Xa ubhabha kuhambo lweshishini okanye useholideyini, ngaba ukhe wazibuza ukuba kukhuseleke kangakanani kwihlabathi lanamhlanje lezoyikiso zedijithali? Ezinye iinqwelo-moya zanamhlanje zibizwa ngokuba ziikhompyutha ezinamaphiko, izinga lokungena kobugcisa bekhompyutha liphezulu kakhulu. Zizikhusela njani kwii-hacks? Banokwenza ntoni abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kule meko? Zeziphi ezinye iinkqubo ezinokuba semngciphekweni? Umqhubi wenqwelomoya osebenzayo, umthetheli weBoeing 737 oneeyure ezingaphezulu kwe-10 lamawaka ngenqwelomoya, wathetha ngale nto kwitshaneli yakhe ye-MenTour Pilot.
Ke, ukugqekeza kwiinkqubo zenqwelomoya. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, le ngxaki iye yangxamiseka ngakumbi. Njengoko iinqwelomoya zisiba nekhompyuter ngakumbi kunye nomthamo wedatha etshintshiswayo phakathi kwazo kunye neenkonzo ezisemhlabeni zisanda, amathuba okuba abahlaseli abazama uhlaselo olwahlukeneyo ayanda. Abavelisi beenqwelomoya bayazi malunga noku iminyaka emininzi, kodwa ngaphambili olu lwazi aluzange ludluliselwe kuthi, abaqhubi beenqwelomoya. Nangona kunjalo, kubonakala ngathi le miba yayisasonjululwa kwinqanaba loshishino.
Uva ntoni apho?..
Emuva ngo-2015, iSebe lezoKhuseleko lase-US lapapasha ingxelo yokuba bakwazi ukugqekeza kwiinkqubo zeBoeing 757 yabo ngelixa yayisemhlabeni. Uqhekezo lwalubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezifumaneka ngokubanzi ezinokuthi zithwalwe ngolawulo lokhuseleko lwangaphambili. Ukungena kwaphunyezwa ngenkqubo yonxibelelwano lukanomathotholo. Ngokwemvelo, abazange bachaze ukuba zeziphi iinkqubo abakwaziyo ukuziqhekeza. Enyanisweni, abazange bachaze nto konke konke, ngaphandle nje kokuba bakwazi ukufikelela kwinqwelomoya.
Kwakhona kwi-2017, kwakukho umyalezo ovela kwi-hacker ezimeleyo uRuben Santamarta. Wachaza ukuba ngokwakha i-transceiver encinane kunye nokubeka i-eriyali eyadini yakhe, wakwazi ukungena kwiinkqubo zokuzonwabisa zeenqwelo-moya ezibhabha ngaphezu kwakhe.
Konke oku kusizisa kwinto yokuba kusekho ingozi. Ngoko ke yintoni abanokufikelela kuyo abaqhekezi kwaye bangenako ukuyifikelela? Ukuze sikuqonde oku, makhe siqale siqonde ukuba zisebenza njani iinkqubo zekhompyutha zenqwelo-moya. Into yokuqala ekufuneka iqwalaselwe kukuba ezona nqwelo-moya zale mihla nazo zezona zisebenza ngekhompyutha. Iikhomputha ezisebhodini ziqhuba phantse yonke imisebenzi, ukusuka kwiindawo zokulawula ukubeka indawo (i-rudders, ii-slats, iiflaps ...) ukuthumela ulwazi lokubhabha.
Kodwa kufuneka kuqondwe ukuba abavelisi beenqwelomoya balwazi kakuhle olu phawu loyilo lweenqwelomoya zanamhlanje, kwaye ke bakha i-cybersecurity kuyilo lwabo. Ke ngoko, iisistim ozifumanayo ukusuka ngasemva kwesihlalo esingaphambili kunye neenkqubo ezilawula ukubhabha zahluke ngokupheleleyo. Bahlulwe ngokwasemzimbeni, bahlukaniswe ngokwesiseko, basebenzise iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo, iilwimi ezahlukeneyo zokucwangcisa - ngokubanzi, ngokupheleleyo. Oku kwenziwa ukuze kungashiyi nakuphi na ukubanakho ukufikelela kwiinkqubo zolawulo ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yokuzonwabisa ekwibhodi. Ngoko oku kusenokungabi yingxaki kwiinqwelo-moya zanamhlanje. I-Boeing, i-Airbus, i-Embraer isazi kakuhle esi soyikiso kwaye ngokuqhubekayo basebenzela ukuhlala inyathelo elinye phambi kwabahlaseli.
Inqaku lomguquli: bekukho iingxelo zokuba abaphuhlisi be-Boeing 787 basafuna ukudibanisa ngokwasemzimbeni ezi nkqubo kwaye benze ulwahlulo olubonakalayo lothungelwano. Oku kungasindisa ubunzima (abancedisi bebhodi) kunye nokunciphisa inani leentambo. Nangona kunjalo, amagunya alawulayo ala ukuyamkela le ngcamango kwaye anyanzelisa "isithethe" sokuhlukana ngokomzimba ukuba sigcinwe.
Umfanekiso opheleleyo ubonakala umbi ngakumbi ukuba sithatha lonke uluhlu lweenqwelomoya. Ubomi benkonzo yenqwelomoya bufikelela kwiminyaka engama-20-30. Kwaye ukuba sijonga emva kweteknoloji yekhompyutheni iminyaka eyi-20-30 edlulileyo, iya kuba yahluke ngokupheleleyo. Kuphantse kufana nokubona iidinosaur zihambahamba. Ke kwiinqwelomoya ezifana ne-737 endiyibhabhayo, okanye i-Airbus 320, ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kubakho iinkqubo zekhompyutha ezingakhange ziyilwe ngononophelo ukuze zimelane nabahlaseli kunye nohlaselo lwe-cyber. Kodwa kukho icala eliqaqambileyo-ayizange ifakwe kwikhompyuter kwaye idityaniswe njengoomatshini bale mihla. Ngoko ke iinkqubo esizifakile kwi-737 (andikwazi ukuthetha nge-Airbus, kuba andiqhelananga nazo) zenzelwe ukuhambisa idatha yokuhamba kuthi. Asinayo . Kwi-737s yethu i-helm isaxhunyiwe kwiindawo zokulawula. Ke ewe, kunokwenzeka ukuba abahlaseli baphembelele uhlaziyo lwedatha kwiinkqubo zethu zokukhangela, umzekelo, kodwa siyakuqaphela oku ngokukhawuleza.
Silawula inqwelomoya kungekuphela nje ngokusekwe kwi-GPS ekwibhodi, sikwasebenzisa iinkqubo zokukhangela zemveli, sihlala sithelekisa idatha esuka kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo. Ukongeza kwiGPS, ezi zikwazibhakana zikanomathotholo ezisekelwe emhlabeni kunye nemigama eya kuzo. Sinenkqubo ebhodini ebizwa ngokuba yi-IRS. Ngokusisiseko, ezi zii-laser gyroscopes ezifumana idatha ngexesha lokwenyani kwaye zithelekise neGPS. Ngoko ukuba ngokukhawuleza kukho into engalunganga ngenye yeenkqubo ezikhoyo zokuhlaselwa, siya kuqaphela ngokukhawuleza kwaye sitshintshele kwenye.
Iinkqubo ezisebhodini
Zeziphi ezinye izinto ekujoliswe kuzo ezinokuthi qatha engqondweni? Eyokuqala necacileyo yinkqubo yokuzonwabisa kwinqwelomoya. Kwezinye iinqwelomoya, kungenxa yokuba uthenga ukufikelela kwi-Wi-Fi, uku-odola ukutya, njl. Kwakhona, i-Wi-Fi ngokwayo ebhodini inokuba yinto ekujoliswe kuyo ngabahlaseli; kulo mba, inokuthelekiswa nayo nayiphi na indawo yoluntu. Mhlawumbi uyazi ukuba usebenzisa iinethiwekhi zikawonke-wonke ngaphandle kweVPN, kunokwenzeka ukuba ufumane idatha yakho - idatha yobuqu, iifoto, i-password egciniweyo ye-Wi-Fi, kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye iiphasiwedi, idatha yekhadi lebhanki, njalo njalo. Akuyi kuba nzima kwi-hacker enamava ukufikelela kolu lwazi.
Inkqubo yokuzonwabisa eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi ngokwayo yahlukile kulo mba, kuba... yiseti ezimeleyo yamacandelo ehardware. Kwaye ezi khomputha, ndifuna ukukukhumbuza kwakhona, aziqhagamshelwanga okanye zinxibelelane neenkqubo zolawulo lwenqwelomoya. Nangona kunjalo, oku akuthethi ukuba ukugqekeza inkqubo yokuzonwabisa akunakudala iingxaki ezinzulu. Umzekelo, umhlaseli unokuthumela izaziso kubo bonke abakhweli abakwikhabhini, ekwazisa, umzekelo, ukuba ulawulo lwenqwelomoya lubanjiwe. Oku kuya kudala ukuphakuzela. Okanye izaziso malunga neengxaki ngenqwelomoya, okanye naluphi na ulwazi olungelulo. Ngokuqinisekileyo iya kothusa yaye yoyikeka, kodwa ayisayi kuba yingozi nangayiphi na indlela. Kuba oko kunokwenzeka, abavelisi bathatha onke amanyathelo anokwenzeka ngokufaka i-firewall kunye neeprothokholi eziyimfuneko ukuthintela ezo ngxaki.
Ke, mhlawumbi abona basengozini yinkqubo yokuzonwabisa kwinqwelomoya kunye neWi-Fi. Nangona kunjalo, i-Wi-Fi idla ngokunikezelwa ngumqhubi wangaphandle, kwaye kungekhona yi-airline ngokwayo. Kwaye nguye onyamekela ukhuseleko lwe-cybersecurity lwenkonzo ayinikezelayo.
Into elandelayo ethi qatha engqondweni yam ziipilisi zokubhabha zabaqhubi. Ukuqala kwam ukubhabha, zonke iincwadi zethu zezandla yayingamaphepha. Ngokomzekelo, incwadana yokusebenza kunye nayo yonke imithetho, iinkqubo eziyimfuneko, incwadana yokukhangela kunye neendlela emoyeni xa silibalekile, ukuhamba kunye neetshathi zokufikelela kwindawo yesikhululo seenqwelomoya, iimephu zesikhululo seenqwelomoya - yonke into yayikwifom yephepha. Kwaye ukuba kukho into etshintshileyo, kufuneka ufumane iphepha elichanekileyo, ulikrazule, ulibuyisele endaweni ehlaziyiweyo, wenze inqaku lokuba litshintshiwe. Ngokubanzi, umsebenzi omninzi. Ngoko xa saqala ukufumana iiphedi zendiza, yayimangalisa nje. Ngokucofa kanye, konke oku kunokukhutshelwa ngokukhawuleza, kunye nohlaziyo lwamva nje, nangaliphi na ixesha. Ngelo xesha, kwakunokwenzeka ukufumana izibikezelo zemozulu, izicwangciso ezintsha zendiza - yonke into inokuthunyelwa kwithebhulethi.
Kodwa. Ngalo lonke ixesha uqhagamshela kwindawo ethile, kukho ithuba lokungeniswa komntu wesithathu. Iinkampani zeenqwelomoya ziyayazi le meko, njengoko kunjalo nabasemagunyeni kwezokuhamba ngeenqwelomoya. Yiyo loo nto singavumelekanga ukuba senze yonke into ngekhompyutha. Kufuneka sibe nezicwangciso zenqwelomoya zephepha (le mfuneko iyahluka phakathi kweenqwelo-moya, nangona kunjalo), kwaye kufuneka sibe nekopi yokugcina yazo. Ukongeza, akukho naphantsi kwazo naziphi na iimeko esivumelekileyo ukuba sifakele nantoni na ngaphandle kwezicelo ezigunyazisiweyo nezivunyiweyo kwi-tablet yakho. Ezinye iinqwelomoya zisebenzisa ii-iPads, ezinye zisebenzisa izixhobo ezinikezelweyo (zombini zineenzuzo kunye nezibi). Kukho nawuphi na, oku konke kulawulwa ngokungqongqo, kwaye abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abanako nangayiphi na indlela ukuphazamisa ukusebenza kwamacwecwe. Le yeyokuqala. Okwesibini, asivumelekanga ukuba sibadibanise nantoni na ngelixa sisemoyeni. Thina (ubuncinci kwinqwelomoya yam) asikwazi ukuqhagamshela kwi-Wi-Fi ekhweleyo emva kokumka. Asikwazi nokusebenzisa i-GPS eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi ye-iPad. Ngokukhawuleza xa sivala iingcango, sitshintshela iipilisi kwimodi yendiza, kwaye ukususela ngaloo mzuzu akufanele kubekho iinketho zokuphazamisa ukusebenza kwazo.
Ukuba umntu ngandlela-thile uphazamisa okanye ephazamisa yonke inethiwekhi ye-airline, siya kuqaphela emva kokudibanisa emhlabeni. Kwaye ke sinokuya kwigumbi labasebenzi kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya, siprinte imizobo yamaphepha kwaye sithembele kuyo ngexesha lokuhamba ngenqwelomoya. Ukuba kukho into eyenzekayo kwelinye lamacwecwe, sineyesibini. Kwimeko embi kakhulu, ukuba zombini iipilisi azisebenzi, sinazo zonke iinkcukacha eziyimfuneko kwinqwelomoya kwikhompyuter ekwibhodi. Njengoko ubona, lo mbandela usebenzisa i-reinsurance kathathu xa usombulula ingxaki efanayo.
Iinketho ezilandelayo ezinokwenzeka ziinkqubo zokubeka iliso kunye nokulawula ebhodini. Umzekelo, inkqubo yokukhangela kunye nenkqubo yolawulo lokubhabha ekhankanywe ngaphambili. Kwakhona, andinakuthetha nto malunga nabanye abavelisi, kuphela malunga ne-737, endiyibhabha ngokwam. Kwaye kwimeko yakhe, ukusuka kwikhompyutheni - i-database yokukhangela equlethe, njengoko igama libonisa, ulwazi lokukhangela, i-database yomhlaba. Basenokwenza utshintsho oluthile. Umzekelo, xa uhlaziya isoftware yekhompyuter yinjineli, ifayile etshintshileyo okanye eyonakeleyo inokulayishwa. Kodwa oku kuya kuza ngokukhawuleza, kuba ... inqwelo-moya izijonga rhoqo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba injini iyasilela, siyayibona. Kule meko, thina, ngokuqinisekileyo, asisuki kwaye sicele iinjineli ukuba zihlole.
Ukuba kukho nakuphi na ukungaphumeleli, siya kufumana isilumkiso sokuba enye idatha okanye imiqondiso ayihambelani. Inqwelomoya ihlala ijongana nemithombo eyahlukeneyo. Ngoko ukuba emva kokuhamba kuvela ukuba i-database ayilunganga okanye yonakaliswe, siya kukwazi ngokukhawuleza malunga nayo kwaye sitshintshele kwizinto ezibizwa ngokuba ziindlela zokuhamba eziqhelekileyo.
Iinkqubo eziphantsi kunye neenkonzo
Okulandelayo kukulawulwa kwezithuthi zomoya kunye nezikhululo zeenqwelomoya. Iinkonzo zolawulo zisekelwe emhlabeni, kwaye ukugqekeza kuya kuba lula kunokuba uqhekeze inqwelomoya ehamba emoyeni. Ukuba abahlaseli, umzekelo, ngandlela thile banciphisa amandla okanye bacime irada yokukhangela, kunokwenzeka ukutshintshela kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yinkqubo yokuhamba kunye nokwahlulwa kwenkqubo yenqwelomoya. Olu lukhetho olucothayo lokuhambisa iinqwelomoya ukuya kwizikhululo zeenqwelomoya, ngoko ke kumazibuko axakekileyo afana neLondon okanye iLos Angeles kuya kubangela ingxaki enkulu. Kodwa abasebenzi abasemhlabeni basazokwazi ukudibanisa iinqwelomoya zibe "kwindawo yokubamba" ngamaxesha angama-1000-foot. (malunga nama-300 eemitha), yaye njengoko elinye icala lidlula kwindawo ethile, yalathisa elilandelayo ukuba lisondele. Kwaye ngale ndlela isikhumulo sezindiza siya kuzaliswa ngeendlela zenkqubo, kwaye kungekhona ngoncedo lwe-radar.
Ukuba inkqubo yerediyo ibethekile, kukho inkqubo yokugcina. Kunye ne-frequency ekhethekileyo yamazwe ngamazwe, enokufikelelwa. Okanye inqwelo-moya isenokutshintshelwa kwelinye icandelo lokulawula ukuhamba kwenqwelo-moya, eliya kulawula indlela yokufikelela. Kukho ukungafuneki kwinkqubo kunye nezinye iindawo kunye neenkqubo ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe xa umntu ehlaselwa.
Oku kuyasebenza nakwizikhululo zeenqwelomoya. Ukuba isikhululo seenqwelomoya sihlaselwa kwaye abahlaseli bacima, yithi, inkqubo yokuhamba okanye izibane zendlela yeenqwelo-moya okanye nantoni na enye kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya, siya kuyibona ngoko nangoko. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba asikwazi ukunxibelelana nabo okanye ukuqwalasela izixhobo ezincedisayo zokukhangela, siya kubona ukuba kukho ingxaki, kwaye umboniso wethu omkhulu wokubhabha uya kubonisa iiflegi ezikhethekileyo ukuba inkqubo yokumisa isixhobo ayisebenzi, okanye inkqubo yokukhangela ayisebenzi, apho ke siyakuyeka nje indlela. Ngoko le meko ayifaki nayiphi na ingozi. Ewe, nathi siya kucaphuka, njengawe, ukuba siphelela kwindawo eyahlukileyo kunaleyo besibhabha kuyo. Kukho ukungafuneki okwaneleyo okwakhelwe kwisistim; inqwelomoya inokugcina amafutha okwaneleyo. Kwaye ukuba eli qela labahlaseli alizange lihlasele ilizwe lonke okanye ummandla, okunzima kakhulu ukwenza, akuyi kuba yingozi kwinqwelomoya.
Enye into?
Oku mhlawumbi konke okuza engqondweni yam malunga nohlaselo olunokwenzeka. Kwakukho ingxelo evela kwingcali ye-cyber ye-FBI eyathi yakwazi ukufikelela kwiikhompyutheni zokulawula indiza isebenzisa inkqubo yokuzonwabisa. Wathi wakwazi "ukubhabha" inqwelomoya kancinane (amazwi akhe, hayi awam), kodwa oku akuzange kuqinisekiswe kwaye akukho zityholo ezibekwe kwindoda. Ukuba ngenene uyenzile le nto (andisiqondi ncam ukuba kutheni nabani na enokwenza oku ngelixa ekwinqwelo-moya enye), abekwe izityholo zokubeka ubomi babantu esichengeni. Oku kundikhokelela ekubeni ndikholelwe ukuba la ngamahemuhemu kunye nobuqhetseba. Kwaye, njengoko besenditshilo, ngokutsho kwabavelisi, akukho ndlela yomzimba yokudibanisa ukusuka kwinkqubo yokuzonwabisa ebhodini ukuya kwinkqubo yokulawula.
Kwaye njengoko benditshilo ekuqaleni, ukuba thina, abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya, siqaphele ukuba enye yeenkqubo, umzekelo, ukuhamba, inika idatha engalunganga, siya kutshintshela ekusebenziseni eminye imithombo yedatha - iimpawu zomhlaba, i-laser gyroscopes, njl. Ukuba umgangatho wolawulo awuphenduli, kukho iinketho kwi-737 efanayo. I-autopilot inokukhubazeka ngokulula, apho ikhompyutha akufanele ichaphazele ukuziphatha kwenqwelomoya nangayiphi na indlela. Kwaye nokuba ii-hydraulics zisilela, inqwelomoya inokulawulwa njengeTsesna enkulu ngoncedo lweentambo eziqhagamshelwe ngokwasemzimbeni kwivili lokuqhuba. Ke sihlala sinokhetho lokulawula inqwelomoya ukuba inqwelomoya yona ayonakaliswanga ngokwesakhiwo.
Ukuqukumbela, ukugqekeza inqwelomoya ngeGPS, iziteshi zerediyo, njl. ngokwethiyori inokwenzeka, kodwa iya kufuna umsebenzi omninzi, ucwangciso oluninzi, ulungelelwaniso, kunye nezixhobo ezininzi. Yaye ungakulibali ukuba, kuxhomekeke ekuphakameni, indiza ihamba ngesantya ukusuka kwi-300 ukuya kwi-850 km / h.
Wazi ntoni malunga nokuhlaselwa kweenqwelomoya? Ungalibali ukwabelana ngezimvo.
Ezinye iintengiso π
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