Amahemuhemu aqhubeka ejikeleza kwiiforam ze-cryptocurrency kunye neengxoxo zetelegram ukuba isizathu sokuhla okubalulekileyo kwamva nje kwezinga le-BTC yayiziindaba zokuba uGoogle uzuze ukongama kwe-quantum. Ezi ndaba, zifakwe kwiwebhusayithi yeNASA kwaye kamva , ngokuhambelanayo nokuhla ngokukhawuleza kwamandla enethiwekhi yeBitcoin. Abaninzi bacinga ukuba le ngqungquthela ithetha ukukhwabanisa kwaye yabangela ukuba abarhwebi balahle inani elifanelekileyo leBitcoin. Bathi ngenxa yoku, umlinganiselo wale ngqekembe wakhukuliswa “ngoomongameli baseUnited States abafayo” abamalunga ne-1500 XNUMX. I-rumor iyala ngenkani ukufa kwaye ikhuthazwa kukukholelwa okuqinileyo koluntu ukuba ukuphuhliswa kwe-quantum computing kukufa okuqinisekisiweyo kwe-blockchains kunye ne-cryptocurrencies.
Isiseko seenkcazo ezinjalo ngumsebenzi, iziphumo zazo ezabelwana ngazo kwi-2017 iqela labaphandi abafunde ingxaki ye "quantum threat". Ngokombono wabo, uninzi lweeprothokholi ze-crypto ezenza ukuthengiselana kwiileja ezisasaziweyo zisengozini kwiikhompyuter zequantum ezinamandla. Ndihlalutye ulwazi olupapashwe kwinethiwekhi malunga nento ebizwa. "quantum sesichengeni of blockchains ngokubanzi kunye cryptocurrencies ingakumbi. Okulandelayo ziziphumo zokuhlalutya kunye nokuthelekiswa kwezinto ezikhoyo malunga nokuhlaselwa okuphumelelayo kwiBitcoin.
Amagama ambalwa malunga neekhompyuter ze-quantum kunye nokuphakama kwe-quantum
Nabani na owaziyo ukuba yintoni ikhompyuter ye-quantum, i-qubit kunye ne-quantum supremacy inokuqhubela phambili ngokukhuselekileyo kwicandelo elilandelayo kuba abayi kufumana nantoni na entsha apha.
Ke, ukuqonda ngokurhabaxa isoyikiso esinokuvela kwiikhompyuter ze-quantum, kuya kufuneka uqonde ukuba zeziphi ezi zixhobo. Ikhompyuter ye-quantum yinkqubo yekhompyutha ye-analog esebenzisa izinto ezibonakalayo ezichazwe yi-quantum mechanics ukucubungula idatha kunye nokudlulisa ulwazi. Ngokuchanekileyo, iikhompyuter zequantum zisetyenziselwa ukubala и .
Enkosi kusetyenziso lwe-quantum phenomena kwiindlela zekhompyuter, iinkqubo zekhompyuter ziyakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yomntu ngamnye amashumi kunye namakhulu amawaka, kwaye kwithiyori izigidi zamaxesha akhawulezayo kuneekhompyuter zakudala (kubandakanywa neekhompyuter ezinkulu). Le ntsebenzo yezibalo ezithile ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwee-qubits (i-quantum bits).
I-qubit (i-quantum bit okanye i-quantum discharge) yeyona nto incinci ekhoyo yokugcina ulwazi kwi-computer ye-quantum. Njengentwana, i-qubit ivumela
"ii-eigenstates ezimbini, ezichazwe {splaystyle |0rangle }|0rangle kunye {displaystyle |1rangle }|1rangle (Dirac notation), kodwa zinokuba kwindawo yazo ephezulu, oko kukuthi, kwimeko {displaystyle A|0rangle +B|1rangle} { displaystyle A|0rangle +B|1rangle }, apho {displaystyle A} A kunye {displaystyle B}B ngamanani antsokothileyo anelisa imeko {displaystyle |A|^{2}+|B|^{2}=1}| |^{2}+|B|^{2}=1.”
(Nielsen M., Chang I. I-Quantum computing kunye nolwazi lwe-quantum)
Ukuba sithelekisa i-classic bit, equlethe i-0 okanye enye, kunye ne-qubit, ngoko ke i-bit i-abstractly iswitshi eqhelekileyo eneendawo ezimbini "ku" kunye "nokucima". Kuthelekiso olunjalo, i-qubit iya kuba yinto efana nolawulo lwevolumu, apho "i-0" ithule, kwaye "i-1" iphezulu yomthamo. Umlawuli unokuthatha nayiphi na indawo ukusuka kwi-zero ukuya kwenye. Ngexesha elifanayo, ukuze ube yimodeli epheleleyo ye-qubit, kufuneka iphinde ifanise ukuwa komsebenzi wamaza, okt. ngexesha naluphi na ukusebenzisana nayo, umzekelo, ukuyijonga, umlawuli kufuneka ahambe kwelinye lezikhundla ezigqithiseleyo, i.e. "0" okanye "1".
Ngapha koko, yonke into intsonkothe ngakumbi, kodwa ukuba awungeni elukhulani, ngoko ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwe-superposition kunye nokubanjiswa, ikhompyuter ye-quantum iya kukwazi ukugcina kwaye isebenze kakhulu (okwangoku) umthamo wolwazi. . Kwangaxeshanye, iya kuchitha amandla amancinci kakhulu kwimisebenzi kuneekhompyuter zakudala. Enkosi ekuthembeni kwisenzeko se-quantum mechanics, ukuhambelana kwezibalo kuya kuqinisekiswa (xa, ukufumana isiphumo esisebenzayo, akukho mfuneko yokuhlalutya zonke iinguqulelo ezinokuthi zibekho zenkqubo), eya kuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphezulu kakhulu. ukusetyenziswa kwamandla amancinci.
Okwangoku, iimodeli ezininzi zeekhompyuter ezithembisayo zenziwa emhlabeni, kodwa akukho namnye kubo oye wagqwesa ukusebenza kwezona zixhobo zinamandla ze-classical supercomputers zidalwe. Ukudala ikhompyuter ye-quantum enjalo kuya kuthetha ukufezekisa ukongama kwe-quantum. Kukholelwa ukuba ukufezekisa le quantum yokuphakama okufanayo, kuyimfuneko ukudala i-49-qubit quantum computer. Yayiyikhompyuter nje eyabhengezwa ngoSeptemba kwiwebhusayithi yeNASA, kwipapasho elanyamalala ngokukhawuleza kodwa lavelisa ingxolo eninzi.
Ingozi eqikelelwayo kwi-blockchain
Uphuhliso lwe-quantum computing kunye nesayensi yolwazi lwe-quantum, kunye nokugubungela okusebenzayo kwesi sihloko kumajelo eendaba, kuye kwaxhokonxa amarhe okuba amandla amakhulu e-computing anokuba sisisongelo kwiileja ezisasazwayo, ii-cryptocurrencies, kwaye ngokukodwa kwinethiwekhi yeBitcoin. Inani lemithombo yeendaba, ubukhulu becala izibonelelo ezigubungela izihloko ze-cryptocurrency, ngonyaka zipapasha ulwazi ukuba iikhompyuter ze-quantum kungekudala ziya kukwazi ukutshabalalisa i-blockchains. Ababhali bophononongo oluvela kwiYunivesithi yaseCornell ngokwesayensi baqinisekisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kuhlaselwe ngempumelelo yikhompyuter ye-quantum kwinethiwekhi yeBitcoin. . Kungenxa yesiseko solu papasho apho amanqaku amaninzi malunga ne "Prophecy 2027" adalwe.
Xa udala i-cryptocurrencies, enye yeenjongo eziphambili kukukhusela kwi-falsification data (umzekelo, xa uqinisekisa intlawulo). Okwangoku, ukusetyenziswa kwe-cryptography kunye nerejista esasaziweyo ihlangabezana nalo msebenzi kakuhle. Idatha yentengiselwano igcinwe kwi-blockchain, kunye neekopi zedatha ezisasazwa phakathi kwezigidi zabathathi-nxaxheba benethiwekhi. Kule nkalo, ukuze utshintshe idatha kwinethiwekhi ukuze uqondise kwakhona ukuthengiselana (ube intlawulo), kuyimfuneko ukuphembelela zonke iibhloko, kwaye oku akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokuqinisekiswa kwezigidi zabasebenzisi inqanaba lokungaguquki kwedatha, i-blockchain ikhuselwe ngokuthembekileyo, kubandakanywa nokubala kwe-quantum.
Isikhwama somsebenzisi kuphela sinokuba yingxaki kwaye sisengozini. Oku kungenxa yokuba kwixesha elizayo elibonakalayo amandla ekhompyuter ye-quantum anokwanela ukukrazula izitshixo zabucala ezinamadijithi angama-64 kwaye oku kuphela kokwenyani okunokwenzeka kuso nasiphi na isoyikiso esivela kwi-quantum computing.
Malunga nobunyani besoyikiso
Okokuqala, kufuneka uqonde ukuba yeyiphi inqanaba abaphuhlisi beekhompyuter ze-quantum kwaye zeziphi kubo ezikwaziyo ukuqhekeza isitshixo esineedijithi ezingama-64. Ngokomzekelo, u-Vladimir Gisin, unjingalwazi odibeneyo kwiYunivesithi yezeMali phantsi koRhulumente weRussian Federation, wathi i-blockchain ye-Bitcoin inokugqekezwa kwihlabathi apho kukho iikhomputha ze-quantum eziyi-100. Ngelo xesha, nokuba kukho i-49-qubit quantum computer, ekuthiwa iphuhliswe yiGoogle, ayizange iqinisekiswe.
Okwangoku, akukho ziqikelelo ezinokwethenjelwa xa abaphandi beza kufezekisa ukongama kwe-quantum, kuncinci kakhulu xa iikhompyuter ze-100-qubit quantum ziya kuvela. Ngapha koko, okwangoku, iinkqubo zekhompuyutha ze-quantum ziyakwazi ukusombulula ngoko nangoko uluhlu olulinganiselweyo lweengxaki ezikhethekileyo. Ukuziqhelanisa ukuba ziqhekeze nantoni na kuya kuthatha iminyaka, kwaye mhlawumbi namashumi eminyaka, yophuhliso.
UJeffrey Tucker ukwakholelwa ukuba isoyikiso kwiBitcoin kunye nezinye ii-cryptocurrencies ezivela kwiikhompyuter ze-quantum zibaxisiwe, kwaye wayithethelela imbono yakhe "Isoyikiso kwiBitcoin ukusuka kwikhompyuter ye-quantum." Phakathi kwezinye izinto, uTucker wenza izigqibo ngokusekelwe kumsebenzi we-quantum physicist ovela kwiYunivesithi yaseMacquarie eSydney, uDkt Gavin Brennen. Ingcali yefiziksi yaseOstreliya iqinisekile ukuba:
"Ngenxa yenqanaba le-quantum computing power ekhoyo ngoku, iimeko ezimbi azinakwenzeka."
Ndiyacaphula ngokweforklog.
UBrennen ukholelwa ukuba isiseko se-quantum sangoku sinesantya esicothayo sesango le-quantum xa kuthelekiswa noko kufunekayo ukuze uqhekeze isitshixo se-cryptographic.
Kwakhona kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba xa uvavanya isongelo se-quantum kwi-blockchains, kuquka i-BTC, abaphandi basebenzisa idatha malunga nemeko yabo yangoku. Ezo. bavavanya umngcipheko wezitshixo ezikhoyo namhlanje zokonakaliswa zizixhobo eziya kuvela kwi-10, 15, kwaye mhlawumbi kwiminyaka engama-50 ukususela ngoku.
Emuva kwi-2017, uMlawuli we-IBM woKhuseleko lweDatha uNev Zunich uthe amanyathelo okukhusela imingcipheko ehambelana ne-quantum computing kufuneka iphuhliswe namhlanje. Le ngxelo iviwe, kwaye isaphuhliswa ngokusebenzayo , esele iphuhlise iindlela zokukhusela i-blockchains ekuhlaselweni kwe-quantum.
Ezona ndlela ziphawuleka kakhulu zokukhusela i-blockchain kwisoyikiso se-hypothetical quantum yayikukusebenzisa ixesha elinye. , kunye nokusetyenziswa и Merkla.
Umseki wenkampani yezokumbiwa kweziseko ezingundoqo u-BitCluster u-Sergei Arestov uqinisekile ukuba iindlela ezikhoyo ze-post-quantum cryptography ziya kukhanyela nayiphi na imizamo ye-quantum hack blockchain kwiminyaka eyi-50 ezayo. I-crypto-entrepreneur inike imizekelo yeeprojekthi esele zithathela ingqalelo iingozi ezinxulumene nophuhliso lweekhompyuter ze-quantum:
Namhlanje sele kukho iiprojekthi ezifana ne-Quantum-Resistant Ledger, esebenzisa i-Winternitz i-algorithm yexesha elinye lokutyikitya kunye nomthi we-Merkle, kunye ne-quantum-resistant blockchains IOTA kunye ne-ArQit. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ngelo xesha kukho iingcebiso zokwenza into ekwaziyo ukuqweqwedisa izitshixo zeBitcoin okanye i-Ether wallet, ezi ngqekembe ziya kukhuselwa kwi-quantum computing, enye yeetekhnoloji ezithembisayo.
Njengesiphelo
Emva kokuhlalutya oku ngasentla, sinokuthi ngokuzithemba ukuba iikhomputha ze-quantum kwikamva elibonakalayo azibeki naluphi na umngcipheko omkhulu kwii-cryptocurrencies kunye ne-blockchains. Oku kuyinyani kwiinkqubo ezisanda kwenziwa kunye nakwezikhoyo. Ingozi yokuqhekezwa kweeleja ezisasaziweyo kunye neemali ezinatyisiweyo kufuneka zibonwe njengento enokwenzeka (exhokonxa ukuyilwa kweenkqubo ezikhuselekileyo) kunangendlela enokwenzeka ngayo ngokwenyani.
Iingxaki ezibeka inqanaba elinokwenzeka zezi zilandelayo:
- “ubukrwada” bekhompuyutha ye-quantum kunye nesidingo sokuyilungelelanisa imisebenzi ehambelanayo;
- ukungonelanga kwamandla ekhompyuter kwixesha elizayo elikufutshane ("ukuphakama kwe-quantum" njengoko oko akuqinisekisi ukuba isitshixo esinamanani angama-64 sinokuqhekeka);
- usebenzisa i-post-quantum cryptography ukukhusela i-blockchain.
Ndiya kuba nombulelo ngezimvo kunye nengxoxo edlamkileyo kwizimvo kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kuphando.
Kubalulekile!
Ii-asethi ze-Crypto, ezibandakanya i-Bitcoin, ziguquguquka kakhulu (amaxabiso azo atshintsha rhoqo kwaye abukhali); Ke ngoko, naluphi na utyalo-mali kwi-cryptocurrency oku kuyingozi enkulu. Ndiya kuncoma kakhulu utyalo-mali kwi-cryptocurrency kunye nemigodi kuphela kwabo bantu bazizityebi kangangokuba ukuba balahlekelwa yi-investment yabo abayi kuziva imiphumo yentlalo. Ungaze utyale imali yakho yokugqibela, ugcino lwakho lokugqibela olubalulekileyo, ii-asethi zosapho lwakho olunyiniweyo kuyo nantoni na, kubandakanya i-cryptocurrencies.
, kunye neefoto .
Ngabasebenzisi ababhalisiweyo kuphela abanokuthatha inxaxheba kuphando. , ndiyacela.
Ngaba ucinga ukuba i-quantum computing iya kuba sisisongelo sokwenyani kwi-cryptocurrencies kunye ne-blockchains kwiminyaka eyi-10?
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ewe, umbhali kunye neengcali zijongela phantsi isantya sophuhliso lobuchwephesha
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hayi, kodwa kwiminyaka eyi-15 baya kubangela ingozi enkulu
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hayi, kufuneka kuthathe ixesha elide
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ewe, iinkonzo zobuntlola kunye nezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo kudala zine-quantum supercomputer ekwaziyo ukugqekeza nayiphi na i-blockchain.
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kunzima ukuqikelela, akukho datha yaneleyo ethembekileyo yoqikelelo
Bali-98 abasebenzisi abavotileyo. Abasebenzisi abasi-17 abakhange.
umthombo: www.habr.com