🥇Kumlawuli wenkqubo ye-novice: indlela yokwenza ucwangco ngaphandle kwesiphithiphithi

Ndingumlawuli wenkqubo ye-FirstVDS, kwaye lo ngumbhalo wentetho yokuqala yentshayelelo evela kwikhosi yam emfutshane ekuncedeni oogxa abaqalayo. Iingcali ezisandul 'ukuqalisa ukubandakanyeka kulawulo lwenkqubo zijongene nenani leengxaki ezifanayo. Ukubonelela ngezisombululo, ndiye ndaqalisa ukubhala olu ngcelele lweentetho. Ezinye izinto ezikuyo zithe ngqo ekubambeni inkxaso yezobugcisa, kodwa ngokubanzi, zinokuba luncedo, ukuba azikho kuwo wonke umntu, ngoko ke kwabaninzi. Ngoko ke ndilungelelanise isicatshulwa sentetho ukuze sabelwane apha.

Akukhathaliseki nokuba sibizwa ntoni na isikhundla sakho - okubalulekileyo kukuba eneneni ubandakanyeka kulawulo. Ngoko ke, masiqale ngento ekufuneka yenziwe ngumlawuli wenkqubo. Umsebenzi wayo ophambili kukubeka izinto ngolungelelwano, ukugcina ucwangco kunye nokulungiselela ukwanda kwexesha elizayo ngolungelelwano. Ngaphandle komlawuli wenkqubo, umncedisi uba yingxaki. Izigodo azibhalwanga, okanye izinto ezingalunganga zibhaliwe kuzo, izibonelelo azihanjiswanga ngokufanelekileyo, idiski izaliswe zonke iintlobo zenkunkuma kwaye inkqubo iqala ukufa ngokuthe ngcembe ngenxa yesiphithiphithi esingaka. Zolile! Abalawuli benkqubo emntwini wakho baqala ukusombulula iingxaki kunye nokuphelisa ubumdaka!

Iintsika zoLawulo lweNkqubo

Nangona kunjalo, ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukusombulula iingxaki, kuyafaneleka ukuba uqhelane neintsika ezine eziphambili zolawulo:

Amaxwebhu
Ukwenza umzekelo
Ukuphucula
Ukuzenzekela

Le zizinto ezisisiseko. Ukuba awuwakhi umsebenzi wakho kule migaqo, iya kungasebenzi, ingabi namveliso kwaye ingafane ifane nolawulo lokwenyani. Makhe sijonge nganye ngokwahlukeneyo.

Amaxwebhu

Amaxwebhu akuthethi ukufunda amaxwebhu (nangona ungenakwenza ngaphandle kwawo), kodwa nokuwagcina.

Uwagcina njani amaxwebhu:

Ngaba ukhe wadibana nengxaki entsha ongazange uyibone ngaphambili? Bhala phantsi iimpawu eziphambili, iindlela zokuxilongwa kunye nemigaqo yokuphelisa.
Ngaba uze nesisombululo esitsha, esihle kwingxaki eqhelekileyo? Yibhale phantsi ukuze ungaphindi uyiqambe kwinyanga ukusuka ngoku.
Ngaba bakuncedile ukufumanisa umbuzo ongawuqondiyo? Bhala phantsi iingongoma eziphambili kunye neengqiqo, uzenzele umzobo.

Ingcamango ephambili: akufanele uthembele ngokupheleleyo kwimemori yakho xa ufunda kwaye usebenzisa izinto ezintsha.

Yeyiphi ifomathi oya kuyenza le nto ixhomekeke kuwe: inokuba yinkqubo enamanqaku, ibhlog yomntu, ifayile yokubhaliweyo, incwadana ebonakalayo. Eyona nto iphambili kukuba iirekhodi zakho zihlangabezana nezi mfuno zilandelayo:

Musa ukuba mde kakhulu. Gxininisa iingcamango eziphambili, iindlela kunye nezixhobo. Ukuba ukuqonda ingxaki kufuna ukuntywila kubuchwephesha obukwinqanaba elisezantsi lolwabiwo lwenkumbulo kwiLinux, musa ukuliphinda ulibhale inqaku olifunde kulo-nika ikhonkco kuyo.
Amangeno kufuneka acace kuwe. Ukuba umgca race cond.lockup ayikuvumeli ukuba uqonde ngokukhawuleza oko uchaze ngalo mgca-chaza. Amaxwebhu alungileyo ayithathi isiqingatha seyure ukuqonda.
Ukukhangela luphawu oluhle kakhulu. Ukuba ubhala izithuba zeblogi, yongeza iithegi; ukuba kwincwadana ebonakalayo, ncamathela isithuba esincinci esinenkcazelo. Kukho indawo encinci kuxwebhu ukuba uchitha ixesha elininzi ukhangela impendulo kuyo njengoko ubuya kuchitha ukusombulula umbuzo ukusuka ekuqaleni.

Le yindlela amaxwebhu anokujongeka ngayo: ukusuka kumanqaku amandulo kwincwadana (umfanekiso ongentla), ukuya kwisiseko solwazi esipheleleyo sabasebenzisi abaninzi esinethegi, ukukhangela kunye nazo zonke izinto eziluncedo ezinokwenzeka (ngezantsi).

Akuyi kufuneka ujonge iimpendulo ezifanayo kabini kuphela, kodwa ukubhalwa phantsi kuya kuba luncedo olukhulu ekufundeni izihloko ezitsha (amanqaku!), Kuya kuphucula ingqondo yakho yesigcawu (ukwazi ukubona ingxaki entsonkothileyo ngokujonga nje okungaphezulu), kwaye uya kongeza umbutho kwizenzo zakho. Ukuba amaxwebhu ayafumaneka koogxa bakho, iya kubavumela ukuba bafumanise ukuba yintoni kwaye uyifumba njani apho xa ungekho.

Ukwenza umzekelo

Ukwenza umzekelo kukuyilwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kweetemplates. Ukusombulula imiba emininzi eqhelekileyo, kufanelekile ukwenza itemplate yesenzo esithile. Ulandelelwano olusemgangathweni lwamanyathelo kufuneka lusetyenziswe ukuxilonga uninzi lweengxaki. Xa ulungisile/ufake/ulungise into ethile, ukusebenza kwale nto kufuneka kujongwe kusetyenziswa uluhlu lokukhangela olusemgangathweni.

Ukwenza itemplate yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokucwangcisa ukuhamba kwakho komsebenzi. Ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zokusombulula iingxaki eziqhelekileyo, ufumana izinto ezininzi ezipholileyo. Ngokomzekelo, ukusebenzisa uluhlu lokutshekisha kuya kukuvumela ukuba uhlolisise yonke imisebenzi ebalulekileyo kumsebenzi wakho kwaye ulahle ukuxilongwa kokusebenza okungabalulekanga. Kwaye iinkqubo ezisemgangathweni ziya kunciphisa ukuphosa okungeyomfuneko kwaye kunciphise ukubakho kwempazamo.

Inqaku lokuqala elibalulekileyo kukuba iinkqubo kunye noluhlu lokutshekisha kufuneka lubhalwe phantsi. Ukuba uthembela nje kwinkumbulo, unokuphoswa yitshekhi ebaluleke ngokwenene okanye ukusebenza kwaye utshabalalise yonke into. Inqaku lesibini elibalulekileyo kukuba zonke izenzo zetemplate zinokulungiswa kwaye kufuneka zitshintshwe ukuba imeko ifuna oko. Akukho zitemplates zifanelekileyo kwaye ziphelele ngokupheleleyo. Ukuba kukho ingxaki, kodwa isheke setemplate asizange siyityhile, oku akuthethi ukuba akukho ngxaki. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphambi kokuba uqalise ukuvavanya ezinye iingxaki ezingalindelekanga, kusoloko kufanelekile ukwenza uvavanyo olukhawulezayo lwetemplate kuqala.

Ukucwangcisa

Ukucwangcisa uyazithetha. Inkqubo yomsebenzi kufuneka iphuculwe kangangoko kunokwenzeka ngokwexesha kunye neendleko zabasebenzi. Kukho iinketho ezininzi: funda iindlela ezimfutshane zebhodi yezitshixo, izifinyezo, amabinzana aqhelekileyo, izixhobo ezikhoyo. Khangela usetyenziso olusebenzayo lwezi zixhobo. Ukuba ufowunela umyalelo izihlandlo ezili-100 ngosuku, yabele kwisinqumli se-keyboard. Ukuba ufuna ukudibanisa rhoqo kwiiseva ezifanayo, bhala isiteketiso kwigama elinye eliya kukuqhagamshela apho:

Ziqhelanise nokhetho olwahlukeneyo olukhoyo lwezixhobo-mhlawumbi kukho umxhasi wesiphelo olungele ngakumbi, DE, umphathi webhodi eqhotyoshwayo, umkhangeli zincwadi, umxhasi we-imeyile, inkqubo yokusebenza. Fumanisa ukuba zeziphi izixhobo ezisetyenziswa ngabalingane bakho kunye nabahlobo - mhlawumbi bazikhethela isizathu. Nje ukuba unezixhobo, funda indlela yokuzisebenzisa: funda izitshixo, izifinyezo, iingcebiso kunye namaqhinga.

Sebenzisa ngokugqibeleleyo izixhobo eziqhelekileyo - i-coreutils, vim, intetho eqhelekileyo, i-bash. Kwezintathu zokugqibela kukho inani elikhulu leencwadana ezimangalisayo kunye namaxwebhu. Ngoncedo lwabo, unokuhamba ngokukhawuleza ukusuka kwindawo ethi "Ndiziva ngathi ndiyinkawu eqhekeza amantongomane ngelaptop" uye "Ndiyinkawu esebenzisa ilaptop ukuze ndizenzele i-nut cracker."

Ukuzenzekelayo

Ukuzenzekelayo iya kudlulisela imisebenzi enzima ukusuka kwizandla zethu ezidiniweyo ukuya kwizandla ezingadinwayo ze-automation. Ukuba inkqubo ethile eqhelekileyo iyenziwa kwimiyalelo emihlanu yodidi olufanayo, ngoko kutheni ungasonge yonke le miyalelo kwifayile enye kwaye ubize umyalelo omnye okhuphela kwaye uphumeze le fayile?

I-automation ngokwayo i-80% yokubhala kunye nokwandisa izixhobo zakho (kunye nenye i-20% izama ukubenza basebenze njengoko kufuneka). Isenokuba nje i-line-line ephuculweyo okanye isixhobo esikhulu esinamandla onke esine-web interface kunye ne-API. Eyona nqobo iphambili apha kukuba ukwenza isixhobo akufuneki kuthathe ixesha elininzi kunye nomzamo kunexesha kunye nomzamo oya kukusindisa. Ukuba uchitha iiyure ezintlanu ubhala iskripthi ongasokuze uphinde usifune, kumsebenzi obuya kukuthatha iyure okanye ezimbini ukuwusombulula ngaphandle kweskripthi, oku kukungasebenzi kakuhle kokuhamba komsebenzi. Unokuchitha iiyure ezintlanu udala isixhobo kuphela ukuba inani, uhlobo lwemisebenzi kunye nexesha livumela, nto leyo ayisoloko injalo.

Ukuzenzekela akuthethi ukuba kubhalwe izikripthi ezipheleleyo. Umzekelo, ukwenza iqela lezinto zohlobo olufanayo kuluhlu, konke okudingayo yilayini enye ekrelekrele eya kwenza ngokuzenzekelayo into obuya kuyenza ngesandla, ukutshintsha phakathi kweefestile, ngeemfumba zokukhuphela-coma.

Ngokwenyani, ukuba uyakha inkqubo yolawulo kwezi ntsika zine, unokunyusa ngokukhawuleza ukusebenza kwakho, imveliso kunye neziqinisekiso. Nangona kunjalo, olu luhlu lufuna ukuxhaswa ngento enye, ngaphandle kokusebenza kwi-IT phantse akunakwenzeka - ukuzifundisa.

Ukufundisa umlawuli wenkqubo

Ukuze ube nobuchule obuncinci kule ndawo, kufuneka uhlale ufunda kwaye ufunde izinto ezintsha. Ukuba awunawo nowona mnqweno mncinci wokujongana nento ongayaziyo kwaye uyiqonde, uya kubambeka ngokukhawuleza. Zonke iintlobo zezisombululo ezitsha, itekhnoloji kunye neendlela zihlala zivela kwi-IT, kwaye ukuba awuzifundisisi ubuncinci, usendleleni yokungaphumeleli. Imimandla emininzi yetekhnoloji yolwazi ime kwisiseko esintsonkothileyo kunye nesixakeke kakhulu. Umzekelo, ukusebenza kwenethiwekhi. Inethiwekhi kunye ne-Intanethi zikuyo yonke indawo, udibana nazo yonke imihla, kodwa xa sele ugrumba itekhnoloji esemva kwabo, uya kufumana uqeqesho olukhulu noluntsokothileyo, uphononongo olungaze luhambe epakini.

Andizange ndiyifake le nto kuluhlu kuba ingundoqo kwi-IT ngokubanzi, kwaye kungekhona nje kulawulo lwenkqubo. Ngokwemvelo, awuyi kukwazi ukufunda yonke into kwangoko-awunalo ixesha elaneleyo ngokwasemzimbeni. Ke ngoko, xa uzifundisa, kufuneka ukhumbule amanqanaba ayimfuneko okuthatha.

Akunyanzelekanga ukuba ufunde ngokukhawuleza ukuba imemori yangaphakathi yolawulo lwesixhobo ngasinye isebenza njani, kwaye inxibelelana njani nolawulo lwememori yeLinux, kodwa kulungile ukwazi ukuba yeyiphi i-RAM ecwangcisiweyo kwaye kutheni ifuneka. Awudingi ukwazi ukuba iiheader ze-TCP kunye ne-UDP zahluke njani ngokwesakhiwo, kodwa iya kuba licebo elilungileyo ukuqonda umahluko osisiseko kwindlela ezisebenza ngayo iiprothokholi. Awudingi ukufunda ukuba yeyiphi i-signal attenuation kwi-optics, kodwa kuya kuba kuhle ukwazi ukuba kutheni ilahleko yokwenyani ihlala ifunyanwa njengelifa kwiindawo zonke. Akukho nto iphosakeleyo ngokwazi ukuba izinto ezithile zisebenza njani kwinqanaba elithile lokutsalwa kwaye ungaqondi ngokupheleleyo onke amanqanaba xa kungekho nto konke konke (uyakuphambana).

Nangona kunjalo, kwintsimi yakho, ukucinga kwinqanaba le-abstraction "kakuhle, le nto ivumela ukuba ubonise iiwebhusayithi" ayilungile kakhulu. Ezi zifundo zilandelayo ziya kunikezelwa kushwankathelo lwemimandla ephambili umlawuli wenkqubo ekufuneka ajongane nayo xa esebenza kumanqanaba asezantsi okuthatha izinto. Ndiza kuzama ukunciphisa inani lolwazi oluhlaziyiweyo ukuya kwinqanaba elincinci lokukhupha.

Imiyalelo eli-10 yolawulo lwenkqubo

Ngoko ke, sifunde iintsika ezine eziphambili kunye nesiseko. Ngaba sinokuqalisa ukusombulula iingxaki? Ayikenzeki. Ngaphambi kokwenza oku, kuyacetyiswa ukuba uqhelane nezinto ezibizwa ngokuba "ziindlela ezilungileyo" kunye nemithetho yokuziphatha kakuhle. Ngaphandle kwabo, unokwenza umonakalo omkhulu kunokulunga. Ngoko, makhe siqale:

Abanye oogxa bam bakholelwa ukuba owona mgaqo wokuqala “ungenzi monakalo.” Kodwa ndityekele ekungavumini. Xa uzama ukungonzakalisi, awunakwenza nto-izenzo ezininzi kakhulu zinokonakalisa. Ndicinga ukuba owona mthetho ubalulekileyo ngu- "yenza i-backup". Nokuba wenza umonakalo othile, unokuhlala ubuyela umva kwaye yonke into ayiyi kuba mbi kangako.
Kufuneka uhlale ugcina i-backup xa ixesha kunye nendawo ivumela oko. Kufuneka ukhuphele i-backup into oza kuyitshintsha kunye nokuba yintoni osengozini yokuphulukana nayo ngenxa yesenzo esinokonakalisa. Kuyacetyiswa ukuba ujonge i-backup yemfezeko kunye nobukho bayo yonke idatha eyimfuneko. Ugcino akufunekanga lucinywe ngoko nangoko emva kokuba ukhangele yonke into, ngaphandle kokuba ufuna ukukhulula isithuba sedisk. Ukuba indawo iyayifuna, yibuyisele kwiseva yakho kwaye uyicime emva kweveki.
Umgaqo wesibini obaluleke kakhulu (endihlala ndiwuphula ngokwam) ngu "ungafihli". Ukuba wenze i-backup, bhala apho, ukuze oogxa bakho bangayikhangeli. Ukuba wenze ezinye izenzo ezingabonakaliyo okanye eziyinkimbinkimbi, zibhale phantsi: uya kugoduka, kwaye ingxaki inokuphinda iphindwe okanye ivele komnye umntu, kwaye isisombululo sakho siya kufumaneka usebenzisa amagama angundoqo. Nokuba wenza into oyaziyo kakuhle, oogxa bakho basenokungenzi.
Umgaqo wesithathu awufuni kuchazwa: "ungaze wenze into imiphumo ongayaziyo, ukucinga okanye ongayiqondiyo". Musa ukukopa imiyalelo evela kwi-Intanethi ukuba awuyazi into abayenzayo, fowunela indoda kwaye ucazulule kuqala. Musa ukusebenzisa izisombululo esele zenziwe ukuba awuyiqondi into abayenzayo. Gcina ukwenziwa kwekhowudi engacacanga kubuncinci obupheleleyo. Ukuba awunalo ixesha lokuyiqonda, ngoko wenza into engalunganga kwaye kufuneka ufunde inqaku elilandelayo.
"Vavanya". Izikripthi ezitsha, izixhobo, ii-line-line kunye nemiyalelo kufuneka zivavanywe kwindawo elawulwayo, kungekhona kumatshini womxhasi, ukuba kukho nokuba kuncinci ukwenza izenzo ezitshabalalisayo. Nokuba uxhase yonke into (kwaye uyenzile), ixesha lokuphumla ayisiyonto ipholileyo. Yenza iseva eyahlukileyo/i-virtual/chroot yale nto kwaye uvavanye apho. Ngaba kukho into eyaphukileyo? Emva koko ungayiqalisa kwi "combat".
"Lawula". Nciphisa yonke imisebenzi ongayilawuliyo. Igophe elinye lokuxhomekeka kwepakethe linokutsalela phantsi isiqingatha senkqubo, kwaye i -y iflegi emiselwe yum ukususa ikunika ithuba lokuziqhelanisa nezakhono zakho zokubuyisela inkqubo ukusuka ekuqaleni. Ukuba isenzo asinazo ezinye iindlela ezingalawulekiyo, inqaku elilandelayo yi-backup esele yenziwe.
"Khangela". Jonga iziphumo zezenzo zakho kunye nokuba ufuna ukubuyela umva kwi-backup. Jonga ukuze ubone ukuba ingxaki isonjululwe ngokwenene na. Jonga ukuba impazamo yenziwe kwakhona kwaye phantsi kweyiphi na imiqathango. Khangela ukuba yintoni na onokuyaphula ngezenzo zakho. Akuyomfuneko ukuthembela kumsebenzi wethu, kodwa ungaze ujonge.
"Nxibelelana". Ukuba awukwazi ukusombulula ingxaki, buza oogxa bakho ukuba bakhe badibana nalento. Ukuba ufuna ukusebenzisa isigqibo esiphikisanayo, fumana uluvo lwabalingane bakho. Mhlawumbi baya kunika isisombululo esingcono. Ukuba awuzithembi kwizenzo zakho, xoxa ngazo nabalingane bakho. Nokuba le yindawo yakho yobuchwephesha, ukujonga okutsha kwimeko kunokucacisa kakhulu. Musa ukuba neentloni ngokungazi kwakho. Kungcono ukubuza umbuzo osisidenge, ujonge njengesidenge kwaye ufumane impendulo, kunokuba ungabuzi umbuzo, ungafumani mpendulo ugqibe ekubeni usisidenge.
“Musa ukwala uncedo ngokungekho ngqiqweni”. Eli nqaku libuyela umva kwenye yangaphambili. Ukuba ubuzwa umbuzo obudenge, cacisa kwaye uchaze. Bacela into engenakwenzeka - bachaze ukuba akunakwenzeka kwaye kutheni, banike ezinye iindlela. Ukuba awunalo ixesha (okwenene awunalo ixesha, kungekhona umnqweno) - yithi unombuzo ophuthumayo, umsebenzi omningi, kodwa uya kuwulungisa kamva. Ukuba oogxa babo abanayo imisebenzi engxamisekileyo, cela ukuqhagamshelana nabo kwaye udlulisele umbuzo.
"Nika impendulo". Ngaba omnye wabalingane bakho uqalise ukusebenzisa ubuchule obutsha okanye iskripthi esitsha, kwaye ngaba ufumana iziphumo ezibi kwesi sigqibo? Yixele. Mhlawumbi ingxaki ingasombululwa kwimigca emithathu yekhowudi okanye imizuzu emihlanu yokucoca ubuchule. Ngaba uye wadibana ne-bug kwisoftware yakho? Xela impazamo. Ukuba iyaphinda iveliswe okanye ayifuni kuveliswa kwakhona, iya kulungiswa. Xela iminqweno yakho, iingcebiso kunye nezigxeko ezakhayo, kwaye ubuze imibuzo yengxoxo ukuba ibonakala ifanelekile.
"Buza impendulo". Sonke asifezekanga, njengezigqibo zethu, kwaye eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuvavanya ukuchaneka kwesigqibo sakho kukusizisa kwingxoxo. Ukuba uye walungiselela into ethile kumxhasi, bacele ukuba babeke iliso kumsebenzi; Ubhale iscript soncedo-sibonise koogxa bakho, mhlawumbi baya kufumana indlela yokusiphucula.

Ukuba uhlala uzisebenzisa ezi zenzo emsebenzini wakho, uninzi lweengxaki ziya kuyeka ukuba ziingxaki: awuyi kunciphisa kuphela inani leempazamo zakho kunye ne-fackups, kodwa uya kuba nethuba lokulungisa iimpazamo (kwi- uhlobo lwee-backups kunye noogxa abaya kukucebisa ukuba wenze i-backup). Ukuqhubela phambili - kuphela iinkcukacha zobugcisa, apho, njengoko siyazi, uMtyholi ulala.

Izixhobo eziphambili kuya kufuneka usebenze ngaphezulu kwe-50% yexesha yi-grep kunye ne-vim. Yintoni enokuba lula? Ukukhangela umbhalo kunye nokuhlela umbhalo. Nangona kunjalo, zombini i-grep kunye ne-vim zizixhobo ezinamandla ezininzi ezikuvumela ukuba ukhangele kwaye uhlele umbhalo ngokufanelekileyo. Ukuba enye i-notepad yeWindows ikuvumela ukuba ubhale ngokulula/ucime umgca, emva koko kwi-vim ungenza phantse nantoni na ngombhalo. Ukuba awundikholelwa, fowunela umyalelo we-vimtutor kwi-terminal kwaye uqale ukufunda. Ngokuphathelele i-grep, amandla ayo aphambili kumazwi aqhelekileyo. Ewe, isixhobo ngokwaso sikuvumela ukuba usete iimeko zokukhangela kunye nedatha yemveliso ngokulula, kodwa ngaphandle kweRegExp oku akunangqiqo kangako. Kwaye kufuneka ukwazi amabinzana aqhelekileyo! Ubuncinci kwinqanaba elisisiseko. Ukuqala, ndingacebisa ukuba ujonge oku видео, iquka iziseko zentetho eqhelekileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo ngokudibeneyo ne-grep. Owu ewe, xa uzidibanisa kunye ne-vim, ufumana amandla OKUGQIBELAYO WAMANDLA wokwenza izinto ngombhalo ekufuneka uzilebhile ngee-icon ezili-18+.

Kwi-50% eseleyo, i-40% iphuma kwi-coreutils toolkit. Kwii-coreutils ungajonga kuluhlu Wikipedia, kwaye incwadana yoluhlu lonke ikwiwebhusayithi GNU. Okungabandakanywanga kolu seti kukwizinto eziluncedo POSIX. Akunyanzelekanga ukuba ufunde zonke izitshixo ngentliziyo, kodwa kuluncedo ukuba ubuncinci wazi ukuba zithini izixhobo ezisisiseko ezinokwenziwa. Awunyanzelekanga ukuba uphinde usungule ivili kwiintonga. Ngandlela thile bendidinga ukutshintsha ikhefu lomgca kunye nezithuba kwimveliso evela kwinto ethile, kwaye ingqondo yam egulayo yazala ulwakhiwo olunje. sed ':a;N;$!ba;s/n/ /g', omnye endisebenza naye weza wandigxotha kwi-console ngomtshayelo, emva koko wayixazulula ingxaki ngokubhala tr 'n' ' '.

Ndingakucebisa ukuba ukhumbule into eyenziwa sisixhobo ngasinye kunye nezitshixo zemiyalelo esetyenziswa rhoqo; kuyo yonke enye into kukho umntu. Zive ukhululekile ukufowunela indoda ukuba unamathandabuzo. Kwaye qiniseka ukuba ufunda indoda ngokwayo - iqulethe ulwazi olubalulekileyo malunga nento oya kuyifumana.

Ukwazi ezi zixhobo, uya kuba nakho ukusombulula ngokufanelekileyo inxalenye ebalulekileyo yeengxaki oya kudibana nazo ekusebenzeni. Kwezi zifundo zilandelayo, siza kujonga ixesha lokusetyenziswa kwezi zixhobo kunye nesikhokelo seenkonzo ezisisiseko kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo.

Umlawuli wenkqubo ye-FirstVDS uKirill Tsvetkov ubenawe.

umthombo: www.habr.com

Kumlawuli wenkqubo ye-novice: indlela yokwenza umyalelo ngaphandle kwesiphithiphithi