β Loluphi uluhlu lwe-eriyali?
-Andazi, khangela.
- INTONI?!?!
Unokwazi njani ukuba loluphi uhlobo lwe-eriyali onayo ezandleni zakho ukuba akukho kuphawulwa kuyo? Uyiqonda njani ukuba yeyiphi i-eriyali engcono okanye embi? Le ngxaki kudala indikhathaza.
Inqaku lichaza ngolwimi olulula ubuchule bokulinganisa iimpawu ze-eriyali kunye nendlela yokumisela uluhlu lwamaza e-eriyali.
Kwiinjineli zikanomathotholo ezinamava, olu lwazi lusenokubonakala lungenamsebenzi, kwaye indlela yokulinganisa isenokungachaneki ngokwaneleyo. Eli nqaku lenzelwe abo bangayiqondi nto konke konke malunga nombane werediyo, njengam.
TL; DR Siza kulinganisa i-SWR yee-eriyali kwii-frequencies ezahlukeneyo zisebenzisa i-OSA 103 Mini yesixhobo kunye ne-coupler eyalathisiweyo, sicwangcisa ukuxhomekeka kwe-SWR ngokuphindaphindiweyo.
Iingcamango
Xa isidluliseli sithumela umqondiso kwi-eriyali, amanye amandla aphuma emoyeni, aze amanye abonakale aze abuyiselwe umva. Ubudlelwane phakathi kwamandla asasazwayo kunye nobonakalisiweyo bubonakaliswa ngumlinganiselo wamaza okuma (SWR okanye SWR). Okukhona isezantsi i-SWR, kokukhona amandla osasazo ekhutshwa njengamaza erediyo. Kwi-SWR = 1 akukho mboniso (onke amandla asasazwa). I-SWR ye-eriyali yokwenyani ihlala inkulu kuno-1.
Ukuba uthumela isignali yee-frequencies ezahlukeneyo kwi-eriyali kwaye kwangaxeshanye ulinganise i-SWR, unokufumana ukuba kukuphi ukuphindaphindeka okuza kuba kuncinci. Oku kuya kuba luluhlu lokusebenza lwe-eriyali. Unokuthelekisa ii-eriyali ezahlukeneyo zebhendi enye kwaye ufumane ukuba yeyiphi engcono.
Inxalenye yesignali yesidlulisi ibonakala kwi-eriyali
I-eriyali eyilelwe amaza omoya athile, ngokwethiyori, kufuneka ibe neyona SWR isezantsi kumaza okusebenza ayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba kwanele ukuba usasazeke kwi-eriyali kwiifrikhwensi ezahlukeneyo kwaye ufumane ukuba leliphi na ifreyithi imbonakalo yeyona incinci, oko kukuthi, ubuninzi bamandla abaleka ngohlobo lwamaza erediyo.
Ngokukwazi ukuvelisa isignali kwiifrikhwensi ezahlukeneyo kunye nokulinganisa ukubonakaliswa, sinokwenza igrafu kunye ne-frequency kwi-X axis kunye nokubonakaliswa komqondiso kwi-Y axis. Ngenxa yoko, apho kukho ukudibanisa kwigrafu (oko kukuthi, ukubonakalisa ubuncinci bomqondiso), kuya kubakho uluhlu olusebenzayo lwe-antenna.
Igrafu yentelekelelo yomboniso ngokuchasene nezihlandlo. Kulo lonke uluhlu, umboniso ngu-100%, ngaphandle kwe-frequency yokusebenza kwe-antenna.
Isixhobo Osa103 Mini
Kwimilinganiselo siya kusebenzisa . Esi sisixhobo sokulinganisa jikelele esidibanisa i-oscilloscope, i-generator yesignali, i-spectrum analyzer, i-amplitude-frequency response / meter impendulo yesigaba, i-antenna analyzer ye-vector, i-LC meter, kunye ne-SDR transceiver. Uluhlu olusebenzayo lwe-OSA103 Mini lukhawulelwe kwi-100 MHz, imodyuli ye-OSA-6G yandisa uluhlu lwamafrikhwensi kwimodi ye-IAFC ukuya kwi-6 GHz. Inkqubo yemveli enayo yonke imisebenzi inobunzima obuyi-3 MB, isebenza kwiWindows kunye newayini kwiLinux.
I-Osa103 Mini-isixhobo sokulinganisa jikelele kwi-amateurs kunye neenjineli zerediyo
I-coupler yomkhombandlela
I-coupler eyalathiswayo sisixhobo esiphambukisa inxalenye encinci yophawu lweRF oluhamba kwicala elithile. Kwimeko yethu, kufuneka idibanise inxalenye yesignali ebonakalisiweyo (isuka kwi-antenna ibuyele kwijenereyitha) ukuyilinganisa.
Inkcazo ebonakalayo yokusebenza kwe-coupler eyalathisiweyo:
Iimpawu eziphambili ze-coupler ekhokelayo:
- Iifrikhwensi zokusebenza - uluhlu lwee-frequencies apho izikhombisi eziphambili zingagqithisi kwimida eqhelekileyo. I-coupler yam yenzelwe amaza ukusuka kwi-1 ukuya kwi-1000 MHz
- Isebe (Ukudibanisa) - yeyiphi indawo yomqondiso (kwi-decibels) eya kuthathwa xa i-wave iqondiswe kwi-IN ukuya kwi-OUT
- Directivity β incinci kangakanani isignali eya kususwa xa isignali isiya kwelinye icala ukusuka OUT ukuya IN
Ekuqaleni oku kubonakala kudideke kakhulu. Ukucaca, masicinge i-coupler njengombhobho wamanzi, kunye nempompo encinci ngaphakathi. Ukukhutshwa kwamanzi kwenziwa ngendlela yokuba xa amanzi ehamba phambili (ukusuka kwi-IN ukuya kwi-OUT), inxalenye ebalulekileyo yamanzi isusiwe. Ubungakanani bamanzi akhutshiweyo kweli cala buchongwa yiparamitha yokuDityaniswa kwi-coupler yedatha.
Xa amanzi esingise kwelinye icala, amanzi amancinci akhutshwayo. Kufuneka kuthathwe njengempembelelo yecala. Ubungakanani bamanzi akhutshwayo ngexesha le ntshukumo inqunywe yi-Directivity parameter kwi-database. Incinci le parameter (inkulu ixabiso le-dB), ingcono kumsebenzi wethu.
umzobo wesekethe
Ekubeni sifuna ukulinganisa inqanaba lesignali elibonakaliswe kwi-eriyali, sixhuma kwi-IN ye-coupler, kunye nejeneretha kwi-OUT. Ngaloo ndlela, inxalenye yesignali ebonakaliswe kwi-eriyali iya kufikelela kummkeli wokulinganisa.
Umzobo woqhagamshelo lwempompo. Umqondiso obonakalisiweyo uthunyelwa kumamkeli
Ukuseta umlinganiselo
Masihlanganise ukuseta ukulinganisa i-SWR ngokuhambelana nomzobo wesekethe. Kwimveliso yejeneretha yesixhobo, siya kongeza ukufaka i-attenuator kunye ne-15 dB. Oku kuya kuphucula ukuhambelana kwe-coupler kunye nemveliso ye-generator kunye nokwandisa ukuchaneka komlinganiselo. I-attenuator inokuthatyathwa nge-attenuation ye-5..15 dB. Isixa sokuthotywa siya kuthathelwa ingqalelo ngokuzenzekelayo ngexesha lokulinganisa okulandelayo.
I-attenuator ithoba umqondiso ngenani elimiselweyo leedecibels. Uphawu oluphambili lwe-attenuator yi-coefficient yokunciphisa umqondiso kunye noluhlu lwamaza okusebenza. Kwiifrikhwensi ezingaphandle koluhlu olusebenzayo, ukusebenza kwe-attenuator kunokutshintsha ngokungalindelekanga.
Oku kujongeka njani ukufakela kokugqibela. Kufuneka kwakhona ukhumbule ukubonelela ngesignali ephakathi (IF) ukusuka kwimodyuli ye-OSA-6G kwibhodi ephambili yesixhobo. Ukwenza oku, qhagamshela i-IF OUTPUT port kwibhodi enkulu kwi-INPUT kwimodyuli ye-OSA-6G.
Ukunciphisa inqanaba lokuphazamiseka kumbane wokutshintsha kwelaptop, ndiqhuba yonke imilinganiselo xa ilaptop iqhutywa yibhetri.
Ulungelelwaniso
Ngaphambi kokuba uqalise imilinganiselo, kufuneka uqiniseke ukuba onke amacandelo esixhobo asebenza kakuhle kunye nomgangatho weentambo; ukwenza oku, sidibanisa ijenereyitha kunye nomamkeli ngokuthe ngqo ngentambo, vula ijenereyitha kwaye ulinganise amaxesha amaninzi. impendulo. Sifumana igrafu ephantse ibe sicaba ku-0dB. Oku kuthetha ukuba phezu kwalo lonke uluhlu lwamaza, onke amandla asasazwayo ejenereyitha afikelele kumamkeli.
Ukuqhagamshela ijenereyitha ngokuthe ngqo kumamkeli
Makhe songeze i-attenuator kwisekethe. Phantse ukuthotywa komqondiso we-15dB kubonakala kulo lonke uluhlu.
Ukudibanisa ijenereyitha nge-15dB yesithinteli ukuya kumamkeli
Masiqhagamshele ijenereyitha kwisidibanisi se-OUT se-coupler, kunye nomamkeli kwisidibanisi se-CPL se-coupler. Kuba akukho mthwalo uqhagamshelwe kwizibuko le-IN, yonke imiqondiso eyenziweyo kufuneka ibonakaliswe kwaye inxalenye yayo idityaniswe kumamkeli. Ngokutsho kwedatha ye coupler yethu (), iparameter yoNxulumaniso yi ~15db, okuthetha ukuba sifanele sibone umgca othe tye kwinqanaba elimalunga ne--30 dB (ukudibanisa + ukuthomalalisa i-attenuator). Kodwa ekubeni uluhlu olusebenzayo lwe-coupler lulinganiselwe kwi-1 GHz, yonke imilinganiselo engaphezulu kwesi sihlandlo sinokuthathwa njengento engenamsebenzi. Oku kubonakala ngokucacileyo kwigrafu; emva kwe-1 GHz ufundo alunantsingiselo kwaye alunantsingiselo. Ke ngoko, siya kwenza yonke imilinganiselo eyongezelelweyo kuluhlu lokusebenza lwe coupler.
Ukuqhagamshela itephu ngaphandle komthwalo. Umda woluhlu olusebenzayo lwe-coupler uyabonakala.
Ekubeni idatha yokulinganisa ingaphezulu kwe-1 GHz, kwimeko yethu, ayinangqiqo, siya kunciphisa ubuninzi bexesha lejeneretha kumaxabiso okusebenza kwe-coupler. Xa silinganisa, sifumana umgca othe ngqo.
Ukunciphisa uluhlu lwejeneretha kuluhlu lokusebenza lwe coupler
Ukuze sijonge ukulinganisa i-SWR yee-antenna, kufuneka senze ulungelelwaniso lokuthatha iiparamitha zangoku zesekethe (i-100% reflection) njengendawo yokubhekisela, oko kukuthi, i-zero dB. Ngenxa yale njongo, inkqubo ye-OSA103 Mini inomsebenzi wokulinganisa eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi. Ukulinganisa kwenziwa ngaphandle kwe-antenna edibeneyo (umthwalo), idatha yokulinganisa ibhalwa kwifayile kwaye emva koko ithathwa ngokuzenzekelayo xa kwakhiwa iigrafu.
Umsebenzi wokulinganisa impendulo rhoqo kwinkqubo ye-OSA103 Mini
Ukusebenzisa iziphumo zokulinganisa kunye nemilinganiselo yokuqhuba ngaphandle komthwalo, sifumana igrafu ecaba kwi-0dB.
Igrafu emva kokulinganisa
Silinganisa i-eriyali
Ngoku unokuqalisa ukulinganisa i-eriyali. Siyabulela ekulinganiseni, siya kubona kwaye silinganise ukuncitshiswa kokubonisa emva kokudibanisa i-eriyali.
I-antenna evela kwi-Aliexpress kwi-433MHz
I-antenna imakwe 443MHz. Inokubonwa ukuba i-eriyali isebenza ngokufanelekileyo kuluhlu lwe-446MHz, ngeli xesha i-SWR yi-1.16. Kwangaxeshanye, kwi-frequency echaziweyo ukusebenza kubi kakhulu, kwi-433MHz i-SWR yi-4,2.
I-eriyali engaziwayo 1
I-antenna ngaphandle kwamanqaku. Ngokujonga igrafu, yenzelwe i-800 MHz, mhlawumbi ibhendi ye-GSM. Ukulunga, le eriyali ikwasebenza kwi-1800 MHz, kodwa ngenxa yokuthintelwa kwe-coupler, andinakwenza imilinganiselo efanelekileyo kula maza.
I-eriyali engaziwayo 2
Enye i-eriyali ebilele kwiibhokisi zam ixesha elide. Kuyabonakala ukuba, nakuluhlu lwe-GSM, kodwa lungcono kunolu lwangaphambili. Kwi-frequency ye-764 MHz, i-SWR isondele kubunye, kwi-900 MHz i-SWR yi-1.4.
I-eriyali engaziwayo 3
Kubonakala ngathi i-eriyali ye-Wi-Fi, kodwa ngenxa yesizathu esithile isinxibelelanisi yi-SMA-Male, kwaye kungekhona i-RP-SMA, njengazo zonke ii-eriyali ze-Wi-Fi. Ngokujonga imilinganiselo, kwiifrikhwensi ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1 MHz le eriyali ayinamsebenzi. Kwakhona, ngenxa yokusikelwa umda kwe-coupler, asizukwazi ukuba luhlobo luni lwe-eriyali.
I-eriyali yeTelescopic
Masizame ukubala ukuba i-eriyali yeteleskopu ifuna ukwandiswa kangakanani kuluhlu lwe-433MHz. Ifomula yokubala i-wavelength yile: Ξ» = C/f, apho i-C isantya sokukhanya, f yi-frequency.
299.792.458 / 443.000.000 = 0.69719176279
Ubude obupheleleyo - 69,24 cm
Isiqingatha sobude bobude - 34,62 cm
Ikota yobude bobude - 17,31 cm
I-eriyali ebalwa ngale ndlela yajika yaba yinto engenamsebenzi kwaphela. Kumaza e-433MHz ixabiso le-SWR li-11.
Ngokuzama ukwandisa i-eriyali, ndikwazile ukufezekisa ubuncinci be-SWR ye-2.8 kunye nobude be-antenna malunga ne-50 cm.Kwavela ukuba ubukhulu bamacandelo bubaluleke kakhulu. Oko kukuthi, xa kwandiswa kuphela amacandelo angaphandle abhityileyo, isiphumo sasingcono kunokwandisa kuphela amacandelo ashinyeneyo ukuya kubude obufanayo. Andazi ukuba kufuneka uthembele kangakanani kwezi zibalo kunye nobude be-antenna ye-telescopic kwixesha elizayo, kuba ekusebenzeni azisebenzi. Mhlawumbi isebenza ngokungafaniyo nezinye ii-eriyali okanye iifrikhwensi, andazi.
Isiqwenga socingo kwi-433MHz
Rhoqo kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo, ezinje ngoomatshini bonomathotholo, unokubona iqhekeza locingo oluthe ngqo njengeeriyali. Ndinqumle iqhekeza locingo elilingana nekota ye-wavelength ye-433 MHz (17,3 cm) kwaye ndafaka i-tinned ekupheleni ukuze ingene ngokufanelekileyo kwi-SMA Female connector.
Isiphumo sasingaqhelekanga: ucingo olunjalo lusebenza kakuhle kwi-360 MHz kodwa alunamsebenzi kwi-433 MHz.
Ndaqala ukusika ucingo ekupheleni isiqwenga ngeqhekeza kwaye ndijonge kwizinto ezifundwayo. Ukuntywila kwigrafu kwaqala ukucotha ukuya ekunene, ukuya kuma-433 MHz. Ngenxa yoko, ngaphezu kobude bocingo malunga ne-15,5 cm, ndikwazile ukufumana ixabiso elincinci le-SWR le-1.8 kwi-frequency ye-438 MHz. Ukucuthwa ngakumbi kwentambo kukhokelele ekonyukeni kwe-SWR.
isiphelo
Ngenxa yokunciphisa i-coupler, akuzange kwenzeke ukulinganisa i-eriyali kwiibhendi ezingaphezulu kwe-1 GHz, njengee-eriyali ze-Wi-Fi. Oku bekunokwenziwa ukuba bendine-coupler ephezulu ye-bandwidth.
I-coupler, iintambo zokudibanisa, isixhobo, kunye nelaptop zizo zonke iinxalenye zenkqubo ye-eriyali enesiphumo. Ijometri yabo, indawo kwindawo kunye nezinto ezingqongileyo zichaphazela umphumo wokulinganisa. Emva kofakelo kwisikhululo sikanomathotholo sangempela okanye imodem, i-frequency inokutshintsha, kuba umzimba wesikhululo sikanomathotholo, imodem, kunye nomzimba womqhubi uya kuba yinxalenye ye-eriyali.
I-OSA103 Mini sisixhobo esipholileyo esinemisebenzi emininzi. Ndivakalisa umbulelo wam kumphuhlisi wayo ngokubonisana ngexesha lemilinganiselo.
umthombo: www.habr.com