Sithetha ngezinto ezifunekayo kwaye sinike izimvo zeengcali.
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Kutheni i-helium idingeka kwiikhompyuter ze-quantum?
Ngaphambi kokuba uqhubele phambili kwibali lokunqongophala kwe-helium, makhe sithethe malunga nokuba kutheni iikhomputha ze-quantum zidinga i-helium kwindawo yokuqala.
Oomatshini be-quantum basebenza kwii-qubits. Bona, ngokungafaniyo ne-classical bits, banokuba kwi-0 kunye ne-1 ngexesha elinye-kwi-superposition. Kwinkqubo ye-computing, i-phenomenon ye-quantum parallelism iyenzeka xa imisebenzi yenziwa ngaxeshanye kunye ne-zero kunye neyodwa. Eli nqaku livumela oomatshini abasekwe kwi-qubit ukuba basombulule iingxaki ezithile ngokukhawuleza kuneekhompyuter zakudala, ezinjengokulinganisa iimolekyuli kunye neekhemikhali.
Kodwa kukho ingxaki: ii-qubits zizinto ezibuthathaka kwaye zinokugcina indawo ephezulu kwiinanoseconds ezimbalwa. Iphazanyiswe nakukuguquguquka okuncinci kobushushu; . Ukuphepha ukutshatyalaliswa kwe-qubit, iikhomputha ze-quantum kumaqondo aphantsi - 10 mK (-273,14 Β° C). Ukufezekisa amaqondo obushushu asondele ku-zero ngokupheleleyo, iinkampani zisebenzisa i-helium engamanzi, okanye ngokuchanekileyo, isotopu. , engaqini phantsi kweemeko ezinzima ngolo hlobo.
Yintoni ingxaki
Kwixesha elizayo elingekude, imboni ye-IT inokujongana nokunqongophala kwe-helium-3 yokuphuhliswa kweekhompyutheni ze-quantum. EMhlabeni, le nto ayinakuze ifumaneke kwimo yayo yendalo - umthamo wayo usemoyeni weplanethi (1,37 ppm malunga ne-helium-4). I-Helium-3 yimveliso yokubola kwe-tritium, ukuveliswa kwayo (isixhobo sokugqibela senyukliya samanzi esinzima savalwa e-USA). Emva koko, i-tritium yaqala ukukhutshwa kumacandelo ezixhobo zenyukliya eziyekiweyo, kodwa Ngokutsho kwe-US Congressional Research Service, eli nyathelo alizange linyuse kakhulu i-stockpile ye-strategic substance. I-Russia kunye ne-US inoovimba abathile, kodwa .
Le meko yenziwa mbi nangakumbi kukuba inxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-helium-3 ichithwa ekuvelisweni kweeskena ze-neutron ezisetyenziswa kwiindawo zokujonga umda ukukhangela imathiriyeli yokusasazeka ngemitha. Iskena se-neutron ibe sisixhobo esisisinyanzelo kuzo zonke ii-ofisi zesithethe zase-US ukusukela ngo-2000. Ngenxa yoluhlu lwezi zinto, ukunikezelwa kwe-helium-3 e-United States sele ilawulwa ngamaqumrhu karhulumente akhupha i-quotas kwimibutho yoluntu kunye nemibutho yabucala, kwaye iingcali ze-IT zixhalabile ukuba kungekudala akuyi kubakho ngokwaneleyo i-helium-3 kumntu wonke.
Kubi kangakanani?
Kukholelwa ukuba ukunqongophala kwe-helium-3 kuya kuba nefuthe elibi kuphuhliso lwe-quantum. UBlake Johnson, usekela mongameli we-quantum umenzi wekhompyuter uRigetti Computing, kudliwanondlebe kunye neMIT Tech Review efrijini kunzima kakhulu ukuyifumana. Iingxaki ziba mandundu ngenxa yeendleko zayo eziphezuluβixabisa ii-R40 XNUMX ukugcwalisa isikhenkcisi esinye.
Kodwa abameli abavela kwi-D-Wave, enye i-quantum startup, abavumelani nombono kaBlake. Ngu I-Vice-President yombutho, ukuveliswa kwekhompyutheni enye ye-quantum idinga kuphela inani elincinci le-helium-3, elinokuthiwa lingabalulekanga xa lithelekiswa nomthamo okhoyo wento. Ngoko ke, ukunqongophala kwefriji kuya kuba yinto engabonakaliyo kwishishini le-quantum.
Kwaye, ezinye iindlela zokukhupha i-helium-3 ezingabandakanyi i-tritium ziyaphuhliswa namhlanje. Enye yazo kukukhutshwa kwe-isotope kwigesi yendalo. Okokuqala, i-condensation enzulu kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi, kwaye emva koko ihamba kwiinkqubo zokuhlukana kunye nokulungiswa (ukuhlukana kokungcola kwegesi). Ngaphambili, le ndlela yayicingwa ukuba ayinakwenzeka ngokwezoqoqosho, kodwa ngophuhliso lobuchwepheshe, imeko itshintshile. Kunyaka ophelileyo malunga nezicwangciso zakhe zokuqalisa ukuvelisa i-helium-3 .
Amazwe amaninzi enza izicwangciso zokumba i-helium-3 eNyangeni. Umaleko wayo womphezulu uqulathe ukuya kuthi ga (Itheyibhile 2) yale nto. Izazinzulu ziqikelela ukuba lo mthombo uya kuhlala iminyaka engamawaka amahlanu. I-NASA sele iqalile ukudala ukuba kusetyenziswe kwakhona kwi-helium-3. Uphuhliso lweziseko ezingundoqo ezihambelana nomhlaba kunye nenyanga luyenziwa ΠΈ . Kodwa ayizukwenzeka ukuyiphumeza ngokusebenza kude kube ngo-2030.
Enye indlela yokuthintela ukunqongophala kwe-helium-3 kukufumana indawo yayo ekuveliseni izikena ze-neutron. Ngendlela, yena ngo-2018 - yaba yikristale ye-zinc sulfide kunye ne-lithium-6 fluoride. Benza ukuba kwenzeke ukubhalisa imathiriyeli ye-radioactive ngokuchaneka okudlula i-90%.
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Ezinye iingxaki ze "quantum".
Ngaphandle kokunqongophala kwe-helium, kukho ezinye iingxaki ezithintela ukuphuhliswa kweekhompyutha ze-quantum. Eyokuqala kukungabikho kwamacandelo e-hardware. Kusekho amashishini amakhulu ambalwa kwihlabathi aphuhlisa "ukuzaliswa" koomatshini bequantum. Ngamanye amaxesha iinkampani kufuneka zilinde de kwenziwe inkqubo yokupholisa, .
Amazwe amaninzi azama ukucombulula le ngxaki esebenzisa iinkqubo zikarhulumente. Amanyathelo anjalo sele eqalisiwe e-US naseYurophu. Ngokomzekelo, kutsha nje eNetherlands, ngenkxaso yeSebe lezoQoqosho, iiSekethe zaseDelft zaqalisa ukusebenza. Ivelisa amacandelo e-quantum computing systems.
Obunye ubunzima kukungabikho kweengcali. Imfuno yabo iyakhula, kodwa ukuyifumana akulula kangako. Ngu I-NYT, azikho ngaphezu kwewaka "iinjineli zequantum" ezinamava emhlabeni. Iiyunivesithi eziphambili zobugcisa ziyayicombulula le ngxaki. Umzekelo, eMIT sele iinkqubo zokuqala zoqeqesho lweengcali ekusebenzeni ngoomatshini be-quantum. Ukuphuhliswa kweenkqubo zemfundo ezifanelekileyo nakwi-American National Quantum Initiative.
Ngokubanzi, iingcali ze-IT ziqinisekile ukuba iingxaki ezijongene nabadali beekhomputha ze-quantum ziyakwazi ukugqithiswa ngokupheleleyo. Kwaye kwixesha elizayo sinokulindela impumelelo entsha yezobuchwepheshe kule ndawo.
Yintoni esibhala ngayo kwibhlog yokuqala malunga ne-IaaS yeshishini:
umthombo: www.habr.com