ukungena
Eli nqaku lenzelwe abo baqheleneyo nombono we-ontology ubuncinci kwinqanaba lokuqala. Ukuba awuqhelananga ne-ontologies, ngoko kunokwenzeka ukuba injongo ye-ontologies kwaye eli nqaku ngokukodwa aliyi kucaca kuwe. Ndikucebisa ukuba uziqhelanise nale nto ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukufunda eli nqaku (mhlawumbi nokuba inqaku elivela kwi-Wikipedia liya kwanela).
Ngoko ke I-Ontology - le yinkcazo eneenkcukacha zommandla wesifundo esithile oqwalaselwayo. Inkcazo enjalo kufuneka inikwe ngolwimi oluqulunqwe ngokucacileyo. Ukuchaza i-ontologies, ungasebenzisa indlela ye-IDEF5, eneelwimi ezi-2 kwindawo yayo yomkhosi:
- IDEF5 ulwimi olucwangcisiweyo. Olu lwimi lubonwa kwaye lusebenzisa izakhi zegraphic.
- IDEF5 ulwimi lokubhaliweyo. Olu lwimi lumelwe njengesicatshulwa esakhiweyo.
Eli nqaku liza kuqwalasela ukhetho lokuqala - ulwimi olucwangcisiweyo. Siza kuthetha ngesicatshulwa kumanqaku alandelayo.
Izinto
Kulwimi olucwangcisiweyo, njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, kusetyenziswa imizobo. Okokuqala, kufuneka siqwalasele izinto ezisisiseko zolu lwimi.
Rhoqo, i-ontology isebenzisa amaqumrhu aqhelekileyo kunye nezinto ezithile. Amaqumrhu ngokubanzi abizwa iintlobo. Baboniswa njengesangqa esineleyibhile (igama lento) ngaphakathi:
Iintlobo yingqokelela yemizekelo yohlobo oluthile. Oko kukuthi, imbono efana ne "Iimoto" inokumela yonke iqoqo leemoto ezizimeleyo.
Njengoko iikopi Olu hlobo lunokuba ziimoto ezithile, okanye iintlobo ezithile zezixhobo, okanye iimpawu ezithile. Konke kuxhomekeke kumxholo, indawo yesifundo kunye nenqanaba layo leenkcukacha. Umzekelo, kwivenkile yokulungisa imoto, iimoto ezithile njengezinto eziphathekayo ziya kubaluleka. Ukugcina iinkcukacha-manani kwiintengiso kwintengiso yeemoto, iimodeli ezithile, njl.njl ziya kubaluleka.
Iziganeko zomntu ngamnye zeentlobo zichongwe ngokufanayo kwiintlobo ngokwazo, ziboniswa kuphela ngechaphaza ezantsi kwesangqa:
Kwakhona, njengenxalenye yengxoxo yezinto, kuyafaneleka ukukhankanya izinto ezinjalo iinkqubo.
Ukuba iimbono kunye neemeko zibizwa ngokuba zizinto ezimileyo (ezingatshintshiyo ngokuhamba kwexesha), ngoko ke iinkqubo zizinto eziguqukayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ezi zinto zikhona kwixesha elithile elichazwe ngokungqongqo.
Ngokomzekelo, sinokukhetha into enjalo njengenkqubo yokuvelisa imoto (ekubeni sithetha ngabo). I-intuitively icacile ukuba le nto ikhona kuphela ngexesha lemveliso yokwenene yale moto (ixesha elichazwe ngokungqongqo). Kufanelekile ukukhumbula ukuba le nkcazo inemiqathango, kuba izinto ezifana nemoto nazo zinobomi bazo benkonzo, ubomi beshelufu, ubukho, njl. Nangona kunjalo, masingangeni kwifilosofi kwaye ngaphakathi kwesakhelo semibandela emininzi sinokuvuma ukuba iimeko, kwaye ngakumbi iintlobo, zikhona ngonaphakade.
Iinkqubo ziboniswa njengoxande oluneleyibhile (igama) lenkqubo:
Iinkqubo zisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zokutshintshwa kwento enye ukuya kwenye. Oku kuya kuxoxwa ngokubanzi ngezantsi.
Ukongeza kwiinkqubo, iinkqubo ezinjalo zisebenzisa abasebenzi abanengqiqo. Yonke into elapha ilula kakhulu kwabo baqheleneyo ne-predicates, i-Boolean algebra okanye inkqubo. I-IDEF5 isebenzisa abaqhubi abathathu abasisiseko:
- sengqiqweni KUNYE (KUNYE);
- ingqiqo OKANYE (OKANYE);
- kuphela OKANYE (XOR).
Umgangatho we-IDEF5 (http://idef.ru/documents/Idef5.pdf - uninzi lolwazi oluvela kulo mthombo) uchaza umfanekiso wabaqhubi abanengqondo ngendlela yezangqa ezincinci (xa kuthelekiswa neembono kunye nemizekelo) kunye neleyibhile uhlobo lweesimboli. Nangona kunjalo, kwimeko yegraphical ye-IDEF5 esiyiphuhlisayo, siye sasuka kulo mgaqo ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi. Enye yazo kukuchongwa nzima kwaba basebenzi. Ke ngoko, sisebenzisa ubhalo olubhaliweyo lwabasebenzisi abanenombolo yesazisi:
Mhlawumbi siza kugqibezela ngezinto apha.
Ubudlelwane
Kukho ubudlelwane phakathi kwezinto, nto leyo kwi-ontology ithetha imithetho emisela intsebenziswano phakathi kwezinto kunye nalapho kuthatyathwe khona izigqibo ezitsha.
Ngokwesiqhelo, ubudlelwane bumiselwa luhlobo lwesikimu esisetyenziswa kwi-ontology. Iskimu yiseti yezinto ze-ontology kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwazo. Kukho ezi ndidi zilandelayo eziphambili izikimu:
- Izikimu zokuqulunqa.
- Izikimu zokuhlela.
- Imizobo yotshintsho.
- Imizobo esebenzayo.
- Amacebo adibeneyo.
Kwakhona ngamanye amaxesha kukho uhlobo olunjalo lweskimu njenge ekhoyo. I-schema ekhoyo yingqokelela yezinto ngaphandle kobudlelwane. Loo mizobo ibonisa ngokulula ukuba kwindawo ethile yesifundo kukho uluhlu oluthile lwezinto.
Ewe, ngoku, ngokulandelelana, malunga nodidi ngalunye lwesikimu.
Izikimu zokuqulunqa
Olu hlobo lomzobo lusetyenziselwa ukumela ukubunjwa kwento, inkqubo, isakhiwo, njl. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo ziindawo zemoto. Ngeyona ndlela eyandisiweyo, imoto inomzimba kunye nokuhanjiswa. Emva koko, umzimba uhlukaniswe ube yifreyimu, iingcango kunye namanye amalungu. Oku kubola kunokuqhutyelwa phambili - konke kuxhomekeke kwinqanaba elifunekayo leenkcukacha kulo msebenzi othile. Umzekelo wenkqubo enjalo:
Ubudlelwane bokwakhiwa buboniswa njengotolo olunentloko yotolo ekupheleni (ngokungafaniyo, umzekelo, ubudlelwane bokuhlelwa, apho intloko yetolo isekuqaleni kotolo, iinkcukacha ezingaphezulu ngezantsi). Ubudlelwane obunjalo bunokufakwa ileyibhile njengakumfanekiso (inxalenye).
Izikimu zokuhlela
Izikimu zokuhlela zijolise ekuchazeni inkcazo yeentlobo zezilwanyana, i-subspecies yazo, kunye nemizekelo yeentlobo. Umzekelo, iimoto zinokuba ziimoto okanye iilori. Oko kukuthi, imboniselo "yeMoto" ineevidiyo ezincinci ezimbini. I-VAZ-2110 ngumzekelo othile we-subtype ye-"Passenger Car", kunye ne-GAZ-3307 ngumzekelo we-subtype "yelori":
Ubudlelwane kwiiskimu zokuhlela (i-subspecies okanye umzekelo othile) banesimo sotolo olunengcebiso ekuqaleni kwaye, njengakwimeko yezicwangciso zokuqulunqa, unokuba neleyibhile enegama lobudlelwane.
Izikim zenguqu
Iinkqubo zolu hlobo ziyimfuneko ukubonisa iinkqubo zokutshintshwa kwezinto ukusuka kwelinye ilizwe ukuya kwelinye phantsi kwefuthe lenkqubo ethile. Ngokomzekelo, emva kwenkqubo yokupeyinta ipeyinti ebomvu, imoto emnyama iba bomvu:
Ubudlelwane benguqu buboniswa ngotolo olunentloko ekupheleni kunye nesangqa phakathi. Njengoko unokubona kumzobo, iinkqubo zibhekisa kubudlelwane, hayi izinto.
Ukongeza kwinguqu eqhelekileyo eboniswe kumzobo, kukho inguqu engqongqo. Isetyenziswe kwiimeko apho ukuguquka kwimeko ethile kungabonakali, kodwa kubalulekile ukuba siyigxininise. Umzekelo, ukufaka isibuko sangemva kwimoto ayingomsebenzi obalulekileyo ukuba siqwalasela inkqubo yokuhlanganisa imoto kwihlabathi jikelele. Nangona kunjalo, kwezinye iimeko kuyimfuneko ukwahlula lo msebenzi:
Ukutshintshwa okungqongqo kuphawulwe ngokufanayo kwinguqu eqhelekileyo, ngaphandle kwe-ferrule ephindwe kabini ekupheleni.
Utshintsho oluqhelekileyo kunye nolungqongqo lunokuphawulwa ngokukhawuleza. Ukwenza oku, unxantathu wongezwa kwisangqa esiphakathi. Utshintsho olukhawulezileyo lusetyenziswa kwiimeko apho ixesha lotshintsho lifutshane kangangokuba alibalulekanga ngokupheleleyo ngaphakathi kwendawo yesifundo esiqwalaselwayo (ngaphantsi kwexesha elisezantsi elibalulekileyo).
Ngokomzekelo, ukuba kukho umonakalo omncinci kwimoto, inokuthi ithathelwe ingqalelo kwaye ixabiso layo lihle kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lomonakalo lwenzeka kwangoko, ngokungafaniyo nokuguga kunye nokunxiba:
Umzekelo ubonisa inguqu engqongqo, kodwa ungasebenzisa inguqu eqhelekileyo nje ngephanyazo.
Imizobo esebenzayo
Imizobo enjalo isetyenziselwa ukubonisa ubume bentsebenziswano phakathi kwezinto. Umzekelo, umkhandi wemoto wenza ulungiso lwemoto, kwaye umphathi wenkonzo yemoto wamkela izicelo zokulungiswa kwaye azigqithisele kumkhandi wemoto:
Ubudlelwane obusebenzayo buboniswa njengomgca othe tye ngaphandle kwengcebiso, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha kunye nelebula, eligama lobudlelwane.
Amacebo adibeneyo
Izikimu ezidityanisiweyo ziyindibaniselwano yezicwangciso ebezixoxiwe ngaphambili. Uninzi lwezicwangciso zendlela ye-IDEF5 zidityanisiwe, kuba ii-ontologies ezisebenzisa uhlobo olunye lwesikimu zinqabile.
Lonke uyilo luhlala lusebenzisa abaqhubi abanengqondo. Ngokuzisebenzisa, kunokwenzeka ukuphumeza ubudlelwane phakathi kwezinto ezintathu, ezine okanye ngaphezulu. Umsebenzisi oqiqayo unokuvakalisa iziko elithile jikelele apho inkqubo iqhutywa khona okanye elithatha inxaxheba kobunye ubudlelwane. Umzekelo, unokudibanisa imizekelo yangaphambili ibenye ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Kwimeko ethile, isicwangciso esidibeneyo sisebenzisa isicwangciso sokuqulunqa (isibuko + imoto ngaphandle kwesibuko = imoto enesibuko) kunye neskimu senguqu (imoto enesibuko iba yimoto ebomvu phantsi kwefuthe lenkqubo yepeyinti ebomvu). Ngaphezu koko, imoto enesibuko ayichazwanga ngokucacileyo - endaweni yoko, umqhubi onengqondo AND ubonisiwe.
isiphelo
Kweli nqaku, ndizamile ukuchaza izinto eziphambili kunye nobudlelwane kwindlela ye-IDEF5. Ndisebenzise isizinda semoto njengomzekelo kuba kuye kwaba lula kakhulu ukwakha imizobo usebenzisa umzekelo wabo. Nangona kunjalo, i-IDEF5 schemas inokusetyenziswa kuyo nayiphi na enye inkalo yolwazi.
I-Ontologies kunye nohlalutyo lolwazi lwesizinda sisihloko esibanzi kwaye sithatha ixesha. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphakathi kwesakhelo se-IDEF5, yonke into ibonakala ingabinzima kangako; ubuncinci, iziseko zesi sihloko zifundwa ngokulula. Injongo yenqaku lam kukutsala abaphulaphuli abatsha kwingxaki yohlalutyo lolwazi, nangona ngesixhobo sakudala se-IDEF5 njengolwimi lomzobo.
Ingxaki yolwimi lomzobo kukuba ngoncedo lwayo akunakwenzeka ukwenza ngokucacileyo unxulumano oluthile (i-axioms) ye-ontology. Kukho ulwimi lokubhaliweyo IDEF5 yale nto. Nangona kunjalo, kwinqanaba lokuqala, ulwimi lomzobo lunokuba luncedo kakhulu ekuqulunqeni iimfuno zokuqala ze-ontology kunye nokuchaza i-vector yokuphuhlisa i-ontology eneenkcukacha ngakumbi kulwimi lokubhaliweyo lwe-IDEF5 okanye kuso nasiphi na esinye isixhobo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba eli nqaku liya kuba luncedo kubaqalayo kule ntsimi, mhlawumbi nakwabo baye bajongana nomba wohlalutyo lwe-ontological ixesha elide. Zonke izinto eziphambili kweli nqaku zaguqulelwa kwaye zatolikwa kumgangatho we-IDEF5, endibhekiselele kuwo ngaphambili (). Ndiphinde ndakhuthazwa yincwadi emangalisayo evela kubabhali abavela eNOU INTUIT ().
umthombo: www.habr.com