Mandiqale ngokuthi andingomchasi-vaxxer kwaphela, ngokuchaseneyo. Kodwa isitofu sokugonya sahlukile kwisitofu sokugonya, ngakumbi ngoku nakwintsholongwane eyaziwayo. Ke, yintoni esinayo namhlanje?
I-Gamaleevsky Sputnik V. Isitofu sokugonya esichukumisayo kunye nesimanje kakhulu, kuphela unyango lwemfuza ngendlela ecocekileyo luza. Akumangalisi ukuba umgudu ongaka, ixesha kunye nemali ityalwe apha. Isekuphela kwento enokwenzeka kwilizwe lethu. Izibonelelo zayo ezicacileyo: impendulo ephezulu yokuzivikela komzimba (ukongeza kwii-antibodies, sine-immunity yeselula) kunye nemiphumo emibi encinci. Kodwa kukho i-nuance ethi, ngenxa yesizathu esithile, kuthethwa ngayo kakhulu, encinci kakhulu, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo kungekhona kumajelo eendaba, kodwa kuluntu olukhethekileyo lwezonyango. Ngoku ndiza kucacisa le nto ndithetha ngayo.
Olu gonyo yi-adenovirus eguqulwe ngokwemfuza, okanye kunoko i-adenoviruses ezimbini ezingathathi hlangothi (i-serotypes 5 kunye ne-26), ezingeniswa emzimbeni kunye nekhefu leeveki ezi-3. Ijini yeprotheyini ye-coronavirus yakhelwe kwigenome nganye. Ngokusisiseko, aba βngoomatshiniβ umsebenzi wabo ikukuhambisa βumkhweliβ obalulekileyo kwindawo abaya kuyo. Kwaye emva koko yonke into ihamba njengoko bekucetywa indalo: i-adenovirus ihambisa ijene ye-coronavirus kwiiseli, ikhuphele apho kwaye iqalise ukuvelisa zombini iiproteni "zomkhweli" kunye neyakhe. Iziqwenga zezi proteni zivezwa yiseli esulelekileyo, ngaloo ndlela iqeqesha i-T-lymphocytes. Emva kokuba "iseli yefektri" ibhujiswe, iiprotheni zentsholongwane (ezizezi iiprotheni, kwaye kungekhona i-virions ezilungele ukusulela iiseli ezintsha, njengesifo) zingena egazini, ngaloo ndlela zikhuthaza ukuveliswa kwee-antibodies. Akunakwenzeka ukuba ugule, ukugonywa kuyenziwa, kwaye yonke into ibonakala ilungile. Kodwa isiphumo esisecaleni kwesi sitofu kukuphuhliswa kwempendulo yokuzivikela kumalungu e-adenoviral ye-vector ngokwawo. Ngenxa yesingeniso esiphindaphindiweyo, "imoto enomkhweli" ayiyi kuba nexesha lokufika kwiseli, kodwa iya kutshatyalaliswa ngokukhawuleza ngama-antibodies akhiwe ngenxa "yokuqhelana" kwangaphambili. Kuyavela ukuba iSatellite V inokusetyenziswa kube kanye kuphela. Kwaye oku akwanelanga nje kukuba isitofu sokugonya asinakuphinda sisetyenziselwe injongo yalo - amandla okuzikhusela kwi-coronavirus awaziwa nakubani na, kwaye kubonakala ngathi kukho iimeko zosulelo oluphindaphindiweyo, kodwa zimbalwa. Uthintelo lobomi bonke kulo naluphi na unyango olunokubakho lwe-adenovector gene therapy, kubandakanywa nonyango lwe-oncology olunokuthi lube yimfuneko kwixesha elizayo, luyoyikeka. Konke oku kuphuhliswa ngokusebenzayo, kwaye emva "kovavanyo olukhulu", izinto ziya kuhamba ngokukhawuleza. Kodwa kwakhona, olu nyango lunokuthi lube luncedo okanye lungabi luncedo, kodwa ukungakhuseleki kwintsholongwane kuyafuneka namhlanje. Ngoko ke, apha wonke umntu uyazikhethela eyona nto ibalulekileyo kubo. Isitofu sokugonya siye sabonakala siqhelekile, silungele abantu abadala. Kodwa ukuba bendingabantu abaselula (banamathuba onke okusebenzisa unyango lwemizila yemfuza kwixesha elizayo), bendiya kucinga kabini ngalo.
Ndivile malunga nokuphuhliswa kwenguqu ye-Sputnik-Lite, kwabo bakhusela i-immunity yabo (umzobo). Oku kuya kuba sisitofu esinecandelo elinye elenziwe ngokusekwe kwiserotype enye kuphela. Olu khetho luhle, kodwa ukukhutshwa kwalo akucwangciswanga kude kube nguDisemba 2021.
Izitofu ezimbini ezingakumbi zaseRussia: i-EpiVacCorona evela kwiziko leVector (eyenziwe kwiiproteni zentsholongwane) kunye nesitofu sokugonya se-virion esisuka kwiziko leChumakov (eyenziwe kwintsholongwane yonke) sele sisendleleni. Zombini zenziwe ngendlela yakudala. Kukho uluvo lokuba kungenxa yesi sizathu ukuba bagwetyelwe ukungaphumeleli, kwaye nangenxa yokuba abayisebenzisi i-T-cell immunity, epholileyo namhlanje. Ngoku kancinane malunga nabo, ekubeni kuninzi ngabo akwaziwa. Kuyabonakala ukuba i-PR yabo injalo, okanye mhlawumbi iyimfihlo yasemkhosini.
Isitofu sokugonya i-Chumakov whole-virion siyinto yakudala, uhlobo lobuntu olukhule kunye nalo. Apha, intsholongwane epheleleyo isetyenzisiweyo, eyenza i-immunity ethembekileyo, njengoko inika isethi epheleleyo ye-antigens. Kodwa intsholongwane ifile, ngoko impendulo yokuzivikela komzimba iya kuba yi-antibody kuphela, kodwa iya kuba namandla, kwaye iimpendulo ziya kuba namandla. Kunzima kancinci, kodwa ngexesha lendyikityha ifanelekile, ngakumbi kwabasempilweni, abanqwenelayo nabanesibindi. Kubo bonke ubutyebi obukhethiweyo, ndingayikhetha ngenxa yendlela eqondakalayo yokwenziwa kokhuselo lomzimba. Kodwa okwangoku kusengqondweni kuphela. Ayinagama okwangoku. Kodwa imveliso enkulu icwangciswe ngoMatshi. Linda ubone.
Isitofu sokugonya sesithathu saseRussia yi-EpiVacCorona evela kwiziko leVector. Ayiqulathanga i-biological component yentsholongwane kwaphela, kodwa kuphela iiprotheyini zayo ezidityanisiweyo, ukuze zinganyanzeli iiseli zethu ukuba zisebenze kunye noxinzelelo kwaphela. Isitofu sokugonya sinobulali, ngaphandle kwemiphumo emibi, kodwa kwakhona ngaphandle kokugonywa kakuhle kwe-immunogenicity. Izitofu zokugonya zePeptide ezivelisa ugonyo oluhlala ixesha elide, oluhlala luhleli azikayilwa. Ngoko ke, ukuze kuphuculwe impendulo yokuzivikela komzimba, i-adjuvants isetyenziswa kuzo. Nantsi i-aluminiyam hydroxide. Andazi ukuba oku kulungile okanye kubi, kodwa kukholelwa ukuba "izithako" ezimbalwa kwisitofu sokugonya, zingcono. Kodwa ngesitofu sokugonya seVector, ngokungafaniyo ne-Sputnik V, kuya kwenzeka ukugonya inani elingenasiphelo labantu. Kwakhona kwavavanywa kubantu abadala (65+) kunye nabantwana (14-17), kunye nabantu abanezifo ezingapheliyo. Bazama ukwahlula ipayi. Ngokuphathelele abantwana, ndiyavuma, kodwa malunga nabantu abadala, andiqinisekanga. Ngoku badinga ngokungxamisekileyo ukukhuselwa OKUNENKONZO. Isitofu sokugonya bekufanele ukuba sisetyenziswe ekuqaleni konyaka. Ndiyazibuza ukuba ingaba sele ikhona na kwenye indawo?
Ewe, kunye nezitofu eziphambili zangaphandle, besiya kuba phi ngaphandle kwazo? Iveliswe ngesiseko setekhnoloji ye-adenovector: isiTshayina CanSino Biological. Yenziwe kwi-5th serotype ye-adenovirus, exhaphake kakhulu kubemi. Kukholelwa ukuba i-30% yabantu sele benayo i-immunity kuyo, ngoko ke isitofu sokugonya asizukusebenza kakhulu kubo. UJohnson waseMelika kunye noJohnson - ngokusekelwe kwi-serotype 26. Olu hlobo aluxhaphakanga kangako, kodwa kusekho ithuba. Ke ngoko, uSputnik wathatha omabini amaqonga ngaxeshanye, ukuze aqiniseke! Isitofu sokugonya saseBritane-seSweden i-AstraZeneca/oxford. Okwangoku eyona iodolwe kakhulu kwihlabathi. Malunga needosi ezibhiliyoni ezi-3 sele zi-odolwe. Iveliswa ngesiseko se-chimpanzee adenovirus. Oku, ngokuqinisekileyo, kunika isiqinisekiso se-100% sokuba i-immune system ayizange ihlangane nentsholongwane enjalo ngaphambili kwaye ayiyi kuphinda ihlangane nayo, kodwa i-zoovirus xa kwenzeka ukuguqulwa kwenguqu inokuvelisa iziphumo ezingalindelekanga emzimbeni womntu, yona ngokwayo. iyothusa ngandlelβ ithile.
Iinkqubela ezimbini zehlabathi zenziwe ngokusekwe kubuchwephesha be-mRNA: iPfizer BioNTech kunye neModerna. Olu lukhokelo olutsha ngokupheleleyo, oluthi okwangoku lube yeyona nto iphambili kwi-pharmacology. Ngaphambi koku, akukho sitofu sokugonya se-mRNA. Itekhnoloji iyafana netekhnoloji yeVector, kodwa yahlukile. Akukho nxalenye yentsholongwane yeqela lesithathu, kwaye "umatshini" yi-lipid nanoparticle eyenziwe ngobuqhetseba, engena lula kwiinwebu zeeseli zethu, kwaye "umkhweli" ikwayimfuza enye okanye i-mRNA efaka iprotein ye-coronavirus spike. Kule meko, iiseli ezingena kuzo i-mRNA azitshatyalaliswa, kwaye iprotheni iphuma ngokuzolileyo, yenze i-T-cell kunye ne-antibody immunity. Yonke into ibonakala ilungile, kodwa kwakhona kukho ama-nuances. Okokuqala, yi-polyethylene glycol, esetyenziselwa ukuzinzisa i-mRNA kunye namaqondo okushisa aphantsi (ukuya kuthi ga -70), yona ngokwayo i-allergen kwaye ingabangela ukusabela okunamandla, kuquka ukutshitshiswa kwe-anaphylactic. Kwaye okwesibini, ezi zezona ndawo zingalindelekanga "zokuhamba" kwethu. Kwaye ukuba injongo yendalo ye-adenovirus ziiseli ezithile, zihlala iiseli zendlela yokuphefumla ephezulu, apho ijene ye-coronavirus ihanjiswa kwizitofu zokugonya, ke apho i-coronavirus mRNA iya kuhanjiswa nge-lipid nanoparticles - nguThixo kuphela owaziyo. Kwaye ezi zinokuba yindawo eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo apho baya kufuneka basebenze kwakhona: imithambo yegazi, amalungu, imithambo-luvo, njl njl , I-Intanethi yonke igcwele iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezivela kwiPfizer. Kodwa isitofu sokugonya asirhoxiswa ekusebenziseni. Ngoko kuthekani ukuba uhambahamba kancinci ngobuso obugqwethekileyo? Oku akunakuthelekiswa nekhondo elibukhali le-Covid, akunjalo? Kodwa i-antibodies kulo "matshini" ayiveliswanga, kodwa kuphela "kumgibeli". Ngokubanzi, kukho into onokucinga ngayo.
Isitofu sokugonya saseMelika i-Novavax senziwe ngokusekwe kwiiproteni eziphinda ziphinde zihlangane. Isitofu sokugonya sinenani lesibini eliphezulu lamayeza abhukisiweyo kwihlabathi. Ke ithini imfihlo yakhe? Kwaye kwitekhnoloji ekhethekileyo "yokuhlanganisa" iiprotheni eziphinda ziphinde zibe yi-nanoparticles, enkosi ukuba i-immunogenicity yeprotheyini iyanda, kunye nakwi-adjuvant yokuqala ye-Matrix-M. Ewe, kuphelele apho okwangoku.
I-Sinovac sesinye isitofu sokugonya esenziwe eTshayina. I-whole-virion, echaza ukuthandwa kwayo. Iimeko eziqhelekileyo zokugcina kunye nendlela eqondakalayo yokwakheka kwe-immunity ingenza ukuba ifumaneke kumazwe amaninzi. Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zezigaba ezibini zokuqala zovavanyo, kwathathwa njengenye yezona zinto zithembisayo, kodwa kwiziphumo zexeshana zesigaba sesithathu, isitofu sokugonya sibonise kuphela ukusebenza kwe-50%. Ndiyazibuza ukuba le nto inokuthenjwa?
Ngandlela thile ngolu hlobo. Inye into ecacileyo ukuba alikho isitofu sokugonya esigqibeleleyo emhlabeni ngoku, kodwa kungekudala okanye kamva isigqibo esithile kusafuneka senziwe. Kwimeko nayiphi na into, ndinqwenela ukuba wonke umntu abe nempilo kunye nokukhuseleka okunamandla!
umthombo: www.habr.com