🥇Amagqabantshintshi eeProtokholi zeNethiwekhi kunye neMiyalezo ye-IoT

Molo, Khabrovites! Ikhosi yokuqala ye-intanethi ye-IoT yomphuhlisi waseRashiya iqala e-OTUS ngo-Okthobha. Ukubhalisa kwikhosi kuvuliwe ngoku, kwaye ke ngoko siyaqhubeka ukwabelana nawe ngezixhobo eziluncedo.

I-Intanethi yezinto (i-IoT) iya kwakha kumaziko othungelwano asele ekho, iitekhnoloji kunye neeprothokholi ezisetyenziswa ngoku ezindlini/kwiiofisi nakwi-Intanethi, kwaye ziya kubonelela ngokungaphezulu.

Injongo yesi sikhokelo kukubonelela ngamagqabantshintshi onxibelelwano kunye neeprothokholi zesicelo se-IoT.

Phawula. Kufuneka ube nolwazi iziseko zetekhnoloji yenethiwekhi.

Iinethiwekhi ze-IoT

I-IoT iya kusebenza kwiinethiwekhi ezikhoyo ze-TCP/IP.

I-TCP/IP isebenzisa imodeli enemigangatho emine eneeprothokholi ezithile kwinqanaba ngalinye. I-cm. ukuqonda imodeli ye-TCP / IP 4 yomaleko (Siyayiqonda imodeli ye-TCP / IP enemigangatho emine).

Lo mzobo ungezantsi ubonisa uthelekiso lweeprothokholi ezisetyenziswayo ngoku kunye nezo zinokusetyenziselwa i-IoT.

Amanqaku kwitshathi:

Ubungakanani befonti bubonisa ukuthandwa kweprotocol. Umzekelo, ngasekhohlo kukho i-IPv4 eninzi, kuba ithandwa kakhulu kwi-Intanethi yanamhlanje. Nangona kunjalo, incinci ngasekunene njengoko i-IPv6 kulindeleke ukuba idume ngakumbi kwi-IoT.
Ayizizo zonke iiprothokholi eziboniswayo.
Olona tshintsho luninzi lukwitshaneli (amanqanaba 1 kunye ne-2) kunye namanqanaba esicelo (inqanaba lesi-4).
Uthungelwano kunye nemigangatho yezothutho iya kuhlala ingatshintshanga.

Link Layer Protocols

Kuluhlu lweDatha yeDatha, kufuneka udibanise izixhobo komnye nomnye. Zinokufumaneka nokuba zikufuphi, umzekelo, kuthungelwano lwengingqi, okanye kumgama omkhulu ukusuka komnye nomnye: kuthungelwano lwengingqi yemetropolitan kunye nothungelwano lwendawo ebanzi.

Okwangoku, kule nqanaba, iinethiwekhi zekhaya kunye neofisi (LAN) zisebenzisa i-Ethernet kunye ne-Wi-Fi, kunye neenethiwekhi zeselula (WAN) zisebenzisa i-3G / 4G. Nangona kunjalo, izixhobo ezininzi ze-IoT zinamandla aphantsi, njengeenzwa, kwaye zinikwa amandla kuphela ngeebhetri. Kule meko, i-Ethernet ayifanelekanga, kodwa i-Wi-Fi ene-low powered kunye neBluetooth ene-low powered ingasetyenziswa.

Nangona ubugcisa obukhoyo obungenazingcingo (i-Wi-Fi, iBluetooth, i-3G/4G) zisasetyenziselwa ukuqhagamshela ezi zixhobo, kuyafaneleka ukujonga ubugcisa obutsha obulungiselelwe ngokukodwa izicelo ze-IoT, ezinokukhula ekuthandeni.

Phakathi kwazo:

I-BLE - Amandla aphantsi eBluetooth
I-LoRaWAN - Uluhlu olude lwe-WAN
SigFox
I-LTE-M

Zichazwe ngokubanzi kwinqaku. Isishwankathelo setekhnoloji ye-IOT engenazingcingo (umbono jikelele wetekhnoloji ye-IoT engenazingcingo).

Umaleko womnatha

Kwinqanaba lenethiwekhi (Networking) iprotocol iya kulawula kwixesha elide IPv6. Akunakwenzeka ukuba i-IPv4 isetyenziswe, kodwa inokudlala indima kumanqanaba okuqala. Uninzi lwezixhobo ze-IoT zekhaya, ezinje ngeeglowubhu zokukhanya, ngoku zisebenzisa i-IPv4.

Umaleko wezothutho

I-TCP ilawula umaleko wezoThutho kwi-Intanethi nakwiwebhu. Isetyenziswa kuzo zombini iHTTP kunye nezinye iiprothokholi ezininzi ezidumileyo ze-Intanethi (SMTP, POP3, IMAP4, njl.).

I-MQTT, endilindele ukuba ibe yenye yeeprothokholi zomaleko ophambili wokuthumela imiyalezo, ngoku isebenzisa i-TCP.

Nangona kunjalo, kwixesha elizayo, ngenxa ye-overhead ephantsi, ndilindele ukuba i-UDP idume ngakumbi kwi-IoT. Mhlawumbi iya kwanda ngakumbi I-MQTT-SN, eqhuba phezu kwe-UDP. Jonga inqaku lothelekiso TCP vs UDP .

Uluhlu lwesicelo kunye neeprothokholi zemiyalezo

Iimpawu ezibalulekileyo kwiiprothokholi ze-IoT:

Isantya - inani ledatha edluliselwe ngomzuzwana.
Ukubambezeleka lixesha elifunekayo ukuthumela umyalezo.
Ukutya umbane.
Khu seleko.
Ubukho besoftware.

Okwangoku, iiprotocol ezimbini eziphambili zisetyenziswa ngokusebenzayo kweli nqanaba: HTTP kunye neMQTT.

I-HTTP mhlawumbi iprotocol eyaziwa kakhulu kweli nqanaba, ephantsi kweWebhu (WWW). Iya kuqhubeka ibalulekile kwi-IoT kuba isetyenziselwa i-REST APIs, eyona ndlela iphambili yendlela usetyenziso lwewebhu kunye neenkonzo ezisebenzisana ngayo. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuphakama kwayo okuphezulu, i-HTTP ayinakwenzeka ukuba ibe yeyona ndlela iphambili ye-IoT protocol, nangona isaza kusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-Intanethi.

I-MQTT (i-Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) iye yaba yiprotocol yokuthumela imiyalezo kwi-IoT ngenxa yokukhanya kwayo kunye nokulula ukuyisebenzisa. Jonga inqaku Intshayelelo ye-MQTT yabaqalayo (Intshayelelo kwi-MQTT yabaqalayo).

Ukuthelekiswa kweHTTP kunye ne-MQTT ye-IoT

I-MQTT ikhawuleza ibe ngumgangatho we-de facto kwizicelo ze-IoT. Oku kungenxa yokukhanya kwayo kunye nesantya xa kuthelekiswa ne-HTTP kunye nenyaniso yokuba iprotocol enye ukuya kwabaninzi kunokuba iprotocol eyodwa-to-one (HTTP).

Izicelo ezininzi zewebhu zanamhlanje ziya kusebenzisa ngokuvuya i-MQTT endaweni ye-HTTP ukuba ibikhona ngexesha lophuhliso lwazo.

Umzekelo omhle kukuthumela ulwazi kubathengi abaninzi, njengokufika kukaloliwe/ibhasi/inqwelomoya kunye nokuhamba. Kule meko, iprotocol enye-to-one efana ne-HTTP ineentloko eziphezulu kwaye ibeka umthwalo omningi kwiiseva zewebhu. Ukukala ezi seva zewebhu kunokuba nzima. Nge-MQTT, abathengi baqhagamshela kwi-broker, enokongezwa ngokulula ukulinganisa umthwalo. Bukela esi sifundo ngevidiyo Phinda upapashe iDatha ye-HTML Ngaphezulu kwe-MQTT (Umzekelo wokuFika ngenqwelomoya) kunye nenqaku I-MQTT vs HTTP ye-IOT.

Ezinye iiProtocol zemiyalezo

I-HTTP ayizange yenzelwe izicelo ze-IoT, kodwa njengoko kukhankanyiwe, iya kusetyenziswa ngokubanzi ixesha elithile ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwayo ngokubanzi API.

Phantse onke amaqonga e-IoT axhasa zombini i-HTTP kunye ne-MQTT.

Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye iiprothokholi ezifanele ukuqwalaselwa.

Iiprotokholi

I-MQTT — (Umyalezo wokufola ngeTelemetry Transport). Isebenzisa i-TCP/IP. Imodeli yomshicileli-umrhumo ifuna umthengisi womyalezo.
AMQP - (IProtokholi yokuQula uMyalezo oPhezulu). Isebenzisa i-TCP/IP. Umshicileli-umrhumi kunye neemodeli zokukhomba.
I-COAP - (IProtokholi yeSicelo esiMiselweyo). Isebenzisa i-UDP. Yenzelwe ngokukodwa i-IoT, isebenzisa imodeli yokuphendula isicelo njenge-HTTP. RFC 7252.
DDS — (Inkonzo yoSabelo lweDatha)

Kule nqaku Iiprothokholi eziphambili kunye nezicelo zazo ziyaxoxwa. Isiphelo seli nqaku kukuba i-IoT iya kusebenzisa iseti yeeprotocol ngokuxhomekeke kwisicelo sayo.

Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ujonga ngasemva, kwiminyaka yokuqala ye-Intanethi, i-HTTP, eyathi kamva yaba yeyona ndlela iphambili yomthetho, yayiyenye yeeprotocol ezininzi.

Nangona i-HTTP yayingazange yenzelwe ukuhanjiswa kwefayile okanye i-imeyile, namhlanje isetyenziselwa zombini.

Ndilindele ukuba kwenzeke into efanayo ngeeprothokholi zemiyalezo kwi-IoT: uninzi lweenkonzo ziya kusebenzisa iprotocol eyodwa.

Ngezantsi iigrafu ze-Google Trends ezibonisa indlela ukuthandwa kwe-MQTT, i-COAP kunye ne-AMQP etshintshile ngayo kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo.

Uphononongo lweendlela zikaGoogle

Inkxaso yeProtocol ngeqonga

Microsoft Azure -MQTT, AMQP, HTTP kunye neHTTPS
AWS -MQTT, HTTPS, MQTT ngaphezulu kweesokethi zewebhu
IBM Bluemix – MQTT,HTTPS,MQTT
Intoworx -MQTT, HTTPS,MQTT,AMQP

Isishwankathelo

Olona tshintsho luninzi lukwitshaneli (amanqanaba 1 kunye ne-2) kunye namanqanaba esicelo (inqanaba lesi-4).

Uthungelwano kunye nemigangatho yezothutho iya kuhlala ingatshintshanga.

Kumaleko wesicelo, amacandelo e-IoT aya kusebenzisa iiprothokholi zemiyalezo. Nangona sisekumanqanaba okuqala ophuhliso lwe-IoT, kusenokwenzeka ukuba iprotocol enye okanye emibini iya kuvela.

Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, i-MQTT iye yaba yeyona nto idumileyo kwaye yile nto ndigxile kuyo ngoku kule ndawo.

I-HTTP nayo iya kuqhubeka isetyenziswa njengoko sele idityaniswe kakuhle kwiiplatifti ze-IoT ezikhoyo.

Kuko konke. Siyakumema ukuba ubhalisele idemo isifundo simahla ngesihloko "I-Chatbot yemiyalelo ekhawulezayo kwisixhobo".

Funda ngokugqithisileyo:

Kutheni iinkqubo ze-IoT zabathengi ezingakhuselekanga ngoku ziyingxaki enkulu yeshishini

umthombo: www.habr.com

Isishwankathelo seNgcaciso zeNethiwekhi kunye neMiyalezo ye-IoT