiindibano zocweyo ze-MGTS (i-Moscow City Telephone Network). Lilonke, malunga nezixhobo ze-3000 zaveliswa. Le bhetshi, nangona ibonakala incinci ngokwemigangatho yethu, yajika yaba luncedo olukhulu kakhulu ngaphambili, apho zonke iindlela zonxibelelwano zibalwe kwaye zixatyiswe.
Iziko loNxibelelwano eStalingrad
Kwakukho enye ifowuni enembali engaqhelekanga - IIA-44, leyo, njengoko igama libonisa, yavela emkhosini ngo-1944. Kwityesi yentsimbi, eneecapsules ezimbini, enemibhalo ecocekileyo nemiyalelo, yayahluke ngandlel’ ithile kwiiplanga zayo yaye yayikhangeleka njengendebe. Kodwa hayi, i-IIA-44 yaveliswa yinkampani yaseMelika iConnecticut Telephone & Electric kwaye yanikezelwa kwi-USSR phantsi kwe-Lend-Lease. Yayinohlobo lwe-inductor yomnxeba kwaye ivumele udibaniso lwe-handset eyongezelelweyo. Ukongeza, ngokungafaniyo nezinye iimodeli zaseSoviet, yayinebhetri yangaphakathi kuneyangaphandle (ebizwa ngokuba yiklasi ye-MB, enebhetri yendawo). Umthamo webhetri ovela kumenzi wawuyi-8 ampere-iiyure, kodwa ifowuni yayineendawo zokubeka iibhetri zaseSoviet ukusuka kwiiyure ezingama-30 ze-ampere. Noko ke, ababonisi basemkhosini bathetha ngokungakhathali ngomgangatho wezixhobo.
IIA-44
Akukho zinto zibalulekileyo zenkqubo yonxibelelwano lomkhosi yayiziingcingo (reels) kunye nokutshintsha.
Iintambo zasemaphandleni, ezidla ngokuziimitha ezingama-500 ubude, zazibotshelelwa kwiireli, ezazibotshelelwa egxalabeni yaye zazikulungele ukuqhawuka nokurhoxa. "Iinzwa" eziphambili zeMfazwe Enkulu yePatriotic yayiyintambo ye-telegraph yentsimi PTG-19 (uluhlu lonxibelelwano lwe-40-55 km) kunye ne-PTF-7 (uluhlu lonxibelelwano lwe-15-25 km). Ukususela ekuqaleni kweMfazwe Enkulu yePatriotic, imikhosi ye-signal ngonyaka yayilungisa i-40-000 yeekhilomitha zeefowuni kunye nemigca ye-telegraph kunye ne-50 yeekhilomitha zeengcingo eziye zaxhonywa kuzo kwaye zatshintshela kwiipali ze-000. Utshaba lwalukulungele ukwenza nantoni na ukutshabalalisa iinkqubo zonxibelelwano, ngoko ukubuyisela kwakungatshintshi kwaye kwakhawuleza. Intambo kwakufuneka ibekwe phezu kwayo nayiphi na indawo, kubandakanywa ngaphaya kwamadama - kule meko, iisinki ezikhethekileyo zatshonisa ikhebula kwaye azizange zivumele ukuba zidada phezulu. Owona msebenzi unzima ekubekeni nasekulungiseni iingcingo zomnxeba zenziwa ngexesha lokungqingwa kweLeningrad: isixeko sasingenako ukushiywa ngaphandle konxibelelwano, kwaye ababhubhisi benza umsebenzi wabo, ngoko ngamanye amaxesha abantu abahlukeneyo basebenza phantsi kwamanzi nasebusika obukrakra. Ngendlela, intambo yombane yokubonelela iLeningrad ngombane ifakwe ngendlela efanayo, kunye nobunzima obukhulu.
Iingcingo (ikheyibhile) zaziphantsi kohlaselo lwasemhlabeni kunye nohlaselo lwee-artillery - ucingo lwasikwa ngamaqhekeza kwiindawo ezininzi kwaye umqondiso wanyanzeliswa ukuba ahambe akhangele kwaye alungise zonke iikhefu. Unxibelelwano kwafuneka lubuyiselwe phantse ngephanyazo ukuze kulungelelaniswe izenzo ezingakumbi zemikhosi, ngoko ke abenzi bemiqondiso babedla ngokungena phantsi kweembumbulu neembumbulu. Kwakukho iimeko xa ucingo kufuneka lutsalwe kwindawo yomgodi kwaye ababonisi, ngaphandle kokulinda i-sappers, bacima imigodi ngokwabo kunye neengcingo zabo. Abalweli babenohlaselo lwabo, ababonisi babenolwabo, hayi kancinci kwaye babulala.
Ukongeza kwizisongelo ezithe ngqo ngendlela yezixhobo zotshaba, ababonisi babenenye ingozi embi kunokufa: ekubeni umntu ohleli emnxebeni eyazi yonke imeko ngaphambili, wayengoyena mntu ubalulekileyo ekujoliswe kuzo kubukrelekrele baseJamani. Iisignali zazidla ngokubanjwa kuba kwakulula ukusondela kuzo: kwakwanele ukunqumla ucingo kwaye ulinde kwindawo yokulalela ukuze umntu obonisa umqondiso eze kwindawo efuna ikhefu elilandelayo. Kamva, kwavela iindlela zokukhusela kunye nokudlula ezo ndlela, amadabi olwazi ahamba kunomathotholo, kodwa ekuqaleni kwemfazwe imeko yayimbi.
Ukutshintsha okukodwa kunye nokudityaniswayo kwasetyenziselwa ukudibanisa iiseti zefowuni (ifowuni, i-inductor kunye ne-hybrid). Izitshixo beziyilelwe inombolo ye-6, 10, 12 kunye ne-20 (xa zidityanisiwe) kwaye zasetyenziselwa ukunxibelelana ngefowuni yangaphakathi kwi-regiment, i-battalion, kunye nekomkhulu lecandelo. Ngendlela, utshintsho lwavela ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngo-1944 umkhosi wawunezixhobo ezilula ezinomthamo ophezulu. Utshintsho lwamva nje lwalusele lumile (malunga ne-80 kg) kwaye lunokubonelela ngokutshintshela ukuya kuma-90 ababhalisi.
Ukutshintshela umnxeba K-10. Nika ingqalelo kumbhalo okwityala
Ekwindla ka-1941, amaJamani azibekela usukelo lokubamba iMoscow. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, ikomkhulu lalisisazulu salo lonke unxibelelwano lwaseSoviet, yaye oku kuphazamiseka kwemithambo-luvo kwafuneka kutshatyalaliswe. Ukuba i-hub yaseMoscow yayitshatyalalisiwe, yonke imida yayiza kwahlulwa, ngoko ke iCommissar yaBantu yoNxibelelwano i-I.T. I-Peresypkin kwindawo ekufutshane neMoscow yenza umgca wendandatho yonxibelelwano kunye neendawo ezibalulekileyo ezikuMntla, eMzantsi, eMpuma, eNtshona. Ezi ndawo zogcino-zincwadi ziya kuqinisekisa unxibelelwano nokuba kuthe kwakho ukutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo kocingo olusembindini welizwe. U-Ivan Terentyevich Peresypkin wadlala indima enkulu emfazweni: wakha iiyunithi zonxibelelwano ezingaphezu kwe-1000, izifundo ezisekelwe kunye nezikolo zabaqhubi beefowuni, abaqhubi berediyo kunye nababonisi, ababonelela phambili kunye neengcali ngexesha elifutshane. Phakathi ku-1944, ngenxa yezigqibo ze-People's Commissar yezoNxibelelwano uPeresypkin, "uloyiko lukanomathotholo" kwimida lwaluphelile kwaye imikhosi, nangaphambi kokubolekwa kwe-Lend-Lease, yayixhotyiswe ngezikhululo zikanomathotholo ezingaphezu kwama-64 zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo. Xa wayeneminyaka engama-000, Peresypkin waba marshal zonxibelelwano.
Izikhululo zikanomathotholo
Imfazwe yayilixesha lenkqubela engakholelekiyo kunxibelelwano lukanomathotholo. Ngokubanzi, ubudlelwane phakathi kweempawu zoMkhosi oBomvu ekuqaleni bebunzima: ngelixa phantse naliphi na ijoni linokuphatha umnxeba olula, izikhululo zikanomathotholo zazifuna imiqondiso enezakhono ezithile. Ngoko ke, ababonisi bokuqala bemfazwe bakhetha abahlobo babo abathembekileyo - iifowuni zentsimi. Nangona kunjalo, oonomathotholo bakhawuleza babonisa oko babenako kwaye baqala ukusetyenziswa kuyo yonke indawo kwaye bafumana ukuthandwa okukodwa phakathi kwamaqela kunye neeyunithi zobuntlola.
Isikhululo sikanomathotholo esiphathwayo seHF (3-P)
Isikhululo sikanomathotholo se-RB (isikhululo somsakazo we-battalion) esinamandla e-0,5 W yohlengahlengiso lokuqala luquka i-transceiver (10,4 kg), ukunikezelwa kwamandla (14,5 kg) kunye ne-dipole antenna array (3,5 kg). Ubude be-dipole yayiyi-34 m, i-antenna - 1,8 m. Kwakukho inguqulo yamahashe, eyayifakwe kwi-saddle kwisakhelo esikhethekileyo. Yayisesinye sezikhululo zikanomathotholo ezindala ezazisetyenziswa ekuqaleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II.
Umphathi we-Red Army kunye neRiphabhlikhi yaseBelarus
Ngomnyaka we-1942, inguqu ye-RBM (yanamhlanje) yavela, apho inani leentlobo zeetyhubhu ze-elektroniki ezisetyenzisiweyo zancitshiswa, amandla kunye nokuqina kwesakhiwo kwanda, njengoko kufunwa yimiqathango yangempela yokulwa. I-RBM-1 enegunya lokuphuma kwe-1 W kunye ne-RBM-5 kunye ne-5 W ibonakala. Izixhobo ezikude zezikhululo ezitsha zenze ukuba kube lula ukuthetha-thethana ukusuka kumanqaku kumgama ongange-3 km. Esi sikhululo saba sisikhululo sikanomathotholo sobuqu secandelo, amajoni kunye nabaphathi bemikhosi. Xa usebenzisa i-beam ebonakalisiweyo, kwakunokwenzeka ukugcina unxibelelwano lwe-radiotelegraph oluzinzile ngaphezu kwe-250 km okanye ngaphezulu (ngendlela, ngokungafaniyo namaza aphakathi, anokuthi asetyenziswe ngokufanelekileyo ngomqadi obonakalisa ebusuku kuphela, amaza amafutshane ukuya kwi-6 MHz abonakaliswe kakuhle. ukusuka kwi-ionosphere nangaliphi na ixesha losuku kwaye inokusasaza kumgama omde ngenxa yokubonakaliswa kwe-ionosphere kunye nomphezulu womhlaba, ngaphandle kokufuna nayiphi na i-transmitter enamandla). Ukongeza, ii-RBMs zibonise ukusebenza kakuhle ekukhonzeni amabala omoya ngexesha lemfazwe.
Emva kwemfazwe, umkhosi wasebenzisa iimodeli ezinenkqubela phambili, kwaye ii-RBM zaye zaduma phakathi kwezazi zejoloji kwaye zasetyenziswa ixesha elide kangangokuba bakwazi ukuba ngamagorha amanqaku kwiimagazini ezikhethekileyo kwi-80s.
Umzobo we-RBM:
Ngowe-1943, abantu baseMerika bacela ilayisensi yokuvelisa esi sikhululo sikanomathotholo siphumelele nesithembekileyo, kodwa abazange bavume.
Iqhawe elilandelayo lemfazwe yayiyisikhululo sikanomathotholo saseSever, esasiphambi kweKatyusha, esi sixhobo sasifuneka ngokukhawuleza kwaye sifike ngexesha.
Izikhululo zikanomathotholo "Sever" zaqala ukuveliswa ngo-1941 kwaye zaveliswa nakwiLeningrad engqingiweyo. Zazikhaphukhaphu kune-RBs zokuqala - ubunzima beseti epheleleyo kunye neebhetri "kuphela" i-10 kg. Inikeze unxibelelwano kumgama weekhilomitha ezingama-500, kwaye kwiimeko ezithile kunye nezandla zeengcali "zigqibile" ukuya kwi-700 km. Esi sikhululo sikanomathotholo besijoliswe ikakhulu kuqwalaselo kunye neeyunithi zamahlelo. Yayisisikhululo sikanomathotholo esinesamkeli sokukhulisa ngokuthe ngqo, esinezigaba ezintathu, esinengxelo ehlaziyayo. Ukongeza kwinguqulo yebhetri, kwakukho inguqulelo "elula", nangona kunjalo ifuna amandla e-AC, kunye neenguqulelo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zeenqwelo. Ikhithi yayiquka i-eriyali, ii-headphones, isitshixo se-telegraph, iseti yezibane, kunye nekiti yokulungisa. Ukuze kuququzelelwe unxibelelwano, kwamiselwa amaziko kanomathotholo akhethekileyo anamajelo osasazo anamandla nezamkeli ezinovakalelo kwikomkhulu elingaphambili. Amaziko onxibelelwano ayeneshedyuli yawo, ngokutsho kwawo agcina unxibelelwano lwerediyo 2-3 ngamaxesha emini. Ngowe-1944, izikhululo zikanomathotholo zohlobo lweSever zanxibelelanisa iKomkhulu elikuMbindi namaqela angaphezu kwe-1000 amacandelo. Iisethi ezixhaswayo ze-“Sever” zezixhobo zonxibelelwano (ZAS), kodwa bezisoloko zishiywa ukuze zingafumani iikhilogram ezininzi zezixhobo. "Ukuhlela" iingxoxo ezivela kwiintshaba, bathetha ngekhowudi elula, kodwa ngokweshedyuli ethile, kumaza ahlukeneyo kunye nekhowudi eyongezelelweyo yendawo yemikhosi.
Isikhululo sikanomathotholo eMantla
I-12-RP sisikhululo sikanomathotholo esiphathwayo somntwana waseSoviet esisetyenziswa kwirejimeni kunye nothungelwano lwezixhobo zoMkhosi oBomvu. Iqukethe iibhloko ezihlukeneyo ze-12-R transmitter kunye ne-5SG-2 receiver. I-Receive-transmit, phone-telegraph, i-half-duplex radio station, eyenzelwe ukusebenza xa uhamba kunye nakwiindawo zokupaka. Isikhululo sikanomathotholo sasiquka iipakethi ze-transceiver (ubunzima be-12 kg, ubukhulu be-426 x 145 x 205 mm) kunye nokunikezelwa kwamandla (ubunzima be-13,1 kg, ubukhulu be-310 x 245 x 185 mm). Yayithwalwa ngasemva ngamabhanti ngamajoni amabini. Isikhululo sikanomathotholo saveliswa ukusuka ngo-Okthobha-Novemba ka-1941 de kwaba sekupheleni kweMfazwe Enkulu yePatriotic eyathiywa ngegama elithi M.V. Frunze Ebudeni beMfazwe Enkulu Yokuthand’ izwe, lo mzi-mveliso waba negalelo elikhulu ekunikeni amajoni ngonxibelelwano lukanomathotholo. Iququzelele iibrigades zangaphambili ezingama-48, ziqeshe abantu abangaphezu kwama-500. Ngowe-1943 kuphela, izixhobo zokulinganisa zikanomathotholo ezingama-2928 zeentlobo ezisixhenxe zaveliswa. Kwangalo nyaka, iPlant No. 326 yanika umkhosi izikhululo zonomathotholo ezingama-7601 zohlobo lwe-12-RP kunye nezikhululo zerediyo ezingama-5839 zohlobo lwe-12-RT.
Isikhululo sikanomathotholo 12-RP
Izikhululo zikanomathotholo zakhawuleza zaba yimfuneko kuphapho, kwezothutho ngakumbi kumatanki. Ngendlela, yayikukwakhiwa kwemikhosi yetanki kunye neenqwelomoya eziye zaba yinto efunekayo yokutshintshwa kweeyunithi zomkhosi waseSoviet ukuya kumaza erediyo - umnxeba ocingo wawungafanelekanga ukunxibelelana ngamatanki kunye neenqwelomoya kunye kunye kunye nezithuba zomyalelo.
Iirediyo zetanki zaseSoviet zazinoluhlu lonxibelelwano oluphezulu kakhulu kunelaseJamani. Kwaye oku, mhlawumbi, yayiyinxalenye ephambili yonxibelelwano lomkhosi ekuqaleni naphakathi kwemfazwe. Kwi-Red Army ekuqaleni kwemfazwe, unxibelelwano lwalubi kakhulu - ubukhulu becala ngenxa yomgaqo-nkqubo ofanayo wangaphambi kwemfazwe wokungakha izixhobo. Uloyiso olubi lokuqala kunye namawaka abantu abangxwelerhekileyo babebangelwa ikakhulu kukungavisisani kwezenzo kunye nokungabikho kweendlela zonxibelelwano.
Irediyo yokuqala yetanki yaseSoviet yayiyi-71-TK, eyaphuhliswa kwi-30s yokuqala. Ngexesha leMfazwe Enkulu yePatriotic zatshintshwa zizikhululo zerediyo 9-R, 10-R kunye ne-12-R, eziye zaphuculwa ngokuqhubekayo. Kunye nesikhululo sikanomathotholo, ii-intercom zeTPU zasetyenziswa kwiitanki. Ekubeni abasebenzi basetankini bengakwazi ukugcina izandla zabo zixakekile yaye bephazamiseka, ii<em>laryngophones nee<em>headphones (ngokuyintloko ii<em>headphones) zaqhotyoshelwa kwizigcina-ntloko zabasebenzi basetankini—yiloo nto ke igama elithi “helmetphone.” Ulwazi luhanjiswe kusetyenziswa i-microphone okanye iqhosha letelegraph. Ngomnyaka we-1942, i-tank radios 12-RT (esekelwe kwi-infantry 12-RP) yaveliswa ngesiseko se-12-RP ye-infantry radio stations. Iirediyo zetanki zenzelwe ikakhulu ukutshintshiselana ngolwazi phakathi kwezithuthi. Ke, i-12-RP ibonelele ngonxibelelwano lweendlela ezimbini kunye nesikhululo sikanomathotholo esilinganayo kwindawo erhabaxa ngokulinganayo emini kwimigama:
- I-Beam (kwi-angle ethile) - ifowuni ukuya kwi-6 km, i-telegraph ukuya kwi-12 km
- I-Pin (indawo ethe tyaba, ukuphazamiseka okuninzi) - umnxeba ukuya kwi-8 km, i-telegraph ukuya kwi-16 km
- I-Dipole, i-inverted V (ifaneleke kakhulu amahlathi kunye nemifula) - umnxeba ukuya kwi-15 km, i-telegraph ukuya kwi-30 km
Eyona nto iphumelele kakhulu kwaye ihlala ixesha elide emkhosini yayiyi-10-RT, eyathatha indawo ye-1943-R ngo-10, eyayinolawulo kunye nokuxhoma kwisigcina-ntloko esasine-ergonomic ngaloo maxesha.
10-RT ukusuka ngaphakathi
Isikhululo sikanomathotholo itanki 10-R
Izikhululo zikanomathotholo ezisasaza emoyeni kuluhlu lwe-HF ye-RSI zaqala ukuveliswa ngo-1942, zafakwa kwinqwelomoya yokulwa kwaye zasetyenziselwa uthethathethwano ngeefrikhwensi ze-3,75-5 MHz. Uluhlu lwezikhululo ezinjalo lwalufikelela kwiikhilomitha ezili-15 xa zinxibelelana phakathi kweenqwelo-moya ukuya kuthi ga kwi-100 km xa zinxibelelana nezikhululo zikanomathotholo eziphantsi kwiindawo zolawulo. Uluhlu lwesiginali luxhomekeke kumgangatho wesinyithi kunye nokukhuselwa kwezixhobo zombane; isikhululo sikanomathotholo somlo sifuna uhlengahlengiso olunononophelo kunye nendlela yobuchwephesha. Ekupheleni kwemfazwe, ezinye iimodeli zeRSI zivumele ukonyuka kwexesha elifutshane kumandla okuhambisa ukuya kwi-10 W. Izixhobo zokulawula isikhululo sikanomathotholo zancanyathiselwa kwisigcina-ntloko somqhubi wenqwelomoya ngokwemigaqo efanayo nakumatanki.
I-RSI-3M1 - i-short-wave transmitter ifakwe kwiseti yerediyo ye-RSI-4 fighter, eveliswe ukususela ngo-1942.
Ngendlela, kwakukho iimeko ezininzi xa isikhululo sikanomathotholo kwi-backpack sasindisa ubomi bomntu obonisa umqondiso - wathatha iibhulethi okanye i-shrapnel ngexesha lokuqhuma kweebhombu, ngokwayo yasilela, kwaye yasindisa ijoni. Ngokubanzi, ngexesha lemfazwe, izikhululo zikanomathotholo ezininzi zenziwa zaza zasetyenziselwa iintsana, i-navy, i-submarine fleet, inqwelomoya kunye neenjongo ezikhethekileyo, kwaye ngamnye kubo ufanelekile inqaku elipheleleyo (okanye incwadi), kuba babefana. abalweli njengabo basebenza nabo . Kodwa asinayo iHabr eyaneleyo kwisifundo esinjalo.
Nangona kunjalo, ndiya kukhankanya esinye isikhululo sikanomathotholo - abamkeli berediyo base-US (i-universal superheterodyne, oko kukuthi, i-generator ye-low-power high-frequency generator yendawo), uluhlu lwabamkeli berediyo yoluhlu lwe-DV/MF/HF. I-USSR yaqala ukudala lo mamkeli werediyo phantsi kwenkqubo yesithathu yokubuyisela i-Red Army kwaye yadlala indima enkulu ekunxibelelaneni nasekuqhubeni imisebenzi yomkhosi. Ekuqaleni, ii-USA zazenzelwe ukuxhobisa izikhululo zikanomathotholo eziqhubhisayo, kodwa zakhawuleza zaya kwinkonzo kunye nemikhosi ephantsi kwaye zazithandwa ngabantu ababonisa umqondiso wokubumbana kwabo, ukusebenza ngokulula kunye nokuthembeka okukhethekileyo, okuthelekiswa nefowuni enentambo. Nangona kunjalo, umgca wabamkeli bakanomathotholo waba yimpumelelo kangangokuba ayizange isebenze kuphela kwiimfuno zeenqwelomoya kunye nokuhamba ngeenyawo, kodwa kamva yaduma phakathi kwabadlali berediyo base-USSR (ababefuna iikopi eziye zachithwa kwiimvavanyo zabo).
УС
Unxibelelwano olukhethekileyo
Ukuthetha ngonxibelelwano ngexesha leMfazwe Enkulu yePatriotic, umntu akanako ukusilela ukukhankanya izixhobo ezikhethekileyo zonxibelelwano. Ukumkanikazi weteknoloji yayingurhulumente "unxibelelwano lwe-HF" (aka ATS-1, aka Kremlin), eyaphuhliswa ekuqaleni kwi-OGPU, eyayingenakwenzeka ukuphulaphula ngaphandle kwezixhobo zobugcisa eziyinkimbinkimbi kunye nokufikelela okukhethekileyo kwimigca kunye nezixhobo. Kwakuyinkqubo yeendlela zonxibelelwano ezikhuselekileyo ... Nangona kunjalo, kwakutheni? Isekhona: inkqubo yamajelo onxibelelwano akhuselekileyo eqinisekisa uqhagamshelwano oluzinzileyo kunye nokuba yimfihlo kothethathethwano phakathi kweenkokeli zelizwe, amashishini abalulekileyo okhuselo, amasebe kunye nee-arhente zogcino-mthetho. Namhlanje, iindlela zokukhusela zitshintshile kwaye zomelezwa, kodwa iinjongo kunye neenjongo zihlala zifana: akukho mntu ufanele azi icandelo elilodwa lolwazi oludlule kula majelo.
Ngowe-1930, utshintshiselwano lwefowuni yokuqala oluzenzekelayo eMoscow yasungulwa (ithathela indawo iqela lokutshintsha konxibelelwano ngesandla), yayeka ukusebenza kuphela ngo-1998. Phakathi kowe-1941, uthungelwano lonxibelelwano lukarhulumente lwe-HF lwalunezikhululo ezili-116, amaziko angama-20, iindawo zokusasaza ezingama-40 yaye lwanceda abantu abamalunga nama-600. Ayiyiyo iKremlin kuphela eyayixhotyiswe ngonxibelelwano lweHF; ukuze kulawulwe ukusebenza komkhosi, ikomkhulu kunye nomyalelo kwimigca engaphambili yayixhotyiswe ngayo. Ngendlela, kwiminyaka yemfazwe, isikhululo se-HF saseMoscow safuduselwa kwindawo yokusebenza yesikhululo se-metro saseKirovskaya (ukususela ngoNovemba 1990 - iChistye Prudy) ukukhusela ngokuqhushumba kwenkunzi.
Njengoko mhlawumbi sele uqonda kwisishunqulelo se-HF, umsebenzi wonxibelelwano lukarhulumente emva kweminyaka engama-30 wawusekwe kumgaqo wokufowuna okwi-high-frequency. Ilizwi lomntu lalifuduselwa kumaza aphakamileyo laza alizange lifikeleleke ekuphulaphuleni ngokuthe ngqo. Ukongeza, le teknoloji yenza ukuba kube lula ukuhambisa iincoko ezininzi ngaxeshanye phezu kocingo olusezantsi, olunokuthi lube ngumqobo owongezelelweyo ngexesha lokungenelela.
Ilizwi lomntu livelisa iintshukumo zomoya kuluhlu lwamaza e-300-3200 Hz, kwaye intambo yefowuni eqhelekileyo yokuhanjiswa kwayo kufuneka ibe nebhendi ezinikeleyo (apho izandi zokungcangcazela ziya kuguqulwa zibe ngamaza ombane) ukuya kuthi ga kwi-4 kHz. Ngokufanelekileyo, ukuze uphulaphule ukuhanjiswa komqondiso onjalo, kwanele ukuba "udibanise" kwintambo nayiphi na indlela ekhoyo. Kwaye ukuba uqhuba ibhendi ephezulu ye-frequency ye-10 kHz ngocingo, ufumana isignali ye-carrier kunye nee-vibrations kwizwi lababhalisi inokufihlwa kwiinguqu kwiimpawu zesignali (i-frequency, isigaba kunye ne-amplitude). Olu tshintsho kwisignali yomthwali lwenza uphawu lwemvulophu oluya kuthwala isandi selizwi kwelinye icala. Ukuba, ngexesha lengxoxo enjalo, udibanisa ngokuthe ngqo kwintambo ngesixhobo esilula, ngoko unokuva kuphela uphawu lwe-HF.
Amalungiselelo omsebenzi waseBerlin, ngasekhohlo - uMarshal G.K. Zhukov, embindini - omnye wabalweli abangenakubuyiselwa, umnxeba.
UMarshal waseSoviet Union uI.S. Konev wabhala wathi ngonxibelelwano lweHF kwiincwadi zakhe: “Ngokuqhelekileyo kumele kuthiwe olu nxibelelwano lweHF, njengoko besitsho, luthunyelwe kuthi nguThixo. Isincedile kakhulu, yayizinzile kwezona meko zinzima kangangokuba kufuneka sihlawule izixhobo zethu kunye nababonisi bethu, ababonelele ngokukodwa olu qhagamshelo lwe-HF kwaye kuyo nayiphi na imeko elandelwa ngokoqobo kwizithende zomntu wonke obekufanele ukuba asebenzise. olu nxibelelwano ngexesha lentshukumo. "
Ngaphaya komda wophononongo lwethu olufutshane yayiziindlela ezibalulekileyo zonxibelelwano ezifana netelegraph kunye nezixhobo zokuphinda ziqwalaselwe, imiba yokufihlwa ngexesha lemfazwe, kunye nembali yokungenelela kwiingxoxo. Izixhobo zonxibelelwano phakathi kwamahlakani kunye nabachasi nazo zashiywa ngaphandle - kwaye eli lilizwe elinomdla lokujongana. Kodwa apha, njengoko besesitshilo, uHabr akonelanga ukuba abhale ngayo yonke into, ngamaxwebhu, iinyani kunye nokuskena imiyalelo kunye neencwadi zelo xesha. Lo ayingomzuzwana nje, lo ngumaleko omkhulu ozimeleyo wembali yesizwe. Ukuba unomdla njengathi, ndiza kushiya amanye amakhonkco apholileyo kwimithombo onokuthi uyiphonononge. Kwaye ndikholelwe, kukho into onokuyifumanisa kwaye umangaliswe apho.
- - indawo enomphefumlo wesibane
- Ukusuka apho
- - enye indawo enomphefumlo wesibane
- Unxibelelwano olukhethekileyo kwinkqubo yenkxaso yolawulo lwaseRashiya - icandelo, download PDF, umdla
Namhlanje kukho naluphi na uhlobo lonxibelelwano ehlabathini: intambo ekhuselekileyo, unxibelelwano ngesathelayithi, uninzi lwezithunywa ezikhawulezayo, amaza onomathotholo azinikeleyo, unxibelelwano ngeselula, ii-walkie-talkies zazo zonke iimodeli kunye neeklasi zokhuseleko. Uninzi lweendlela zonxibelelwano zisesichengeni ngokugqithisileyo kulo naliphi na inyathelo lomkhosi kunye nokonakaliswa. Kwaye ekugqibeleni, esona sixhobo sihlala sihleli ebaleni, njengangoko, siya kuba yifowuni enentambo. Andifuni kujonga oku, kwaye andiyidingi. Singathanda ukusebenzisa konke oku ngeenjongo zoxolo.
Usuku olumnandi lukanomathotholo kunye noNxibelelwano, bahlobo abathandekayo, ababonisi kunye nabo babandakanyekayo! Eyakho
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