Kwi-Russian Federation, uMthetho we-Federal No.(emva koku kubhekiselwa kuwo njengoMthetho). Lo mthetho uwutshintsha ngokuphawulekayo lowo ukhoyo (bona. ) ulawulo olusemthethweni lokusetyenziswa kwe-cryptocurrencies kunye ne-blockchain kwi-Russian Federation.
Makhe siqwalasele iikhonsepthi ezisisiseko ezichazwe ngulo Mthetho:
Ileja esasaziweyo
Ngokutsho komhlathi 7 woBugcisa. 1 Umthetho:
Ngeenjongo zalo Mthetho we-Federal, i-registry ehanjiswayo iqondwa njengeseti yedatha, isazisi solwazi oluqulethwe kuyo luqinisekiswa ngesiseko se-algorithms esekiweyo (i-algorithm).
Le nkcazo ayisiyonkcazelo nangayiphi na indlela yobhaliso olusasaziweyo ngokwengqiqo yemveli; ngokusesikweni, nayiphi na isethi yogcino-lwazi apho kuphindwa phindwayo kwaye okanye ngamaxesha athile i-backups yenziwa iwa phantsi kwayo. Kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba nayiphi na i-database, njenge-software ngokubanzi, isebenza ngesiseko se-algorithms esekiweyo. Oko kukuthi, ngokusesikweni, nayiphi na inkqubo apho oovimba beenkcukacha ezininzi bangqamanisa idatha ngokwembono yoMthetho “yirejista esasaziweyo”. Nayiphi na inkqubo yengcaciso yebhanki iya kuthathwa ngokusemthethweni “njengerejistri esasazwayo” ukususela nge-01.01.2021/XNUMX/XNUMX.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, inkcazo yokwenyani yeleja esasaziweyo yahluke kakhulu.
Ewe, umgangatho , inika le nkcazo ilandelayo ye-blockchain kunye neleja esasazwayo:
I-Blockchain yi-ledger esasazwayo kunye neebhloko eziqinisekisiweyo ezihlelwe kwikhonkco elongezelelweyo ngokulandelelana usebenzisa i-cryptographic links.
I-Blockchains ihlelwe ngendlela yokuthintela utshintsho kwiirekhodi kwaye imele iirekhodi ezipheleleyo, ezichazwe, ezingenakuguqulwa kwi-ledger.Irejistri esasazwayo yiregistry (yeerekhodi) esasazwa kwiseti yeenodi ezisasaziweyo (okanye iinodi zenethiwekhi, iiseva) kwaye zilungelelaniswe phakathi kwazo usebenzisa indlela yokuvumelana. Irejistri esasazwayo yenzelwe ngendlela: ukuthintela utshintsho kumangenelo (kwirejista); ukunika amandla okongeza, kodwa ungatshintshi iirekhodi; ziqulathe iintengiselwano eziqinisekisiweyo neziqinisekisiweyo.
Kubonakala ngathi kulo Mthetho inkcazo eyimposiso yobhaliso esasaziweyo ayinikwanga ngengozi, kodwa ngabom, njengoko kungqinwa ziimfuno ezichazwe kumthetho ngoko kutyunjwa “njengenkqubo yolwazi”, ekwabandakanya “iinkqubo zolwazi ezisekelwe kwirejista esasaziweyo”. Ezi mfuno zinje ukuba kule meko asithethi ngokucacileyo malunga nerejista esasaziweyo ngendlela eyamkelekileyo yegama.
Ii-asethi zemali zedijithali
Ngokutsho komhlathi 2 woBugcisa. 1 Umthetho:
Ii-asethi zemali zedijithali zibonwa njengamalungelo edijithali, kubandakanywa namabango emali, ukukwazi ukusebenzisa amalungelo phantsi kwee-securities-grade-grade-securities, amalungelo okuthatha inxaxheba kwi-capital ye-non-public joint-stock company, ilungelo lokufuna ukudluliselwa komcimbi-ibakala. izibambiso, ezibonelelwa ngesigqibo malunga nomba we-asethi yemali yedijithali ngendlela esekwe ngulo Mthetho we-Federal, ukukhululwa, ukurekhoda kunye nokusasazwa kwayo kunokwenzeka kuphela ngokwenza (ukutshintsha) iirekhodi kwinkqubo yolwazi esekelwe kwi-distribution. irejistri, ngokunjalo nakwezinye iinkqubo zolwazi.
Inkcazo "yomthetho wedijithali" iqulethwe kwi :
- Amalungelo eDijithali abonwa njengenyanzelo kunye namanye amalungelo abizwe ngolo hlobo kumthetho, umxholo kunye neemeko zokuphunyezwa kwazo ezimiselwe ngokuhambelana nemigaqo yenkqubo yolwazi ehlangabezana nemilinganiselo esekwe ngumthetho. Ukuzivocavoca, ukulahla, kubandakanywa ukudluliselwa, isibambiso, ukunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo edijithali ngezinye iindlela okanye ukuthintela ukulahlwa kwamalungelo edijithali kunokwenzeka kuphela kwinkqubo yolwazi ngaphandle kokubambisana nomntu wesithathu.
- Ngaphandle kokuba kubonelelwe ngenye indlela ngumthetho, umnini welungelo ledijithali ngumntu, ngokuhambelana nemigaqo yenkqubo yolwazi, unakho ukulahla eli lungelo. Kwiimeko nakwimihlaba ebonelelwe ngumthetho, omnye umntu wamkelwa njengomnini welungelo ledijithali.
- Ukugqithiselwa kwelungelo ledijithali elisekwe kwintengiselwano ayifuni mvume yomntu obophelelekileyo phantsi kwelungelo ledijithali elinjalo.
Ekubeni ii-DFA zibhekiswa kumthetho njengamalungelo edijithali, kufuneka kuthathwe ukuba zixhomekeke kwimimiselo yoBugcisa. I-141-1 Code Civil ye-Russian Federation.
Nangona kunjalo, ngokomthetho, ayingawo onke amalungelo edijithali ayimpahla yedijithali, umzekelo "amalungelo okusebenzisa idijithali" achazwe Federal Law yomhla 02.08.2019/259/20.07.2020 N XNUMX-FZ (njengoko uhlonyelwe nge-XNUMX/XNUMX/XNUMX) “Ekutsaleni utyalo-mali usebenzisa amaqonga otyalo-mali kunye nokwazisa izilungiso kwimithetho ethile ye-Russian Federation” ayisebenzi kwii-DFAs. Zine kuphela iindidi zamalungelo edijithali ezisebenza kwi-DFA:
- iimfuno zemali,
- ithuba lokusebenzisa amalungelo phantsi kokhuseleko lokulingana,
- amalungelo okuthatha inxaxheba kwinkunzi yenkampani edityanelweyo yesitokhwe ehlangeneyo noluntu,
- ilungelo lokufuna ukudluliselwa kweziqinisekiso zomgangatho wokukhutshwa
Iimfuno zemali ziimfuno zokudluliselwa kwemali, kuba I-ruble yaseRashiya okanye imali yangaphandle. Ngendlela, ii-cryptocurrencies ezifana neBitcoin kunye ne-Ethereum azikho imali.
Izibambiso zokukhutshwa ngokwenqanaba Umthetho woBumbano we-22.04.1996 ka-Epreli, 39 N 31.07.2020-FZ (njengoko ulungisiwe ngoJulayi XNUMX, XNUMX) “Kwi-Securities Market” zizo naziphi na izibambiso eziphawulwa ngaxeshanye ngezi mpawu zilandelayo:
- ukudibanisa isethi yepropati kunye namalungelo angewona propati axhomekeke kwisatifikethi, isabelo kunye nokuphunyezwa okungenamiqathango ngokuthobela ifom kunye nenkqubo esekwe ngulo Mthetho we-Federal;
- ifakwe kuhlelo okanye kuhlelo olongezelelweyo;
- babe imithamo elinganayo kunye nemiqathango yokusebenzisa amalungelo ngaphakathi komcimbi omnye, kungakhathaliseki ixesha lokufumana izibambiso;
Umthetho waseRashiya uquka izabelo, iibhondi, iinketho zomkhuphi kunye neerisithi zediphozithi zaseRashiya njengezibambiso zebakala lokukhupha.
Kufuneka kwakhona ichithwe ukuba i-DFA kwi-Russian Federation ibandakanya kuphela amalungelo okuthatha inxaxheba kwi-capital yenkampani ye-joint joint-stock, kodwa kungekhona amalungelo okuthatha inxaxheba kwezinye iinkampani zoshishino, ngokukodwa, azibandakanyi. amalungelo okuthatha inxaxheba kwinkampani enetyala elilinganiselweyo ebhaliswe kwi-Russian Federation. Apha kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba iinkampani okanye iinkampani ezibhalisiweyo kwezinye iindawo azikwazi ukuthobela ngokuthe ngqo iinkcazo zemibutho yoshishino esekwe ngumthetho weRussian Federation.
Imali yedijithali
Ngokutsho komhlathi 3 woBugcisa. 1 Umthetho:
Imali yedijithali yiseti yedatha ye-elektroniki (ikhowudi yedijithali okanye ukutyunjwa) equlethwe kwinkqubo yolwazi enikezelwayo kwaye (okanye) inokwamkelwa njengendlela yokuhlawula engeyiyo iyunithi yemali yeRussian Federation, iyunithi yemali ilizwe langaphandle kunye (okanye) imali yamazwe ngamazwe okanye iyunithi ye-akhawunti, kunye (okanye) njengotyalo-mali kwaye akukho mntu unyanzelekileyo kumnini ngamnye wedatha ye-elektroniki, ngaphandle komqhubi kunye (okanye) iindawo zokuhlala. yenkqubo yolwazi, abanyanzelekileyo kuphela ukuba baqinisekise ukuthotyelwa kwenkqubo yokukhutshwa kwezi datha ze-elektroniki kunye nokuphunyezwa ngokumalunga nabo izenzo zokwenza (ukutshintsha) iirekhodi kwinkqubo yolwazi olunjalo ngokwemigaqo yayo.
Akukacaci ngokupheleleyo ukuba kwakuthetha ukuthini “imali yamazwe ngamazwe okanye iyunithi yeakhawunti”; kwakhona, ngokusesikweni, ezi zinokuqwalaselwa. okanye Bitcoin, kwaye, ngoko, abayi kuba phantsi kwezithintelo ezibonelelwe ngumthetho weRussian Federation kwiimali zedijithali. Kodwa siya kucinga ukuba ekusebenzeni, i-Ripple okanye i-Bitcoin iya kuphathwa njengemali yedijithali.
Igatya elithi "ngokubhekiselele apho kungekho mntu ubophelelekile kumnini ngamnye wedatha enjalo ye-elektroniki" ibonisa ukuba sithetha nge-cryptocurrensets zakudala ezifana neBitcoin okanye i-Ether, ezidalwe phakathi kwaye azithethi izibophelelo zakhe nawuphi na umntu.
Ukuba loo ndlela yentlawulo ithetha uxanduva lwemali yomntu, nto leyo eyenzeka kwezinye stablecoins, ngoko ke ukusasazwa kwezixhobo ezinjalo kwi Russian Federation kuya kuba semthethweni ngaphandle kweenkqubo zolwazi ezivunyiweyo yiBhanki yaseRashiya okanye hayi ngokutshintshiselana okubhalisiweyo. abaqhubi, ngenxa yokuba ezo zixhobo ziwela phantsi kwenkcazo DFA.
Abahlali baseRussian Federation, ngokomthetho, banelungelo lokuba ngabanini, bathenge kwaye bathengise imali yedijithali, ukuboleka kunye nokuboleka, banike njengesipho, badlulisele ngelifa, kodwa abanalo ilungelo lokuyisebenzisa ukuhlawula. iimpahla, umsebenzi kunye neenkonzo (igatya lesi-5 leSiqendu 14 soMthetho) :
amaqumrhu asemthethweni umthetho wobuqu umthetho Russian, amasebe, ii-ofisi abameli kunye nezinye izahlulo ezahlukeneyo imibutho yamazwe ngamazwe kunye namaqumrhu asemthethweni angaphandle, iinkampani kunye namanye amaqumrhu equmrhu anegunya loluntu ngokwasemthethweni adalwe kummandla Russian Federation, abantu ngokwenene ibekwe Russian Federation. ubuncinane iintsuku ezili-183 phakathi kweenyanga ezili-12 ezilandelelanayo, akanalo ilungelo lokwamkela imali yedijithali njengoqwalaselo lweempahla ezidluliselwe ngabo, umsebenzi owenziwe ngabo, iinkonzo ezibonelelwa ngabo, okanye nayiphi na enye indlela evumela intlawulo ngemali yedijithali yempahla. (imisebenzi, iinkonzo).
Oko kukuthi, umhlali weRussian Federation unokuthenga imali yedijithali, uthi, ngeedola kumntu ongeyena umhlali, kwaye unokuyithengisa kumhlali ngeeruble. Kwangaxeshanye, inkqubo yolwazi esetyenziswayo apho oku kusenzeka khona ayinakuhlangabezana neemfuno ezichazwe kumthetho wenkqubo yolwazi apho iiDFAs zikhutshwa ngokungqinelana nalo Mthetho.
Kodwa umhlali weRussian Federation akakwazi ukwamkela imali yedijithali njengentlawulo okanye uyisebenzise ukuhlawula iimpahla, umsebenzi, okanye iinkonzo.
Oku kufana nolawulo lokusebenzisa imali yangaphandle kwi-Russian Federation, nangona kufuneka kugxininiswe ukuba imali ayikho imali yangaphandle, kwaye imimiselo yemithetho yemali yangaphandle ayisebenzi ngokuthe ngqo kwimali. Abahlali baseRussian Federation nabo banelungelo lokubamba, ukuthenga nokuthengisa imali yangaphandle. Kodwa ukusebenzisa, yithi, iidola zaseMelika kwiintlawulo azivumelekanga.
Umthetho awuthethi ngokuthe ngqo malunga nokwenzeka kokwazisa imali yedijithali kwinkunzi egunyazisiweyo yenkampani yezoshishino yaseRashiya. Kwi-Russian Federation, lo mkhuba sele wenziwe; i-bitcoin yongezwa kwinkunzi egunyazisiweyo yenkampani ye-Artel; oku kwenziwa ngokusesikweni ngokugqithiselwa kokufikelela kwi-wallet ye-elektroniki (bona. )
Ekubeni igalelo kwi-capital egunyazisiweyo ayikho intengiselwano yokuthengiswa kwemisebenzi okanye iinkonzo, sikholelwa ukuba lo Mthetho awukuthinteli ukuthengiselana okunjalo kwixesha elizayo.
Njengoko besitshilo ngaphambili (bona ) ngaphambi kokuba uMthetho usebenze kwiRussian Federation, kwakungekho zithintelo kwiintengiselwano kunye ne-cryptocurrency, kuquka ukutshintshiselana kwayo ngempahla, imisebenzi kunye neenkonzo. Kwaye, ngoko ke, "imali yedijithali" efunyenwe ngumhlali weRussian Federation xa ethengisa iimpahla zakhe, imisebenzi, iinkonzo ngokutshintshiselana ngemali yedijithali ngaphambi kokungena koMthetho, emva kokungena kwayo kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo njengepropati efunyenwe ngokusemthethweni.
Ukukhuselwa kwenkundla yabanini bemali yedijithali
Kumhlathi 6 woBugcisa. I-14 yoMthetho inala malungiselelo alandelayo:
Iimfuno zabantu ezichazwe kwicandelo 5 leli nqaku (abo. abahlali Russian Federation - ababhali) ezinxulumene nokuba nemali yedijithali ziphantsi kokhuseleko lwenkundla kuphela ukuba zinolwazi malunga neenyani zokuba nemali yedijithali kwaye ziqhube iintengiselwano kunye (okanye) nokusebenza ngemali yedijithali ngendlela esekwe ngumthetho weRussian Federation. iirhafu kunye neentlawulo.
Ngaloo ndlela, uMthetho umisela ukuba kubahlali be-Russian Federation, amalungelo ahambelana nokuba ne-digital currency axhomekeke ekukhuselweni kwenkundla kuphela ukuba ulwazi lunikezelwa kwi-ofisi yerhafu, kodwa kubantu abangengabo abahlali akukho mqathango onjalo.
Ezo. ukuba umntu uhlala kwi-Russian Federation ngaphantsi kweentsuku ezili-183 kwiinyanga ezizayo ezili-12 ezilandelelanayo, kwaye uboleke imali yedijithali komnye umntu, ngoko unokubuyisela imali yemali mboleko kwinkundla yaseRashiya, kungakhathaliseki ukuba wazisa abasemagunyeni berhafu malunga. intengiselwano, kodwa ukuba ungumhlali RF, ngoko ukwamkelwa okanye ukwaneliseka kwebango lembuyekezo yemali mboleko ngokwentsingiselo yeli nqaku kufuneka kwaliwe ukuba kufunyaniswe ukuba ummangali akazange axelele abasemagunyeni berhafu malunga nentengiselwano yemali-mboleko.
Oku, ngokuqinisekileyo, lilungiselelo elichasene nomgaqo-siseko kwaye akufanele lisetyenziswe ziinkundla xa zisebenza.
Icandelo 1 ubugcisa. UMgaqo-siseko weRussian Federation umisela ukuba wonke umntu uyalingana phambi komthetho kunye nenkundla, kwaye abantu abangengabo abahlali akufuneki babe nokhuseleko lwenkundla kunabahlali.
Kodwa nokuba isithintelo esinjalo sithe saziswa kwabo bangengabo abahlali, bekuya kuba kokuchasene nomgaqo-siseko, kuba. Icandelo 1 Art. UMgaqo-siseko weRussian Federation uqinisekisa wonke umntu ukhuseleko lwenkundla lwamalungelo abo.
Kufuneka kwakhona kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba I-European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights, esebenzayo kwi-Russian Federation, iqinisekisa wonke umntu ilungelo lokuxoxwa kwetyala xa kukho ingxabano malunga namalungelo kunye neembopheleleko.
Inkqubo yolwazi kunye nomsebenzisi wenkqubo yolwazi.
Isolotya le-9 art. 1 yoMthetho ithi:
Iingcamango "inkqubo yolwazi" kunye "nomqhubi wenkqubo yolwazi" zisetyenziswe kulo Mthetho we-Federal kwiintsingiselo ezichazwe nguMthetho we-Federal No. 27-FZ kaJulayi 2006, 149 "Kwingcaciso, iteknoloji yolwazi kunye nokukhuselwa kolwazi".
iqulethe le nkcazelo ilandelayo yenkqubo yolwazi (isolotya lesi-3 lenqaku lesi-2) kunye nomsebenzisi wenkqubo yolwazi (isolotya le-12 lenqaku lesi-3):
inkqubo yolwazi - iseti yolwazi oluqulethwe koovimba beenkcukacha kunye nobuchwepheshe bolwazi kunye neendlela zobugcisa eziqinisekisa ukusetyenzwa kwayo
umqhubi wenkqubo yolwazi - ummi okanye iqumrhu elisemthethweni elibandakanyeka ekusebenzeni inkqubo yolwazi, kubandakanywa nokucubungula ulwazi oluqulethwe kwiinkcukacha zayo.
Umthetho useka inani leemfuno zenkqubo yolwazi apho iirekhodi zingenziwa khona ngoncedo apho ukujikelezwa kwee-asethi zemali yedijithali kubhalwe phantsi. Ezi mfuno zinje ukuba ngokobuchwephesha inkqubo yolwazi enjalo ayinakho nangayiphi na indlela ukuba yibhloko okanye irejistri esasazwayo ekuqondeni okwamkelweyo ngokubanzi kwale migaqo.
Ngokukodwa, sithetha ngento yokuba inkqubo enjalo yolwazi (emva koku kuthiwa yi-IS) kufuneka ibe "nomqhubi wenkqubo yolwazi".
Isigqibo sokukhupha i-DFA sinokwenzeka kuphela ngokuthunyelwa kwesi sigqibo kwiwebhusayithi ye-IS yomsebenzisi. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba umqhubi wenqaba ukuthumela eso sigqibo kwiwebhusayithi yakhe, ngoko i-DFA ayikwazi ukukhutshwa phantsi koMthetho.
Kuphela iqumrhu elisemthethweni laseRashiya linokuba ngumqhubi we-IS, kwaye kuphela emva kokuba libandakanyiwe yiBhanki yaseRashiya "kwirejista yabaqhubi benkqubo yolwazi" (Igatya 1, iSiqendu sesi-5 soMthetho). Ukuba umqhubi akabandakanywanga kwirejista, imisebenzi kunye ne-DFAs kwi-IS imisiwe (Igatya le-10, iSiqendu sesi-7 soMthetho).
Umsebenzisi wenkqubo yolwazi apho ulwazi lukhutshwe khona unyanzelekile ukuba aqinisekise ukuba kunokwenzeka ukubuyisela ukufikelela komnini we-asethi yemali yedijithali kwiirekhodi zenkqubo yolwazi ngesicelo somnini we-asethi yemali yedijithali, ukuba ukufikelela okunjalo kuye kwaba njalo. ulahlekelwe nguye (isolotya loku-1, isiqendu 1, inqaku lesi-6 loMthetho). Ayicacisi ukuba kuthetha ukuthini "ukufikelela", nokuba kuthetha ukufikelela ekufundeni okanye ukubhala ukufikelela, nangona kunjalo, kwintsingiselo yesigatshana sesi-2 soBuchule. 6 kunokucingelwa ukuba umsebenzisi kufuneka abe nolawulo olupheleleyo kumalungelo omsebenzisi:
Umqhubi wenkqubo yolwazi apho ukukhutshwa kwempahla yemali yedijithali kuqhutywe unyanzelekile ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukungena (utshintsho) lweerekhodi malunga nempahla yemali yedijithali ngesiseko sesenzo somthetho, uxwebhu olulawulayo oluye lwangena kumandla omthetho, kubandakanywa nesigqibo somkhokeli wenkundla, izenzo zamanye amaqumrhu kunye namagosa xa besenza imisebenzi yabo ebonelelwe ngumthetho weRussian Federation, okanye isatifikethi selungelo lelifa elikhutshwe ngendlela echazwe ngumthetho, ukubonelela ukudluliselwa kwedijithali. ii-asethi zemali zohlobo oluthile ngokolandelelwano lwehlabathi lonke, kungadlulanga usuku lokusebenza olulandela usuku lokufumana isicelo esihambelanayo yinkqubo yolwazi yomqhubi.
Ngokuhambelana nomhlathi 7 woBugcisa. 6 Umthetho:
Isiphumo sokufunyanwa kwezinto zedijithali ezihlangabezana nemigaqo echazwe yiBhanki yaseRashiya ngokungqinelana neCandelo 9 leSiqendu 4 salo Mthetho Federal ngumntu ongengomtyali-mali ofanelekileyo, kubandakanywa ukuba loo mntu uvunyiweyo ngokungekho mthethweni. umtyali-mali ofanelekileyo, luxanduva lomsebenzisi wenkqubo yolwazi, apho imiba enjalo asethi yemali yedijithali, uxanduva, ngesicelo somntu othe wafumana i-asethi yemali yedijithali, ukuthenga ezi asethi zemali yedijithali kuye ngeendleko zakhe. uze umbuyisele zonke iindleko anazo.
Enyanisweni, oku kuthetha ukuba ukuthengiselana kunye ne-DFAs, ukufunyanwa okunokuthi kuqhutywe kuphela ngumntu otyalo-mali ofanelekileyo, ukuhanjiswa kwe-DFAs akuyi kwenziwa ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa ngumqhubi we-IP.
Ububanzi bomthetho weRussian Federation kwiinkonzo zemali zedijithali.
Ngokuhambelana nomhlathi 5 woBugcisa. 1 Umthetho:
Umthetho waseRashiya usebenza kubudlelwane obusemthethweni obuvela ngexesha lokukhutshwa, ukubalwa kwemali kunye nokusasazwa kwee-asethi zemali yedijithali ngokuhambelana nalo Mthetho we-Federal, kubandakanywa nokuthatha inxaxheba kwabantu bangaphandle.
Ukuba sisondela kolu qulunqo ngokusesikweni, ngoko ke umthetho waseRashiya usebenza kuphela kwezo asethi zemali umba, ubalo-mali kunye nokusasazwa kwazo okwenzeka kanye njengoko kuchaziwe kuMthetho. Ukuba kwenzeka ngokuhlukileyo, ngoko umthetho waseRashiya awusebenzi kubo konke. Nokuba bonke abathathi-nxaxheba kwintengiselwano bangabahlali beRussian Federation, bonke abancedisi bakwiRussian Federation, umxholo wentengiselwano zizabelo okanye izibophelelo zemali zenkampani yaseRussia, kodwa i-IP ayisebenzi njengoko kuchaziwe kumthetho, ke. ingaphandle kobubanzi bomthetho waseRashiya. Isiphelo sisengqiqweni ngokupheleleyo, kodwa siyamangalisa. Mhlawumbi ababhali bomthetho bafuna ukuthetha into eyahlukileyo, kodwa bayiqulunqa ngendlela ababeyiqulunqe ngayo.
Olunye utoliko olunokwenzeka: Umthetho waseRashiya usebenza kuyo nayiphi na i-asethi yemali yedijithali echazwe kumthetho, nakwizigqeba zangaphandle. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba umxholo wentengiselwano uwela ngaphakathi kwenkcazo ye-CFA emthethweni, nokuba amaqela kwintengiselwano ngabantu bangaphandle, umthetho waseRashiya kufuneka usetyenziswe kwintengiselwano. Ngamanye amazwi, ngolu hlobo lutoliko, umthetho waseRashiya unabela kwimisebenzi yazo zonke ii-stock exchanges kwiibhondi zokurhweba zehlabathi kunye nezinye izixhobo eziwela phantsi kwenkcazo ye-DFA phantsi komthetho waseRashiya. Sikholelwa ukuba utoliko olunjalo alulunganga, kuba asinakucinga ukuba lo Mthetho unokulawula imisebenzi, ithi, iTokyo okanye iLondon Stock Exchange ukuba iintengiselwano zenziwa apho kunye neebhondi ze-elektroniki kunye nezinye izinto eziwela phantsi kwengcamango ye-DFA.
Ngokusebenza, sicinga ukuba kuya kubakho ukuvinjelwa kokufikelela kwabahlali baseRussian Federation kuyo nayiphi na "iinkqubo zolwazi" ezingahambelani neemfuno zoMthetho, i.e. kuyo nayiphi na engavunywanga yiBhanki yaseRashiya, kubandakanywa utshintshiselwano lwangaphandle kunye neenkqubo ezisekelwe kwi-blockchain, ngaphandle kwe-"digital asset exchange operator" (jonga umhlathi 1 weSiqendu 10 soMthetho).
Abaqhubi botshintshiselwano lwe-asethi yemali yedijithali
Ngokutsho kweCandelo 1 loBugcisa. I-10 yoMthetho (ugxininiso longezwe ngababhali):
Ukuthengwa nokuthengiswa kwee-asethi zemali yedijithali, ezinye iintengiselwano ezinxulumene ne-asethi yemali yedijithali, kuquka ukutshintshiselana nge-asethi yemali yedijithali yolunye uhlobo lwe-asethi yemali yedijithali yolunye uhlobo okanye amalungelo edijithali anikezelwe ngumthetho, kuquka utshintshiselwano ngempahla yedijithali ekhutshwe kwiinkqubo zolwazi eziququzelelwe ngokuhambelana nomthetho wamazwe angaphandle, kunye nokuthengiselana ngamalungelo edijithali, aquka ngaxeshanye asethi yemali yedijithali kunye namanye amalungelo edijithali, aqhutywa ngokusebenzisa umqhubi wotshintshiselwano lwe-asethi yemali yedijithali, eqinisekisa ukuqukunjelwa kweentengiselwano ngempahla yedijithali yemali ngokuqokelela nokuthelekisa izicelo ezikwiindlela ezininzi zentengiselwano enjalo okanye ngokuthabatha inxaxheba ngeendleko zakhe kwintengiselwano ngempahla yedijithali njengenxalenye yentengiselwano enjalo ngokomdla wamaqela esithathu.
Kulapho i-blockchain iqala khona.
Njengoko sele siseke ngasentla, ngokoMthetho kwi-Russian Federation, akunakwenzeka ukukhupha amaxwebhu emali yedijithali usebenzisa i-blockchain; ngokoMthetho, nayiphi na inkqubo yolwazi, kubandakanywa "irejista esasazwayo" kufuneka ibekwe ngokungqongqo.
Nangona kunjalo, eli nqaku linika ilungelo kubahlali baseRussian Federation ukuba baqhubele phambili ukuthengiselana ngempahla yedijithali ekhutshwe kwiinkqubo zolwazi ezihlelwe ngokuhambelana nomthetho wangaphandle (oko kukuthi, kwiinkqubo zolwazi ezingasafanelanga ukuba zihambelane neemfuno zomthetho waseRashiya) , ukuba loo ntengiselwano ibonelelwa ngumqhubi wotshintshiselwano lwe-asethi yemali yedijithali (emva koku kubhekiselwa kuyo njenge- OOTsFA).
I-OOCFA inokuqinisekisa ukuqukunjelwa kwezo ntengiselwano ngeendlela ezimbini ezichazwe kuMthetho:
1) Ngokuqokelela kunye nokuthelekisa izicelo ezininzi zeentengiselwano ezinjalo.
2) Ngokuthatha inxaxheba ngeendleko zakho kwintengiselwano kunye nezixhobo zemali zedijithali njengeqela kwintengiselwano enjalo kwiminqweno yamaqela esithathu.
Oku akuchazwanga ngokuthe ngqo kuMthetho, kodwa kubonakala ngathi i-OOCFA inokuthengisa kwaye ithenge iimali zedijithali ngemali (kwiintengiselwano kunye nabahlali baseRussian Federation - kwii-ruble, kunye nabangengabo abahlali bemali yangaphandle).
Umntu ofanayo unokuba ngumqhubi wotshintshiselwano lwempahla yemali yedijithali kunye nomsebenzisi wenkqubo yolwazi apho ukukhutshwa kunye nokujikeleza kwempahla yemali yedijithali kwenziwa.
Ngokwalo mthetho, i-OOCFA ijika ibe luhlobo lwe-analogue ye-crypto exchange. IBhanki yaseRashiya iya kugcina "irejista yabaqhubi be-asethi yedijithali yemali," kwaye ngabantu kuphela ababandakanyiweyo kwirejista abaya kukwazi ukwenza imisebenzi enjalo.
I-OOCFA kwi-Russian Federation inokusebenza njengesango phakathi "kwamanye amazwe", iinkqubo eziphantsi kolawulo (kubonakala ngathi kulo mba kunomdla ngakumbi. ), kunye nenkqubo yezemali yeRussian Federation. Kuyafana nakwi , ii-akhawunti zabasebenzisi kwi-OOCFA zinokubonisa amalungelo kwii-asethi ezikhutshwe kwiinkqubo zokwabela amagunya, kwaye zinokugqithiswa ukusuka kwiakhawunti yomsebenzisi ukuya komnye umsebenzisi, kunye nokuthengwa nokuthengiswa ngemali. Akunakwenzeka ukuthenga ngokuthe ngqo ii-DFA ze-CVs kwi-Russian Federation, kodwa i-OOCFA inokubonelela ngethuba lokuthengisa ii-CFs ngemali kwaye uthenge i-DFAs ngemali efanayo.
Ngamanye amazwi, kwi-IS esembindini, imisebenzi inokuqhutywa nge-asethi yezemali yedijithali ekhutshwe kwiinkqubo "zangaphandle", ngokukodwa, zinokufunyanwa kumaqela angaphandle asuka kwiinkqubo zokwabela amagunya, okanye adityaniswe kwamanye amazwe ngokugqithiselwa inkqubo yokwabela amagunya.
Umzekelo: I-OOCFA inokubonelela abahlali baseRussian Federation ngeenkonzo zokuthenga uhlobo oluthile lwe-DFA ekhutshwe kwi-blockchain ye-Ethereum. I-asethi ethengiweyo kwinkqubo ye-Ethereum ifumaneka kwidilesi ye-OOCFA (ukusuka kumalungiselelo oMthetho kulandela ukuba i-OOCFA inokukwenza oku), kwaye kwinkqubo yolwazi apho i-OOCFA ingumqhubi, le mpahla iya kubonakala kwi-asethi. iakhawunti yomhlali weRussian Federation. Oku nokuba ngandlela ithile kwenza kube lula ukuba umhlali Russian Federation ukuba asebenze kunye asethi ezinjalo, ukuba uqhelene ngakumbi ukusebenza kunye neenkqubo centralized, ukufikelela apho kuqhutywa ngokusebenzisa igama lokungena kunye negama lokugqitha, kunokuba kunye neenkqubo decentralized ngokusekelwe izitshixo ze-cryptographic, ukulahlekelwa kwayo, umzekelo, ayithethi ukuba kunokwenzeka ukubuyisela ukufikelela.
Umhlali we-Russian Federation one-DFAs kwi-akhawunti yakhe kwi-OOCFA unokuthengisa okanye ukutshintshiselana ngezi DFAs usebenzisa i-OOCFA, kunye nelinye iqela kwintengiselwano ingaba ngumhlali one-akhawunti kunye ne-OOCFA efanayo, okanye i-non- umhlali osebenzisa inkqubo “yangaphandle” yokwabela amagunya.
Imizekelo yee-asethi zedijithali.
Izabelo / izabelo zenkampani kwi-blockchain.
I-corporation yokuqala yehlabathi izabelo zayo zichazwe ngokusemthethweni kwiimpawu kwi-blockchain ye-Ethereum yabhaliswa kwi-2016 kwiRiphabhlikhi yaseMarshall Islands. . Ku Iqumrhu liseke la malungiselelo alandelayo:
Izabelo ze-corporation zimelwe ngamathokheni akhutshwe ngekhompyutha kwikhontrakthi ehlakaniphile efakwe kwidilesi. kwi-blockchain ye-Ethereum.
Ukutshintshwa kwezabelo ze-corporation kunokwenziwa kuphela ngendlela yokudluliselwa kwamathokheni amele izabelo kwi-smart contract echaziweyo. Alukho olunye uhlobo lodluliselo lwezabelo oluya kuthathwa lusemthethweni.
Kwimeko yeCoinOffering Ltd. imithetho enjalo yasekwa ngumqulu wequmrhu ngokwalo, kusetyenziswa ulawulo lwenkululeko. Bona iinkcukacha ezininzi.
Okwangoku, kukho amagunya apho umthetho ubonelela ngokuthe ngqo ukuba kunokwenzeka ukugcina irejista yezabelo / abanini-zabelo kwi-blockchain, ngakumbi amazwe aseMelika aseDelaware (bona. kunye neWyoming (bona )
Ngoku kukho iiprojekthi eziphuhlisa amaqonga okukhutshwa kwezabelo ze-elektroniki kwi-blockchain usebenzisa umthetho wale mimandla, umzekelo,
UMthetho omtsha uvula amathuba okudala izakhiwo ezifanayo kwi-Russian Federation. Ezi zinokuba zizakhiwo ezixubileyo ngendlela yenkampani yangaphandle, umzekelo e-USA, ekhuphe izabelo ze-tokenized kwi-decentralized blockchain, kwaye ine-subsidiary kwi-Russian Federation, kwaye ezi zabelo ezinophawu zingathengwa (kwaye zithengiswa. ) ngabahlali baseRussian Federation ngokusebenzisa umqhubi wedijithali wotshintshiselwano lwemali ye-asethi yemali ngokuhambelana noMthetho omtsha.
Amatyala e-elektroniki.
Uhlobo lokuqala lwe-DFA othetha ngalo uMthetho “ngamabango emali”.
Olona hlobo lufanelekileyo noluqhelekileyo lwamabango emali anokuhanjiswa ukusuka komnye umntu ukuya komnye . Ngokubanzi, i-bill yotshintshiselwano sisixhobo sokuhlawula esilungele kakhulu kwaye esicingisiswe kakuhle; ngaphezu koko, kunokuthiwa kudala, kwaye kuphuhliswe okuninzi kunye nayo. Kuya kuba mnandi kakhulu ukuphumeza ukujikeleziswa kwamatyala kwi-blockchain, ngakumbi kuba umbono we-DFA kuMthetho ubonisa ngokukhawuleza oku.
Nangona kunjalo, Art. 4 iiseti:
I-bill yotshintshiselwano kunye ne-promissory note kufuneka zidweliswe kuphela ephepheni (ikopi eprintiweyo)
Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuphumeza ngokusebenzayo "amalungelo edijithali abandakanya amabango emali" ekubhekiselwe kuwo kwigatya lesi-2 loBugcisa. I-1 yoMthetho ngendlela yamathokheni kwi-blockchain?
Sikholelwa ukuba oku kunokwenzeka ngokusekelwe koku kulandelayo:
Isebenza kwi-Russian Federation .
Ubugcisa. 3 yale Ngqungquthela iseka:
Ifomu apho izibophelelo zithathwa phantsi kwebhilidi yokutshintshiselana okanye i-promissory note imiselwa ngumthetho welizwe apho ezi zibophelelo zasayinwa khona.
Oko kukuthi, Art. 4 tbsp. 4 kufuneka isetyenziswe ngokuqwalasela imimiselo yoBugcisa. 3 .
Ukuba izibophelelo phantsi kwebhili yokutshintshiselana zisayinwe kwintsimi yeRussian Federation, ngoko ukusayinwa okunjalo kufuneka kwenziwe kuphela ephepheni, kodwa ukuba izibophelelo phantsi kwebhili yokutshintshiselana zasayinwa kwindawo apho iibhili zokutshintshiselana kwifom ye-elektroniki zikhoyo. ayithintelwanga, kodwa ibhili yotshintshiselwano olunjalo, ngenxa yezibonelelo nokuba ifunyenwe kwintsimi ye-Russian Federation kunye / okanye ibanjwe ngumhlali we-Russian Federation, iya kusebenza. Ukuthobela iimfuno zoMthetho, kwakhona, uyilo lwe-hybrid lunokwenzeka, apho i-bill yokutshintshiselana ekhutshwe ngokuhambelana nomthetho wangaphandle ingaqwalaselwa kwi-Russian Federation njenge-DFA (ibango lemali) kwaye ifunyenwe / inikezelwe nge-DFA. umsebenzi wotshintshiselwano ngabahlali baseRussian Federation, nokuba ayiqwalaselwanga ngokusesikweni umthetho oyilwayo phantsi komthetho waseRashiya (kuthathela ingqalelo imiqathango yeSiqendu 4 )
Ngokomzekelo, ukukhutshwa kweebhili ze-elektroniki ezinjalo ngokuhambelana nomthetho wesiNgesi kunokwenzeka kwiqonga (i-CM. ). Indawo yokukhutshwa kwebhili kunye nentlawulo kwi-bill inokuba e-UK, nangona kunjalo, ii-DFA ezinjalo zinokufunyanwa kwaye zihlulwe ngabahlali baseRashiya ngokusebenzisa umqhubi wotshintshiselwano lwe-asethi yemali yedijithali, kwaye banokusasazwa kwinkqubo yolwazi oluphakathi oluqhutywa yi. umhlali weRussian Federation ngokuhambelana nezibonelelo zoMthetho.
Isiphetho.
Ngokubanzi, umthetho uzisa izithintelo ezibalulekileyo ekusebenziseni imali yedijithali xa kuthelekiswa nemeko ekhoyo kwi-Russian Federation. Kwangaxeshanye, ivula amathuba umdla ukusebenza kunye "asethi zemali digital" (DFAs), nto leyo, nangona kunjalo, ifuna indlela efanelekileyo kwicala labaqhubi inkqubo yolwazi kunye nabaqhubi digital asethi lwemali ebhaliswe yiBhanki yaseRashiya.
Ukuprintwa kwangaphambili.
Ababhali: ,
Uncwadi, amakhonkco, imithombo:
- Sazhenov A. V. I-Cryptocurrencies: ukuchithwa kwezinto kumthetho woluntu. Umthetho. 2018, 9, 115.
- Tolkachev A.Yu., Zhuzhalov M.B. I-Cryptocurrency njengepropathi - uhlalutyo lwemeko yomthetho yangoku. Ibhulethi yobulungisa kwezoqoqosho kwiRussian Federation. 2018, 9, 114-116.
- Efimova L.G. Ii-Cryptocurrencies njengento yomthetho woluntu. Ezoqoqosho kunye nomthetho. 2019, 4, 17-25.
umthombo: www.habr.com