Ukuphononongwa kwenkqubo yokuvota ye-elektroniki ekude yeKomishoni yoNyulo oluPhakathi lweRussian Federation

Ngo-Agasti 31, 2020, uvavanyo loluntu lwenkqubo yokuvota ye-elektroniki ekude (emva koku ebizwa ngokuba yi-DEG) isebenzisa iteknoloji ye-blockchain, ephuhliswe ngomyalelo weKomishoni yoNyulo oluPhakathi lweRussian Federation.

Ukuze uqhelane nenkqubo entsha yokuvota ye-elektroniki kwaye uqonde ukuba yeyiphi indima iteknoloji ye-blockchain edlala kuyo kwaye zeziphi ezinye iinxalenye ezisetyenzisiweyo, siqala uluhlu lweempapasho ezinikezelwe kwizisombululo eziphambili zobuchwepheshe ezisetyenziswa kwinkqubo. Sicebisa ukuqala ngokulandelelana - kunye neemfuno zenkqubo kunye nemisebenzi yabathathi-nxaxheba kwinkqubo

IiMfuno zeNkqubo

Ezona mfuno zingundoqo ezisebenza kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo yokuvota ziyafana kuvoto oluqhelekileyo lobuqu kunye novoto lwe-elektroniki olukude, kwaye zimiselwa nguMthetho we-Federal wangoJuni 12.06.2002, 67 N 31.07.2020-FZ (njengoko ulungisiwe nge-XNUMX kaJulayi, XNUMX) "KwiziQinisekiso eziSisiseko zamalungelo okuvota kunye nelungelo lokuthatha inxaxheba kuvoto lwabemi beRussian Federation."

1. Ukuvota kunyulo kunye neereferendam kuyimfihlo, ngaphandle kokuba nokwenzeka kwalo naluphi na ulawulo kwintando yommi (Inqaku lesi-7).
2. Ithuba lokuvota kufuneka linikezelwe kuphela kubantu abanelungelo elibonakalayo lokuvotela le voti.
3. Umvoti omnye - ivoti enye, ukuvota "kabini" akuvumelekanga.
4. Inkqubo yokuvota kufuneka ivuleleke kwaye icace kubavoti nakubakhi-mkhanyo.
5. Ukuthembeka kwevoti kufuneka kuqinisekiswe.
6. Akufunekanga ukuba kubalwe iziphumo zokuvota zethutyana phambi kokuba kugqitywe ukuvota.

Ngoko, sinabathathi-nxaxheba abathathu: umvoti, ikhomishini yonyulo kunye nomkhangeli, apho umyalelo wokusebenzisana unqunywe. Kwakhona kuyenzeka ukuba wodwa umthathi-nxaxheba yesine - amaqumrhu aqhuba ubhaliso lwabemi kwintsimi (ngokuyintloko iSebe leMicimbi yangaphakathi, kwakunye namanye amagunya esigqeba), ekubeni suffrage esebenzayo inxulumene nobumi kunye nendawo yobhaliso.

Bonke aba bathathi-nxaxheba banxibelelana omnye nomnye.

Inkqubo yokunxibelelana

Masithathele ingqalelo inkqubo yokuvota kwisikhululo sokuvota esiqhelekileyo, kunye nebhokisi yokuvota kunye nephepha lokuvota. Kwifomu eyenziwe lula ngokubanzi, ikhangeleka ngolu hlobo: umvoti uza kwindawo yokuvota aze abonise uxwebhu lwesazisi (ipasipoti). Kukho ikhomishini yonyulo kwisikhululo sovoto, ilungu layo liqinisekisa ukuba ngubani umvoti kunye nobukho bakhe kuluhlu lwabavoti olwaluqulunqwe ngaphambili. Ukuba umvoti ufunyenwe, ilungu lekhomishini linika umvoti ivoti, kwaye umvoti asayine ukwamkela ukuvota. Emva koku, umvoti uya kwindawo yokuvota, agcwalise ivoti, kwaye ayibeke kwibhokisi yokuvota. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba zonke iinkqubo zilandelwa ngokungqongqo ngumthetho, konke oku kubekwa esweni ngabakhi-mkhanyo (abameli babaviwa, amaziko okubeka esweni uluntu). Emva kokuba ukuvota kugqityiwe, ikhomishini yonyulo, phambi kwabakhi-mkhanyo, ibala iivoti kwaye iseke iziphumo zokuvota.

Iipropati eziyimfuneko zokuvota kwinkqubo yokuvota yendabuko zibonelelwa ngamanyathelo ombutho kunye nenkqubo emiselweyo yokusebenzisana kwabathathi-nxaxheba: ukujonga iipaspoti zabavoti, ukusayinwa buqu kwiivoti, ukusebenzisa iindawo zokuvota kunye neebhokisi zokuvota ezitywiniweyo, inkqubo yokubala iivoti, njl. .

Kwinkqubo yolwazi, eyinkqubo yokuvota yombane ekude, lo myalelo wonxibelelwano ubizwa ngokuba yiprotocol. Ekubeni konke ukusebenzisana kwethu kuba yidijithali, le protocol inokuthathwa njenge-algorithm ephunyezwa ngamacandelo athile enkqubo, kunye nesethi yamanyathelo ombutho kunye nobugcisa owenziwe ngabasebenzisi.

Intsebenziswano yedijithali ibeka iimfuno ezithile kwii-algorithms eziphunyeziweyo. Makhe sijonge izenzo ezenziwa kwindawo yendabuko ngokwemigaqo yenkqubo yolwazi kunye nendlela oku kuphunyezwa ngayo kwinkqubo ye-DEG esiyiqwalaselayo.

Masithi kwangoko ukuba itekhnoloji ye-blockchain ayisiyo "bullet yesilivere" esombulula yonke imiba. Ukudala inkqubo enjalo, kwakuyimfuneko ukuphuhlisa inani elikhulu lesoftware kunye nezixhobo ze-hardware ezijongene nemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, kwaye zidibanise nenkqubo enye kunye neprotocol. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye, zonke ezi zixhobo zisebenzisana neqonga le-blockchain.

Amacandelo enkqubo

Ukusuka kumbono wezobugcisa, inkqubo ye-DEG yinkqubo yesoftware kunye ne-hardware (emva koko kuthiwa yi-STC), edibanisa isethi yamacandelo ukuqinisekisa ukusebenzisana phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba kwinkqubo yonyulo kwindawo yolwazi oludibeneyo.

Umzobo wokusebenzisana wamacandelo kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba benkqubo ye-DEG ye-PTC iboniswe kumzobo ongezantsi.

Iyacofa

Inkqubo yokuvota ukude

Ngoku siza kuqwalasela ngokweenkcukacha inkqubo yokuvota kwe-elektroniki kunye nokuphunyezwa kwayo ngamacandelo e-DEG software kunye ne-hardware complex.

NgokweNkqubo yokuvota kwe-elektroniki okude, ukuba kufakwe kuluhlu lwabathathi-nxaxheba kwi-remote electronic voting, umvoti kufuneka angenise isicelo kwi-portal yeeNkonzo zikaRhulumente. Ngelo xesha, kuphela abo basebenzisi abane-akhawunti eqinisekisiweyo kwaye baye bafaniswa ngempumelelo nerejista yabavoti, abathathi-nxaxheba be-referendum ye-State Automated System "Elections" inkqubo bangafaka isicelo esinjalo. Emva kokufumana isicelo, idatha yomvoti iphinda ihlolwe yiKomishoni yoNyulo oluPhezulu lwaseRashiya kwaye ilayishwe Icandelo loLuhlu lwabavoti PTC DEG. Inkqubo yokukhuphela ihamba kunye nokurekhodwa kwezifanisi ezizodwa kwi-blockchain. Amalungu ekhomishini yonyulo kunye nababukeli banokufikelela ekujongeni uluhlu ngokusebenzisa i-workstation ekhethekileyo ezenzekelayo efumaneka kwindawo yekhomishini yonyulo.

Xa umvoti e tyelela isikhululo sokuvota, uqinisekisiwe (xa kuthelekiswa nedatha yepaspoti) kwaye ichongiwe kuluhlu lwabavoti, kunye nokujonga ukuba lo mvoti akazange afumane ivoti ngaphambili. Inqaku elibalulekileyo apha kukuba akunakwenzeka ukuseka ukuba ngaba umvoti ubeke ibhaloti efunyenweyo kwibhokisi yokuvota okanye cha, kuphela into yokuba ivoti sele ikhutshwe ngaphambili. Kwimeko ye-PTC DEG, utyelelo lomvoti lumele isicelo somsebenzisi DEG portal yiwebhusayithi ebekwe kwi-vybory.gov.ru Njengesikhululo sokuvota esiqhelekileyo, iwebhusayithi iqulethe izixhobo zolwazi malunga namaphulo onyulo aqhubekayo, ulwazi malunga nabaviwa kunye nolunye ulwazi. Ukuqhuba ukuchongwa kunye nokuqinisekiswa, i-ESIA ye-State Services Portal isetyenziswa. Ngoko ke, iskim sokuzazisa ngokubanzi siyagcinwa xa ufaka isicelo naxa kuvotwa.

Emva koko, inkqubo yokungaziwa iqala - umvoti unikezwa ibhalothi engenazo naziphi na iimpawu zokuzazisa: ayinayo inombolo, ayikho indlela edibeneyo nomvoti ekhutshwe kuyo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuqwalasela ukhetho xa isikhululo sokuvota sixhotyiswe ngezixhobo zokuvota ze-elektroniki - kulo mzekelo, ukungaziwa kwenziwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: endaweni yokuvota iphepha, umvoti uceliwe ukuba akhethe kwi-stack nayiphi na ikhadi elinebhakhowudi apho. uya kusondela kwisixhobo sokuvota. Akukho lwazi malunga nomvoti kwikhadi, yikhowudi kuphela emisela ukuba yeyiphi ivolothi isixhobo ekufuneka siyinike xa sinikezela ngekhadi elinjalo. Ngonxibelelwano lwedijithali ngokupheleleyo, owona msebenzi uphambili kukuphumeza i-algorithm yokungaziwa, kangangokuba, kwelinye icala, akunakwenzeka ukuseka nayiphi na idatha yokuchongwa komsebenzisi, kwaye kwelinye icala, ukunika amandla okuvota kuphela kwabo basebenzisi bezichongiwe ngaphambili kuluhlu. Ukusombulula le ngxaki, i-DEG PTK isebenzisa i-cryptographic algorithm, eyaziwa kwindawo yobuchwephesha njenge "signature ye-elektroniki eyimfama." Siza kuthetha ngayo ngokweenkcukacha kolu papasho lulandelayo, kwaye siya kupapasha ikhowudi yomthombo; unokuqokelela ulwazi olongezelelweyo kupapasho olukwi-Intanethi usebenzisa amagama angundoqo- "iiprothokholi zokuvota eziyimfihlo" okanye "utyikityo oluyimfama"

Emva koko umvoti ugcwalisa ukuvota kwindawo apho kungenakwenzeka ukubona ukhetho olwenziwe (indawo evaliweyo) - ukuba kwinkqubo yethu yolwazi umvoti uvota ukude, ke indawo enjalo kuphela isixhobo somntu womsebenzisi. Ukwenza oku, umsebenzisi uqala atshintshelwe komnye ummandla − kwindawo engaziwa. Ngaphambi kokutshintsha, unokuphakamisa uxhumano lwakho lweVPN kwaye utshintshe idilesi yakho ye-IP. Kukwesi sizinda apho ivoti iboniswa kwaye ukhetho lomsebenzisi luqhutyelwa phambili. Ikhowudi yomthombo esebenza kwisixhobo somsebenzisi ivuliwe ekuqaleni - inokubonwa kwisiphequluli.

Nje ukuba ukhetho lwenziwe, ivoti iguqulelwa ngokuntsonkothileyo kwisixhobo somsebenzisi kusetyenziswa iskimu esikhethekileyo sofihlo, sithunyelwe kwaye sirekhodwe Icandelo "Ugcino olusasaziweyo kunye nokubalwa kweevoti", eyakhiwe kwiqonga le-blockchain.

Enye yeempawu ezibaluleke kakhulu zeprotocol yinto engenakwenzeka yokwazi iziphumo zokuvota ngaphambi kokuba igqitywe. Kwisikhululo sokuvota esiqhelekileyo, oku kuqinisekiswa ngokutywina ibhokisi lokuvota kunye nokubeka iliso ngabakhi-mkhanyo. Kunxibelelwano lwedijithali, esona sisombululo kukufihla ukhetho lomvoti. I-algorithm ye-encryption esetyenzisiweyo ithintela iziphumo ukuba zingavezwa phambi kokuba ukuvota kugqitywe. Kule nto, isicwangciso esinezitshixo ezimbini sisetyenzisiweyo: iqhosha elilodwa (loluntu), elaziwa kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba, lisetyenziselwa ukubethela ilizwi. Ayinakucocwa ngeqhosha elinye; iqhosha lesibini (labucala) liyafuneka. Isitshixo sangasese sahlulwe phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba kwinkqubo yonyulo (amalungu eekhomishini zonyulo, igumbi likawonkewonke, abaqhubi beeseva zokubala, njalo njalo) ngendlela yokuba inxalenye nganye yesitshixo ayinamsebenzi. Ungaqala uguqulelo lwentsokolo kuphela emva kokuba iqhosha labucala liqokelelwe. Kwinkqubo ephantsi koqwalaselo, inkqubo yokwahlukana ephambili ibandakanya izigaba ezininzi: ukuhlukana kwenxalenye yesitshixo ngaphakathi kwenkqubo, ukuhlukana kwesitshixo ngaphandle kwenkqubo, kunye nokuveliswa kwesitshixo esiqhelekileyo soluntu. Siza kubonisa ngokweenkcukacha inkqubo yokufihlwa kunye nokusebenza ngezitshixo ze-cryptographic kupapasho oluzayo.

Emva kokuba isitshixo siqokelelwe kwaye sikhutshelwe, ukubalwa kweziphumo kuqala ukurekhoda kwabo ngakumbi kwi-blockchain kunye nesibhengezo esilandelayo. Uphawu lwenkqubo eqwalaselwayo kukusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji ye-homomorphic encryption. Siza kuchaza le algorithm ngokweenkcukacha kwiimpapasho ezizayo kwaye sithethe malunga nokuba kutheni le teknoloji isetyenziselwa ngokubanzi ukudala iinkqubo zokuvota. Ngoku makhe siqaphele inqaku layo eliphambili: iivoti ezifihliweyo ezirekhodiweyo kwi-accounting system zinokudityaniswa ngaphandle kokuchazwa kwekhowudi ngendlela yokuba isiphumo sokuguqulela i-ciphertext edityanisiweyo iya kuba lixabiso elishwankathelweyo lokhetho ngalunye kwiivoti. Ngexesha elifanayo, inkqubo, ngokuqinisekileyo, isebenzisa ubungqina bemathematika bokuchaneka kwesibalo esinjalo, esikwabhalwa kwi-accounting system kwaye inokuqinisekiswa ngabakhi-mkhanyo.

Apha ngezantsi kukho isishwankathelo senkqubo yokuvota.

Iyacofa

Iqonga leBlockchain

Ngoku ukuba sihlolisise iimpawu eziphambili zokuphunyezwa kwenkqubo yokuvota ye-elektroniki ekude, makhe siphendule umbuzo esiqale ngawo-iyiphi indima iteknoloji ye-blockchain edlala ngayo kule nto kwaye yiyiphi ingxaki evumela ukuyicombulula?

Kwinkqubo yokuvota ekude, iteknoloji ye-blockchain isombulula uluhlu oluthile lweengxaki.

• Umsebenzi osisiseko kukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kolwazi ngaphakathi kwesakhelo sokuvota, kwaye, okokuqala, iivoti.
• Ukuqinisekisa ukwenziwa elubala kokuphunyezwa kunye nokungaguquki kwekhowudi yenkqubo ephunyezwe ngendlela yeekontraki ezihlakaniphile.
• Ukuqinisekisa ukukhuselwa kunye nokungaguquki kwedatha esetyenziswe kwinkqubo yokuvota: uluhlu lwabavoti, izitshixo ezisetyenziselwa ukubethela iivoti kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo ze-cryptographic protocol, njalo njalo.
• Ukubonelela ngogcino lwedatha olunatyisiweyo, kunye nomthathi-nxaxheba ngamnye onekopi efanayo ngokupheleleyo, eqinisekiswe ziipropati zemvumelwano kwinethiwekhi.
• Ikhono lokujonga ukuthengiselana kunye nokulandelela inkqubela yokuvota, ebonakaliswa ngokupheleleyo kwi-block chain, ukususela ekuqaleni kwayo ukuya ekurekhodweni kweziphumo ezibalwe.

Ngaloo ndlela, siyabona ukuba ngaphandle kokusebenzisa le teknoloji, phantse akunakwenzeka ukufezekisa iipropati eziyimfuneko kwinkqubo yokuvota, kunye nokuthembela kuyo.

Ukusebenza kweqonga le-blockchain elisetyenzisiweyo lityetyiswa ngokusetyenziswa kweekontraki ezihlakaniphile. Iikhontrakthi ze-Smart zihlola intengiselwano nganye ngeevoti ezifihliweyo zokunyaniseka kwe-electronic kunye "neemfama" zesignesha, kwaye ziphinde ziqhube iitshekhi ezisisiseko malunga nokuchaneka kokuzaliswa kwebhalothi efihliweyo.

Ngaphezu koko, kwinkqubo yokuvota ekude ye-elektroniki, icandelo elithi "Ukugcinwa okwabiwe kunye nokubalwa kweevoti" alikhawulelwanga kuphela kwi-blockchain nodes. Kwi-node nganye, umncedisi ohlukeneyo unokumiselwa osebenzisa imisebenzi ephambili ye-cryptographic ye-protocol yokuvota - ukubala abancedisi.

Ukubala abancedisi

La ngamacandelwana anatyisiweyo abonelela ngenkqubo yokusasazwa kokuveliswa kwesitshixo sofihlo lwebhalothi, kunye nokukhutshwa kwekhowudi nokubalwa kweziphumo zokuvota. Imisebenzi yabo ibandakanya:

• Ukuqinisekisa ukuveliswa ngokusasazwa kwenxalenye yesitshixo sofihlo lwebhalothi. Inkqubo ephambili yokuvelisa iya kuxutyushwa kumanqaku alandelayo;
• Ukujonga ukuchaneka kwebhalothi efihliweyo (ngaphandle kokuyisusa);
• Kusetyenzwa iivoti ngendlela entsonkothileyo ukwenza i-ciphertext yokugqibela;
• Ukusasazwa kweekhowudi kwiziphumo zokugqibela.

Inqanaba ngalinye lokuphunyezwa kwe-cryptographic protocol lirekhodwa kwi-platform ye-blockchain kwaye inokujongwa ukuba ichanekile ngababonisi.

Ukunika inkqubo iipropathi eziyimfuneko kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo yokuvota, ezi algorithms zilandelayo ze-cryptographic zisetyenziswa:

• Isandla sombane;
• Ukutyikitywa ngokungaboniyo kwesitshixo sikawonke-wonke somvoti;
• Iskim se-ElGamal elliptic curve encryption;
• Ubungqina bokuba akukho lwazi;
• Iprotocol yePedersen 91 DKG (isiZukulwana esiSasazwe esiNgqondo);
• Iprothokholi yokwabelana ngesitshixo yabucala usebenzisa iskimu sikaShamir.

Inkonzo ye-cryptographic iya kuxoxwa ngokubanzi kumanqaku alandelayo.

Iziphumo

Makhe sishwankathele ezinye iziphumo eziphakathi zokuqwalaselwa kwenkqubo yokuvota ye-elektroniki ekude. Siyichaze ngokufutshane inkqubo kunye namacandelo aphambili ayiphumezayo, kwaye sichonge iindlela zokufikelela kwiipropati eziyimfuneko kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo yokuvota:

• Ukuqinisekiswa koMvoti. Inkqubo yamkele kuphela iivoti ezivela kubavoti abaqinisekisiweyo. Le propati iqinisekiswa ngokuchonga kunye nokuqinisekisa abavoti, kunye nokurekhoda uluhlu lwabavoti kunye nenyaniso yokubonelela ngokufikelela kwivoti kwi-blockchain.
• Ukungaziwa. Inkqubo iqinisekisa imfihlo yokuvota, ebhalwe kumthetho weRussian Federation; isazisi somvoti asinakumiselwa kwi-encrypted ballot. Iphunyezwe kusetyenziswa i-algorithm "yesignesha eyimfama" kunye nendawo engaziwa yokugcwalisa kunye nokuthumela ibhalothi.
• Ukugcinwa kwemfihlo kweevoti. Abaququzeleli kunye nabanye abathathi-nxaxheba bokuvota abanakufumana isiphumo sokuvota de kube kugqitywe, iivoti zibaliwe kwaye iziphumo zokugqibela zicaciswa. Ukugcinwa kwemfihlo kuphunyezwa ngokuguqulela iivoti ngokuntsonkothileyo kunye nokwenza ukuba kungenzeki ukucatshulwa de kube semva kokuvota.
• Ukungaguquguquki kwedatha. Idatha yabavoti ayinakuguqulwa okanye icinywe. Ukugcinwa kwedatha engenakuguqulelwa kubonelelwa yiqonga le-blockchain.
• Ukuqinisekiswa. Umkhi-mkhanyo unokuqinisekisa ukuba iivoti zibalwe ngokuchanekileyo.
• Ukuthembeka. Uyilo lwenkqubo lusekwe kwimigaqo yokwabela amagunya, iqinisekisa ukungabikho “kwendawo yokusilela” enye.

umthombo: www.habr.com