Uphawu olwahlukileyo kukuba inani elikhulu labantu liyaxhamla ekusebenziseni kwabo, kwaye ukukhawulela ukusetyenziswa kwabo akunakwenzeka okanye akunakwenzeka. Imizekelo ibandakanya iindlela zikawonke-wonke, ukhuseleko, uphando lwezenzululwazi, kunye nesoftware evulelekileyo. Ukuveliswa kweempahla ezinjalo, njengomthetho, akukho nzuzo kubantu ngabanye, okuhlala kukhokelela kwimveliso yabo enganelanga (). Kwezinye iimeko, amazwe kunye neminye imibutho (efana nemibutho yesisa) ithatha imveliso yabo, kodwa ukunqongophala kolwazi olupheleleyo malunga nokukhethwa kwabathengi beempahla zoluntu kunye nezinye iingxaki ezinxulumene nokwenziwa kwezigqibo eziphambili kukhokelela ekusetyenzisweni kwemali engafanelekanga. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, kuya kufaneleka ngakumbi ukudala inkqubo apho abathengi beempahla zoluntu baya kuba nethuba lokuvota ngokuthe ngqo kwiinketho ezithile zokubonelela kwabo. Nangona kunjalo, xa kuvotwa ngokomgaqo othi "umntu omnye - ivoti enye", iivoti zabo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba bayalingana kwaye abanako ukubonisa ukuba kubaluleke kangakanani oku okanye olo khetho kubo, olunokuthi lukhokelela ekuveliseni okuncinci kwempahla yoluntu.
(okanye i-CLR financing) yaphakanyiswa kwi-2018 emsebenzini njengesisombululo esinokubakho kwiingxaki ezidwelisiweyo zokuxhasa ngemali iimpahla zoluntu. Le ndlela idibanisa iingenelo zeendlela zentengiso kunye nolawulo lwedemokhrasi, kodwa ichaphazeleka kancinci kwizinto ezingeloncedo. Isekelwe kwingcamango (ukuthelekisa) apho abantu benza iminikelo ethe ngqo kwiiprojekthi ezahlukeneyo abazigqala ziluncedo ekuhlaleni, kunye nomxhasi omkhulu (umzekelo, isiseko sesisa) uzibophelele ekongezeni isixa esilingeneyo kumnikelo ngamnye (umzekelo, ukuwuphinda kabini). Oku kudala inkuthazo eyongezelelweyo yokuthatha inxaxheba kwaye kuvumela umxhasi ukuba abele imali ngokufanelekileyo ngaphandle kokuba nobuchule kwindawo exhaswa ngemali.
Ubume bemali yequadratic kukuba ubalo lwemali eyongeziweyo lwenziwa ngokufanayo nokubalwa kweziphumo xa . Olu hlobo lokuvota luthetha ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba banokuthenga iivoti kwaye basasaze kwiinketho ezahlukeneyo zesigqibo, kwaye iindleko zokuthenga zinyuka ngokulinganayo kwisikwere senani leevoti ezithengiweyo:
Oku kuvumela abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba babonise amandla okukhetha kwabo, okungenakwenzeka ngokuvota komntu omnye-eyedwa. Kwaye kwangaxeshanye, le ndlela yokwenza ayiniki mpembelelo ingafanelekanga kubathathi-nxaxheba abanezibonelelo ezibalulekileyo, njengoko kusenzeka ngokuvota ngokomgaqo wokulingana (osoloko usetyenziswa ).
Ngenkxaso-mali ye-quadratic, umnikelo ngamnye womntu othatha inxaxheba kwiprojekthi ithathwa njengokuthengwa kweevoti zokusasazwa kweemali ezixhasa le projekthi kwingxowa-mali ehambelanayo. Makhe sicinge ukuba umthathi-nxaxheba 
wenze umnikelo kulo msebenzi 
ngesantya se 
. Emva koko ubunzima belizwi lakhe 
iyakulingana nengcambu yobungakanani bomnikelo wakhe ngamnye:
Tshatisa isixa-mali 
, apho iprojekthi iya kufumana 
, emva koko ibalwe ngokusekelwe kwisixa seevoti zale projekthi phakathi kwabo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba:
Ukuba, ngenxa yokubalwa kwevoti, isixa-mali sisonke senkxaso-mali singaphezulu kohlahlo lwabiwo-mali olumiselweyo 
, ke isixa-mali sekhawuntara yeprojekthi nganye ihlengahlengiswa ngokuhambelana nesabelo sayo kuzo zonke iiprojekthi:
Ababhali bomsebenzi babonisa ukuba indlela enjalo iqinisekisa ukuxhaswa ngemali kwempahla yoluntu. Nokuba iminikelo emincinci, ukuba yenziwa linani elikhulu labantu, ikhokelela kwimali enkulu yenkxaso-mali ehambelanayo (oku kuqhelekile kwimpahla yoluntu), ngelixa iminikelo emikhulu evela kwinani elincinci labaxhasi ikhokelela kwixabiso elincinci lenkxaso-mali ehambelanayo (esi siphumo ibonisa ukuba okulungileyo kunokwenzeka ukuba kubucala).
Ukuziqhelanisa nokusebenza komatshini, ungasebenzisa i-calculator: .
Gitcoin
Okokuqala, indlela yenkxaso ye-quadratic yavavanywa ekuqaleni kuka-2019 njengenxalenye yenkqubo. kwiqonga leGitcoin, elijongene nokuxhasa iiprojekthi zomthombo ovulekileyo. IN inkxaso-mali 132 abaxhasi benza iminikelo cryptocurrency kuphuhliso 26 ecosystem iziseko iiprojekthi . Iminikelo iyonke yayiyi-13242 yeedola, idityaniswe yi-25000 yeedola ukusuka kwingxowa-mali ehambelanayo eyenziwe ngabaxhasi abaliqela abakhulu. Emva koko, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiprogram kwakuvulelekile kuwo wonke umntu, kwaye imilinganiselo yeeprojekthi eziwela phantsi kwenkcazo yempahla yoluntu ye-Ethereum ecosystem yandiswa, kwaye ulwahlulo kwiindidi ezinjenge "teknoloji" kunye "neendaba" zavela. Ukusukela ngoJulayi ka-2020, sele yenziwe , apho iiprojekthi ezingaphezu kwama-700 zifumene imali engaphezulu kwe-2 yezigidi zeerandi, kunye Isixa-mali somnikelo sasiyi-4.7 yeedola.
Inkqubo yeGitcoin Grants ibonise ukuba inkqubo yenkxaso-mali ye-quadratic isebenza ngokuhambelana nokwakhiwa kwethiyori kwaye ibonelela ngenkxaso-mali yempahla yoluntu ngokwezinto ezikhethwa ngamalungu oluntu. Nangona kunjalo, lo matshini, njengeenkqubo ezininzi zokuvota ze-elektroniki, usesichengeni sokuhlaselwa kolunye uhlaselo abaphuhlisi beqonga ababejongana nalo ngexesha lovavanyo:
- . Ukwenza olu hlaselo, umhlaseli unokubhalisa iiakhawunti ezininzi kwaye, ngokuvota komnye nomnye wabo, aphinde asasaze imali evela kwingxowa-mali ehambelanayo.
- Ukunyotywa. Ukunyoba abasebenzisi, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukwazi ukulawula ukuthotyelwa kwabo kwisivumelwano, okwenzekayo ngenxa yokuvuleka kwazo zonke iintengiselwano kwi-blockchain ye-Ethereum yoluntu. Kanye njengohlaselo lwe-Sybil, abasebenzisi abanyobayo banokusetyenziselwa ukwabiwa kwakhona kweemali ezivela kwingxowa-mali jikelele ngokuthanda umhlaseli, ngaphandle kokuba izibonelelo zokwabiwa kwakhona zidlula iindleko zokunyoba.
Ukuthintela uhlaselo lwe-Sybil, i-akhawunti ye-GitHub iyafuneka xa ubhalisa umsebenzisi, kwaye ukwazisa inombolo yefowuni yokuqinisekisa ngeSMS nayo iqwalaselwe. Imizamo yokunyoba yalandelwa ngeentengiso zokuthenga iivoti kwiintanethi zentlalo kunye nokuthengiselana kwi-blockchain (amaqela abaxhasi abafumana intlawulo kumthombo ofanayo achongiwe). Nangona kunjalo, la manyathelo awaqinisekisi ukhuseleko olupheleleyo, kwaye ukuba kukho inkuthazo eyaneleyo yezoqoqosho, abahlaseli banokudlula, ngoko abaphuhlisi bafuna ezinye izisombululo ezinokwenzeka.
Ukongeza, ingxaki iye yavela kuluhlu lweeprojekthi ezifumana inkxaso-mali. Kwezinye iimeko, izicelo zenkxaso-mali zivela kwiiprojekthi ezingezizo iimpahla zoluntu okanye ezingawelanga kwiindidi zeeprojekthi ezifanelekileyo. Kukhe kwakho iimeko apho ama-scammers afaka izicelo egameni lezinye iiprojekthi. Indlela yokuqinisekisa ngesandla abafumana inkxaso-mali basebenze kakuhle kwinani elincinci lezicelo, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo kuncipha njengoko inkqubo yeGitcoin Grants ikhula ekuthandeni. Enye ingxaki ye-platform ye-Gitcoin yi-centralization, ebonisa isidingo sokuthemba abalawuli bayo ngokuchaneka kokubala kwabo ivoti.
clr.fund
Injongo yeprojekthi okwangoku phantsi kophuhliso, kukudala ekhuselekileyo kwaye scalable quadratic funding fund esekelwe kumava inkqubo Gitcoin Grants. Ingxowa-mali iya kusebenza phantsi kweemeko zentembeko encinci kubalawuli bayo kwaye iya kulawulwa ngendlela yokwabela amagunya. Ukwenza oku, ukubalwa kweminikelo, ukubala izixa ezihambelanayo kunye nokusasazwa kweemali kufuneka kwenziwe kusetyenziswa . Ukuthengwa kwevoti kuya kwenziwa kube nzima ngokusetyenziswa kokuvota okufihlakeleyo kunye nokwenzeka kokutshintshwa kwevoti, ukubhaliswa komsebenzisi kuya kwenziwa ngenkqubo yokuqinisekisa uluntu, kwaye irejista yabafumana inkxaso-mali iya kulawulwa luluntu kwaye ibe nengxabano eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi. indlela yokusombulula.
Uvoto oluyimfihlo
Imfihlo yokuvota xa uvota usebenzisa i-blockchain yoluntu ingagcinwa usebenzisa iiprotocol , ekuvumela ukuba ujonge ukuchaneka kwemisebenzi yezibalo kwidatha efihliweyo ngaphandle kokuchaza le datha. Kwi-clr.fund, izixa-mali zomnikelo ngamnye ziya kufihlwa kwaye inkqubo iya kusetyenziswa ukubala izixa-mali ezihambelanayo. phantsi kwegama (Ubuncinane beZiseko eziSetyenziswayo zokuChasenesana, ubuncinci beziseko ezingundoqo zokuchasana nentsebenziswano). Ivumela uvoto oluyimfihlo lwequadratic kwaye ikhusela abavoti ekunyotyweni nasekunyanzelweni, ngaphandle kokuba ukusetyenzwa kweevoti nokubalwa kweziphumo kwenziwa ngumntu othenjiweyo obizwa ngokuba ngumnxibelelanisi. Inkqubo yenzelwe ukuba umququzeleli akwazi ukuququzelela ukunyoba ngenxa yokuba unamandla okucazulula iivoti, kodwa akanakukhuphela ngaphandle okanye atshintshe iivoti, kwaye akanako ukukhohlisa iziphumo zobalo lwevoti.
Inkqubo iqala ngabasebenzisi abavelisa iperi izitshixo kunye nerejista kwinkontileka ye-MACI smart, ukurekhoda isitshixo sabo soluntu. Ukuvota ke kuqala, ngexesha apho abasebenzisi banokubhala iindidi ezimbini zemiyalezo efihliweyo kwikhontrakthi ehlakaniphile: imiyalezo equlethe ilizwi kunye nemiyalezo etshintsha isitshixo. Imiyalezo isayinwa ngeqhosha lomsebenzisi kwaye emva koko iguqulelwe ngokuntsonkothileyo kusetyenziswa elinye iqhosha elenziwe yiprotocol ukusuka kwisitshixo esikhethekileyo somsebenzisi kunye nesitshixo sikawonke-wonke somququzeleli ngendlela yokuba kuphela umnxibelelanisi okanye umsebenzisi ngokwakhe angakwazi ukuzifihla. Ukuba umhlaseli uzama ukunyoba umsebenzisi, unokumcela ukuba athumele umyalezo ngelizwi kwaye anike imixholo yomyalezo kunye nesitshixo sexesha elinye, apho umhlaseli uya kubuyisela umyalezo ofihliweyo kwaye aqinisekise ngokujonga iintengiselwano. kwi-blockchain ukuba ngokwenene yathunyelwa. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphambi kokuthumela ivoti, umsebenzisi angathumela ngokufihlakeleyo umyalezo etshintsha iqhosha le-EdDSA aze asayine umyalezo welizwi ngesitshixo esidala, esenza ukuba singasebenzi. Ekubeni umsebenzisi akakwazi ukubonisa ukuba isitshixo asitshintshwanga, umhlaseli akayi kuba nentembelo yokuba ivoti ekuthandeni kwakhe iya kubalwa, kwaye oku kwenza ukunyoba kungabi nanjongo.
Emva kokuba ukuvota kugqityiwe, umnxibelelanisi ususa imiyalezo, ubala iivoti kwaye aqinisekise ubungqina obubini be-zero-knowledge ngokusebenzisa ikhontrakthi ehlakaniphile: ubungqina bokulungiswa komyalezo ochanekileyo kunye nobungqina bokubalwa kwevoti ngokuchanekileyo. Ekupheleni kwenkqubo, iziphumo zokuvota zipapashwa, kodwa iivoti zomntu ngamnye zigcinwa ziyimfihlo.
Ukuqinisekiswa kwezentlalo
Nangona ukuchongwa okuthembekileyo kwabasebenzisi kwiinethiwekhi ezisasazwayo kuhlala kuyingxaki engasonjululwanga, ukuthintela uhlaselo lweSybil kwanele ukwenza nzima uhlaselo kangangokuba iindleko zokuluqhuba ziba phezulu kuneenzuzo ezinokubakho. Isisombululo esilolo hlobo yinkqubo yokuchonga ebekwe kumaziko , esebenza njengenethiwekhi yoluntu apho abasebenzisi banokwenza iiprofayili kwaye badibanise omnye nomnye ngokukhetha inqanaba labo lokuthembela. Kule nkqubo, umsebenzisi ngamnye unikwe isazisi esisodwa, ulwazi malunga nobudlelwane apho kunye nabanye abachongi barekhodwa , egcinwa ziinodi zekhompyuter zenethiwekhi yeBrightID kwaye zilungelelaniswe phakathi kwazo. Akukho datha yomntu egcinwe kwi-database, kodwa idluliselwe kuphela phakathi kwabasebenzisi xa uqhagamshelana nabo, ngoko ke inkqubo ingasetyenziswa ngokungaziwa. I-computing nodes yenethiwekhi ye-BrightID ihlalutya igrafu yentlalo kwaye, usebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo, zama ukwahlula abasebenzisi bokwenyani kubuxoki. Ubumbeko olusemgangathweni lusebenzisa i-algorithm , apho kwisichongi ngasinye sibala ukalisho olubonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba umsebenzisi owahlukileyo angqamane nayo. Nangona kunjalo, iindlela zokuchonga zinokwahluka, kwaye ukuba kuyimfuneko, abaphuhlisi besicelo banokudibanisa iziphumo ezifunyenwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, okanye baqhube i-node yabo eya kusebenzisa i-algorithms efanelekileyo kwisiseko sabo somsebenzisi.
Ukusonjululwa kwengxabano
Inxaxheba kwi-quadratic financing iya kuvuleka, kodwa ngenxa yoku, iiprojekthi ziya kufuneka zibhalise kwirejista eyodwa. Ukongezwa kuyo, abameli beprojekthi baya kufuneka benze idiphozithi, abanokuyihoxisa emva kwexesha elithile. Ukuba iprojekthi ayihlangabezani nemigaqo yobhaliso, nawuphi na umsebenzisi uya kuba nako ukucela umngeni ukongezwa kwayo. Ukususwa kweprojekthi kubhaliso kuya kuqwalaselwa ngabalamli kwindawo enatyisiweyo kwaye kwimeko yesigqibo esilungileyo, umsebenzisi onike ingxelo yokwaphulwa uya kufumana inxalenye yediphozithi njengomvuzo. Indlela enjalo iya kwenza ukuba irejista yempahla yoluntu izilawule ngokwayo.
Kuya kusetyenziswa inkqubo ukusombulula iingxabano , eyakhiwe ngokusebenzisa izivumelwano ezihlakaniphile. Kuyo, nabani na unokuba ngumlamli, kwaye ukulunga kwezigqibo ezenziweyo kufezekiswa ngoncedo lwenkuthazo yezoqoqosho. Xa impikiswano iqalisiwe, inkqubo ikhetha ngokuzenzekelayo abalamli abaninzi ngokuzoba amaqashiso. Abalamli baphonononga ubungqina obubonelelweyo kwaye bavotele elinye lamaqela asebenzisayo : Iivoti zenziwe ngendlela efihliweyo kwaye zityhilwa kuphela emva kokuphela kokuvota. Abalamli abaninzi bafumana umvuzo, baze abo bambalwa bahlawule. Ngenxa yokungaqiniseki kwejaji kunye nokufihlwa kweevoti, ukulungelelaniswa phakathi kwabalamli kunzima kwaye banyanzelekile ukuba balindele izenzo zomnye nomnye kwaye bakhethe ukhetho olunokuthi lukhethwe ngabanye, ngaphandle koko basengozini yokulahlekelwa yimali. Kucingelwa ukuba olu khetho () iya kuba sesona sigqibo silungileyo, ekubeni kwiimeko zokungabikho kolwazi, ukhetho olunengqiqo luya kuba kukwenza isigqibo esisekelwe kwiingcamango ezaziwayo malunga nobulungisa. Ukuba elinye lamaqela kwingxabano alivumelani nesigqibo esenziweyo, ke izibheno zicwangciswa, apho abalamli abaninzi nangaphezulu bakhethwa ngokulandelelanayo.
I-ecosystems ezizimeleyo
Izisombululo ezidwelisiweyo zeteknoloji kufuneka zenze indlela yokusebenza ixhomekeke kubalawuli kwaye iqinisekise ukusebenza kwayo okuthembekileyo kunye neemali ezincinci ezisasazwayo. Njengoko iteknoloji ihambela phambili, amanye amacandelo anokutshintshwa ukuze abonelele ngokhuseleko olungcono ekuthengeni ivoti kunye nolunye uhlaselo, kunye nenjongo yokugqibela yingxowa-mali ye-quadratic ezizimeleyo ngokupheleleyo.
Ekuphunyezweni okukhoyo okufana neGitcoin Grants, ukuveliswa kwempahla yoluntu kuxhaswe ngabaxhasi abakhulu, kodwa imali inokuthi ivele kwezinye iindawo. Kwezinye ii-cryptocurrencies, umzekelo и , i-inflationary financing isetyenziswa: inxalenye yomvuzo we ithunyelwe kwiqela lophuhliso ukuxhasa umsebenzi wabo oqhubekayo wokuphucula iziseko zophuhliso. Ukuba inkqubo yenkxaso-mali ye-quadratic idalwe esebenza ngokuthembekileyo kwaye ayifuni ulawulo oluphakathi, ngoko inxalenye yomvuzo webhloko inokuthunyelwa kuyo ukuze isasazwe ngokulandelayo kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba koluntu. Ngale ndlela, i-ecosystem yokuzimela iya kwenziwa, apho ukuveliswa kwempahla yoluntu kuya kuba yinkqubo yokuzimela ngokupheleleyo kwaye ayiyi kuxhomekeka kwintando yabaxhasi kunye nemibutho yokulawula.
umthombo: www.habr.com
