Sinomdla kwisihloko sokungaziwa kwi-cryptocurrencies ixesha elide kwaye sizame ukulandela ukuphuhliswa kobuchwepheshe kule ndawo. Kumanqaku ethu sele sixoxe ngokubanzi ngemigaqo yokusebenza eMonero, kwaye nayo yenziwa itekhnoloji ekhoyo kulo mmandla. Nangona kunjalo, zonke ii-cryptocurrencies ezingaziwa namhlanje zakhiwe kwimodeli yedatha ecetywayo yi-Bitcoin - I-Unspent Transaction Output (emva koku i-UTXO). Kwiibhloko ezisekelwe kwi-akhawunti njenge-Ethereum, izisombululo ezikhoyo zokuphumeza ukungaziwa kunye nobumfihlo (umzekelo, okanye ) wazama ukuphindaphinda imodeli ye-UTXO kwiikontraki ezihlakaniphile.
NgoFebruwari 2019, iqela labaphandi abavela kwiYunivesithi yaseStanford kunye noPhando lweVisa kukhutshwa "I-Zether: Ngokubhekiselele kwimfihlo kwihlabathi leekhontrakthi ezihlakaniphile." Ababhali babe ngabokuqala ukucebisa indlela yokuqinisekisa ukungaziwa kwi-akhawunti-based blockchains kwaye babonise iinguqulelo ezimbini zekhontrakthi ehlakaniphile: ngokuyimfihlo (ukufihla ibhalansi kunye neemali zokudlulisa) kunye nokungaziwa (ukufihla umamkeli kunye nomthumeli) ukuthengiselana. Sifumana iteknoloji ecetywayo inomdla kwaye ingathanda ukwabelana ngokuyila kwayo, kunye nokuthetha malunga nokuba kutheni ingxaki yokungaziwa kwi-blockchains esekelwe kwi-akhawunti ithathwa njengento enzima kakhulu kwaye ingaba ababhali bakwazi ukuyicombulula ngokupheleleyo.
Malunga nolwakhiwo lwale mifuziselo yedatha
Kwimodeli ye-UTXO, ukuthengiselana kubandakanya "iimpembelelo" kunye "neziphumo". I-analogue ethe ngqo "yeziphumo" ngamatyala kwi-wallet yakho: nganye "imveliso" inehlelo elithile. Xa uhlawula umntu (ukwenza ukuthengiselana) uchitha "imveliso" enye okanye ngaphezulu, apho imeko iba "yigalelo" lentengiselwano, kwaye i-blockchain ibeka uphawu lokuba ichithekile. Kule meko, ummkeli wentlawulo yakho (okanye wena ngokwakho, ukuba ufuna utshintsho) ufumana "iziphumo" ezisanda kuveliswa. Oku kunokumelwa ngokucwangcisekileyo ngolu hlobo:
Iibhloko ezisekwe kwiakhawunti zicwangciswe kakhulu njengeakhawunti yakho yebhanki. Bajongana kuphela nemali kwi-akhawunti yakho kunye nemali yokudluliselwa. Xa udlulisela imali ethile kwi-akhawunti yakho, awuyi kutshisa nayiphi na "imveliso", inethiwekhi ayifuni ukukhumbula ukuba zeziphi iimali ezisetyenzisiweyo kwaye ezingakhange zikhunjulwe. Kweyona meko ilula, ukuqinisekiswa kwentengiselwano yehla ekujongeni utyikityo lomthumeli kunye nemali kwibhalansi yakhe:
Uhlalutyo lweteknoloji
Okulandelayo, siza kuthetha ngendlela uZether afihla ngayo imali yentengiselwano, umamkeli, kunye nomthumeli. Njengoko sichaza imigaqo yokusebenza kwayo, siya kuqaphela ukungafani kwiinguqulelo eziyimfihlo kunye nezingaziwa. Ekubeni kulula kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ubumfihlo kwi-blockchains esekelwe kwi-akhawunti, ezinye izithintelo ezibekwe ngokungaziwa aziyi kufaneleka kwinguqu eyimfihlo yeteknoloji.
Ukufihla ibhalansi kunye nemali yokudluliselwa
Inkqubo yoguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo isetyenziselwa ukuguqulela iibhalansi kunye nezixa-mali kwiZether . Isebenza ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Xa uAlice efuna ukuthumela uBob b Iingqekembe ngedilesi (isitshixo sayo sikawonke-wonke) Y, ukhetha inombolo engaqhelekanga r kwaye ifihla inani:
apho C -Imali efihliweyo, D - ixabiso elincedisayo eliyimfuneko ukucacisa le mali, G - indawo esisigxina kwi-elliptic curve, xa iphindaphindwe ngesitshixo esiyimfihlo, isitshixo sikawonke-wonke sifunyenwe.
Xa uBob efumana la maxabiso, uvele wongeze kwibhalansi yakhe efihliweyo ngendlela efanayo, yiyo loo nto esi sikimu sifanelekile.
Ngokufanayo, u-Alice ususa amaxabiso afanayo kwibhalansi yakhe, kuphela nje Y isebenzisa isitshixo sakho sikawonke-wonke.
Ukufihla umamkeli kunye nomthumeli
Ukuxubha "iziphumo" kwi-UTXO zibuyela kwiintsuku zokuqala ze-cryptocurrencies kwaye kunceda ukufihla umthumeli. Ukwenza oku, umthumeli ngokwakhe, xa esenza ukudluliselwa, uqokelela "iziphumo" ezingahleliwe kwi-blockchain kwaye azixube kunye nezakhe. Emva koko, utyikitya "iziphumo" ngesignesha yeringi-i-cryptographic mechanism emvumela ukuba aqinisekise umqinisekisi ukuba iimali zomthumeli zikhona phakathi "kweziphumo" ezibandakanyekayo. Iingqekembe ezixutywe ngokwazo, ngokuqinisekileyo, azichithwanga.
Nangona kunjalo, asiyi kukwazi ukuvelisa iziphumo zobuxoki ukufihla umamkeli. Ngoko ke, kwi-UTXO, "imveliso" nganye inedilesi yayo ekhethekileyo, kwaye i-cryptographically idibene nedilesi yommkeli wezi ngqekembe. Okwangoku, akukho ndlela yokuchonga ubudlelwane phakathi kwedilesi yesiphumo esisodwa kunye nedilesi yomamkeli ngaphandle kokwazi izitshixo zayo eziyimfihlo.
Kwimodeli esekelwe kwi-akhawunti, asikwazi ukusebenzisa iidilesi zexesha elinye (ngaphandle koko iya kuba sele imodeli "yokuphuma"). Ke ngoko, umamkeli kunye nomthumeli kufuneka baxutywe phakathi kwezinye iiakhawunti kwi-blockchain. Kule meko, i-encrypted 0 zemali zitsalwa kwii-akhawunti ezixubeneyo (okanye i-0 yongezwa ukuba ummkeli uxutywe), ngaphandle kokutshintsha ngokwenene ibhalansi yabo yokwenyani.
Ekubeni bobabini umthumeli kunye nommkeli bahlala benedilesi esisigxina, kuba yimfuneko ukusebenzisa amaqela afanayo ukuxuba xa udlulisela kwiidilesi ezifanayo. Kulula ukujonga oku ngomzekelo.
Masithi uAlice ugqibe ekubeni enze igalelo kwisisa sikaBob, kodwa ukhetha ukuba udluliselo luhlale lungaziwa kumntu ongaphandle. Emva koko, ukuze azifihle kwintsimi yomthumeli, naye ungena kwi-akhawunti ka-Adam no-Adele. Kwaye ukufihla uBob, yongeza iakhawunti kaBen kunye noBill kwintsimi yabamkeli. Ukwenza igalelo elilandelayo, uAlice wagqiba kwelokuba abhale uAlex noAmanda ecaleni kwakhe, kunye noBruce noBenjen ecaleni kukaBob. Kule meko, xa uhlalutya i-blockchain kwezi ntengiselwano zimbini, kukho isibini esidibeneyo sabathathi-nxaxheba-u-Alice no-Bob, obangela ukungaziwa kwezi ntengiselwano.
Imidyarho yentengiselwano
Njengoko sele sichazile, ukufihla ibhalansi yakho kwiinkqubo ezisekelwe kwi-akhawunti, umsebenzisi ubhala ibhalansi yakhe kunye nemali yokudluliselwa. Ngelo xesha, kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba ibhalansi kwi-akhawunti yakhe ihlala ingekho-negative. Ingxaki kukuba xa udala ukuthengiselana, umsebenzisi wakha ubungqina malunga nemeko yakhe yangoku yeakhawunti. Kwenzeka ntoni ukuba uBob uthumela intengiselwano ku-Alice, kwaye yamkelwe ngaphambi kokuba ithunyelwe ngu-Alice? Emva koko ukuthengiselana kuka-Alice kuya kuthathwa njengokungavumelekanga, ekubeni ubungqina bebhalansi bakhiwa ngaphambi kokuba uBob wamkelwe.
Isigqibo sokuqala esiza kwimeko enjalo kukumisa i-akhawunti de kube kuqhutywe ukuthengiselana. Kodwa le ndlela ayifanelekanga, kuba ukongeza kubunzima bokusombulula ingxaki enjalo kwinkqubo esasazwayo, kwisikimu esingaziwa asiyi kucaca ukuba i-akhawunti ye-akhawunti iyakuvimba.
Ukuyicombulula le ngxaki, iteknoloji iyahlula ukuthengiselana okungenayo kunye nokuphumayo: inkcitho inefuthe elikhawulezayo kwiphepha lomncono, ngelixa iirisithi zinefuthe elibaziweyo. Ukwenza oku, ingcamango ye "epoch" yaziswa - iqela leebhloko zobukhulu obumiselweyo. "I-epoch" yangoku inqunywe ngokwahlula ubude bebhloko ngobungakanani beqela. Xa kusetyenzwa ukuthengiselana, inethiwekhi ngokukhawuleza ihlaziya ibhalansi yomthumeli kwaye igcina imali yommkeli kwitanki yokugcina. Iimali eziqokelelweyo zenziwa zifumaneke kumntu ohlawulwayo kuphela xa βixeshaβ elitsha liqala.
Ngenxa yoko, umsebenzisi unokuthumela ukuthengiselana kungakhathaliseki ukuba imali ifunyenwe kaninzi kangakanani (ngokuba ibhalansi yakhe ivumela, kunjalo). Ubungakanani be-epoch bumiselwe ngokusekwe kwindlela iibhloko ezikhawuleza ngayo ukusasazeka kwinethiwekhi kunye nokuba ukukhawuleza kungene intengiselwano kwibhloko.
Esi sisombululo sisebenza kakuhle ukudluliselwa okuyimfihlo, kodwa ngokuthengiselana okungaziwa, njengoko siza kubona kamva, kudala iingxaki ezinzulu.
Ukukhuselwa kuhlaselo lokuphinda-phinda
Kwi-akhawunti-based blockchains, intengiselwano nganye isayinwe sisitshixo sangasese somthumeli, esiqinisekisa umqinisekisi ukuba intengiselwano ayilungiswanga kwaye yenziwe ngumnini wesi sitshixo. Kodwa kuthekani ukuba umhlaseli obemamele isitishi sothumelo uyawuthintela lo myalezo aze athumele kanye owesibini ofanayo? Umqinisekisi uya kuqinisekisa isiginitsha yentengiselwano kwaye uya kuqiniseka ngobubhali bayo, kwaye inethwekhi iya kubhala isixa esifanayo kwibhalansi yomthumeli kwakhona.
Olu hlaselo lubizwa ngokuba luhlaselo lokuphinda-phinda. Kwimodeli ye-UTXO, uhlaselo olunjalo alufanelekanga, ekubeni umhlaseli uya kuzama ukusebenzisa iziphumo ezichithiweyo, nto leyo ngokwayo ayisebenzi kwaye iyanqatshwa yinethiwekhi.
Ukuthintela oku kungenzeki, intsimi enedatha engahleliweyo yakhiwe kwi-transaction, ebizwa ngokuba yi-nonce okanye nje "ityuwa". Xa uphinda uthumela intengiselwano ngetyuwa, umqinisekisi ujonge ukubona ukuba i-nonce isetyenzisiwe ngaphambili kwaye, ukuba akunjalo, iqwalasela ukuthengiselana okusemthethweni. Ukuze ungagcini yonke imbali ye-nonces yomsebenzisi kwi-blockchain, ngokuqhelekileyo kwintengiselwano yokuqala ibekwe ngokulingana no-zero, kwaye yanda enye. Inethiwekhi inokujonga kuphela ukuba i-nonce yentengiselwano entsha iyahluka ukusuka kwenye yangaphambili nganye.
Kwiskimu sodluliselo esingaziwa, ingxaki yokuqinisekisa ii-nonces zentengiselwano ivela. Asinako ukubophelela ngokucacileyo i-nonce kwidilesi yomthumeli, kuba, ngokucacileyo, oku kuchaza ugqithiselo. Kananjalo asinako ukongeza enye kwi-nonces yazo zonke ii-akhawunti ezithatha inxaxheba, njengoko oku kunokungqubana nolunye udluliselo oluqhutywayo.
Ababhali beZether bacebisa ukuvelisa i-nonce cryptographically, ngokuxhomekeke "kwi-epoch". Umzekelo:
kuyinto x sisitshixo semfihlo yomthumeli, kwaye Gepoch β ijenereyitha eyongezelelweyo yexesha, efunyenwe ngokurhashaza umtya wefomu 'Zether +'. Ngoku ingxaki ibonakala isonjululwe - asiyivezi ingcamango yomthumeli kwaye asiphazamisi iingcinga zabathathi-nxaxheba abangabandakanyekanga. Kodwa le ndlela ibeka umda onzulu: iakhawunti enye ayinakuthumela ngaphezulu kwentengiselwano enye βngexeshaβ ngalinye. Le ngxaki, ngelishwa, ihleli ingasonjululwanga, kwaye ngoku yenza inguqulelo engachazwanga yeZether, ngokoluvo lwethu, ayifanelekanga ukusetyenziswa.
Ukuntsonkotha kobuQinisekiso boLwazi olungenaziro
Kwi-UTXO, umthumeli kufuneka abonakalise kumnatha ukuba akachithi imali engalunganga, kungenjalo kunokwenzeka ukuvelisa iingqekembe ezintsha emoyeni obhityileyo (kutheni oku kunokwenzeka, sabhala kwenye yangaphambili. ). Kwaye kwakhona usayine "amagalelo" ngesignesha yendandatho ukubonisa ukuba phakathi kweengqekembe ezixutywayo kukho iimali ezizezakhe.
Kwinguqulelo engaziwa ye-akhawunti-based blockchain, amazwi obungqina anzima kakhulu. Umthumeli uyangqina ukuba:
- Imali ethunyelweyo ilungile;
- Ibhalansi ihlala ingekho-negative;
- Umthumeli uziguqulele ngendlela entsonkothileyo iimali ezigqithiselwayo (kubandakanywa noziro);
- Ibhalansi kwibhalansi itshintsha kuphela kumthumeli kunye nomamkeli;
- Umthumeli uphethe isitshixo sabucala kwiakhawunti yakhe kwaye ngokwenene ukuluhlu lwabathumeli (phakathi kwabo babandakanyekayo);
- I-Nonce esetyenziswe kwintengiselwano yenziwe ngokuchanekileyo.
Ubungqina obunzima obunjalo, ababhali basebenzisa umxube (omnye wababhali, ngendlela, wathatha inxaxheba ekudalweni kwayo) kunye , ezibizwa ngokuba zii-Sigma-bullets. Ubungqina obusemthethweni bengxelo enjalo ngumsebenzi onzima kakhulu, kwaye unciphisa kakhulu inani labantu abazimisele ukuphumeza iteknoloji.
Uba yintoni umphumo?
Ngokombono wethu, inxalenye yeZether ezisa ubumfihlo kwi-akhawunti-based blockchains ingasetyenziswa ngoku. Kodwa okwangoku, inguqulelo engaziwayo yetekhnoloji ibeka imiqobo enzulu ekusebenziseni kwayo, kunye nobunzima bayo ekuphunyezweni kwayo. Nangona kunjalo, akufanele kuncitshiswe ukuba ababhali bakhuphe kuphela kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ezedlule, kwaye mhlawumbi omnye umntu uya kufumana isisombululo kwiingxaki ezikhoyo namhlanje. Ngapha koko, le yindlela isayensi eyenziwa ngayo.
umthombo: www.habr.com