Isikhangeli seChromium, umzali ochumayo womthombo ovulekileyo weGoogle Chrome kunye neMicrosoft Edge entsha, ifumene ingqwalaselo engalunganga yento ebicetywe ngeenjongo ezilungileyo: ijonga ukuba i-ISP yomsebenzisi "iyaba" iziphumo zombuzo wesizinda ongekhoyo. .
, eyenza imibuzo yobuxoki kwi "domains" engahleliweyo engenakwenzeka ngokwezibalo ukuba zibekho, inoxanduva malunga nesiqingatha setotali yetrafikhi efunyenwe ziingcambu zeseva ze-DNS kwihlabathi jikelele. Injineli yeVerisign uMat Thomas wabhala ixesha elide kwiblogi ye-APNIC echaza ingxaki kunye nokuvavanya isikali sayo.
Indlela isisombululo se-DNS esenziwa ngayo rhoqo
Ezi seva zinegunya eliphezulu omele uqhagamshelane nalo ukuze uzisombulule .com, .net, njl. ukuze bakuxelele ukuba i-frglxrtmpuf ayiyona i-domain yezinga eliphezulu (TLD).
I-DNS, okanye i-Domain Name System, yinkqubo apho iikhomputha zinokusombulula amagama e-domain akhumbulekayo afana ne-arstechnica.com kwiidilesi ze-IP ezingaphantsi komsebenzisi ezifana ne-3.128.236.93. Ngaphandle kwe-DNS, i-Intanethi ngekhe ibekho ngendlela enokusetyenziswa ngabantu, oko kuthetha ukuba umthwalo ongeyomfuneko kwiziseko ezingundoqo ezikumgangatho ophezulu yingxaki yokwenyani.
Ukulayisha iphepha lewebhu elinye lale mihla kunokufuna inani elimangalisayo lokhangelo lwe-DNS. Umzekelo, xa sihlalutya iphepha lasekhaya le-ESPN, sibale amagama angama-93 ahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwi-a.espncdn.com ukuya kwi-z.motads.com. Zonke ziyimfuneko ukuze iphepha lilayishe ngokupheleleyo!
Ukulungiselela olu hlobo lomsebenzi kwi-injini yokukhangela efuna ukukhonza ihlabathi lonke, i-DNS yenzelwe njengoluhlu lwamanqanaba amaninzi. Phezulu kule piramidi kukho abancedisi beengcambu - i-domain nganye yezinga eliphezulu, njenge-.com, inentsapho yayo yamaseva anegunya eliphezulu kwi-domain nganye engaphantsi kwabo. Inyathelo elinye phezulu kwezi abancedisi ngabancedisi beengcambu ngokwabo, ukusuka a.root-servers.net до m.root-servers.net.
Kwenzeka kangaphi oku?
Ndiyabulela kwi-multi-level caching hierarchy ye-DNS infrastructure, ipesenti encinci kakhulu ye-DNS yemibuzo yehlabathi ifikelela kwiiseva zeengcambu. Uninzi lwabantu lufumana ulwazi lwabo lokusombulula i-DNS ngokuthe ngqo kwi-ISP yabo. Xa isixhobo somsebenzisi sifuna ukwazi indlela yokuya kwiwebhusayithi ethile, isicelo sithunyelwa kuqala kwiseva ye-DNS elawulwa ngumboneleli wendawo. Ukuba umncedisi we-DNS wasekhaya akayazi impendulo, idlulisela isicelo kwi "forwarders" yayo (ukuba icacisiwe).
Ukuba akukho mncedisi we DNS womnikezeli wendawo okanye "iiseva ezithumelayo" ezichazwe kuqwalaselo lwayo zinempendulo egciniweyo, isicelo siphakanyiswa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-domain yegunya eligunyazisiweyo. ephakamileyo le uzama ukuyiguqula. Nini домен.com oku kuya kuthetha ukuba isicelo sithunyelwe kwiiseva ezigunyazisiweyo zommandla ngokwawo com, ezibekwe e gtld-servers.net.
Inkqubo gtld-servers, apho isicelo senziwe khona, siphendula ngoluhlu lweeseva ezigunyazisiweyo ze-domain.com, kunye nerekhodi enye yekhonkco equlethe idilesi ye-IP yomncedisi wegama elinjalo. Emva koko, iimpendulo zihamba phantsi kwekhonkco - umthumeli ngamnye udlulisela ezi mpendulo phantsi kumncedisi ozicelileyo, de impendulo ekugqibeleni ifike kumncedisi womnikezeli wendawo kunye nekhompyutheni yomsebenzisi. Zonke zigcina le mpendulo ukuze zingaphazamisi ngokungeyomfuneko iinkqubo zomgangatho ophezulu.
Kwiimeko ezininzi, iirekhodi zeseva yegama isizinda.com izakuba sele igcinwe komnye waba badluliseli, ngoko abancedisi beengcambu abayi kuphazanyiswa. Nangona kunjalo, okwangoku sithetha ngohlobo lwe-URL esiqhelene nayo - leyo iguqulwa ibe yiwebhusayithi eqhelekileyo. Izicelo zeChrome zikwinqanaba ephakamileyo oku, kwinyathelo lamaqela ngokwawo root-servers.net.
I-Chromium kunye ne-NXDomain jonga ubusela
I-Chromium ijonga "ingaba leseva ye-DNS iyandibhanxa?" I-akhawunti malunga nesiqingatha sayo yonke i-traffic efikelela kwiqela le-Verisign yee-server ze-DNS zeengcambu.
Isiphequluli seChromium, iprojekthi yabazali yeGoogle Chrome, iMicrosoft Edge entsha, kunye neziphequluli ezingenakubalwa ezingaziwayo, zifuna ukunika abasebenzisi ngokulula ukukhangela kwibhokisi enye, ngamanye amaxesha ebizwa ngokuba yi "Omnibox." Ngamanye amagama, umsebenzisi ufaka zombini ii-URL zokwenyani kunye nemibuzo ye-injini yokukhangela kwindawo yombhalo efanayo phezulu kwefestile yebrawuza. Ukuthatha elinye inyathelo lokwenza lula, akunyanzeli umsebenzisi ukuba afake inxalenye ye-URL http:// okanye https://.
Njengoko ifanelekile le ndlela, le ndlela ifuna ukuba isikhangeli siqonde oko kufuneka kuthathwe njenge-URL kwaye yintoni ekufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo njengombuzo wokukhangela. Kwiimeko ezininzi oku kubonakala ngokucacileyo - umzekelo, umtya onezithuba awunakuba yi-URL. Kodwa izinto zinokuba nzima ngakumbi xa ucinga ngee-intranethi-uthungelwano lwabucala olunokusebenzisa imimandla yabucala ekumgangatho ophezulu ukusombulula iiwebhusayithi zokwenyani.
Ukuba umsebenzisi kwi-intranet yenkampani yakhe uchwetheza "ukuthengisa" kunye ne-intranethi yenkampani inewebhusayithi yangaphakathi enegama elifanayo, emva koko iChromium ibonisa ibhokisi yolwazi ebuza umsebenzisi ukuba ufuna ukukhangela "ukuthengisa" okanye uye ku. https://marketing. Oku kusenokungabi njalo, kodwa ii-ISP ezininzi kunye nababoneleli be-Wi-Fi bakawonke-wonke “baqweqwedisa” yonke i-URL engapelwanga kakuhle, iphinda iqondise umsebenzisi kwiphepha elizaliswe yibhanile.
Isizukulwana esingaqhelekanga
Abaphuhlisi beChromium abakhange bafune abasebenzisi kuthungelwano oluqhelekileyo babone ibhokisi yolwazi bebuza ukuba bathetha ntoni ngalo lonke ixesha bekhangela igama elinye, ke baye baphumeza uvavanyo: Xa beqalisa isikhangeli okanye betshintsha uthungelwano, iChromium yenza ukhangelo lweDNS kathathu. ziveliswe ngokungakhethiyo "domains" kwinqanaba eliphezulu, abalinganiswa abasixhenxe ukuya kwishumi elinesihlanu ubude. Ukuba naziphi na ezibini kwezi zicelo zibuya ngedilesi ye-IP efanayo, ngoko iChromium ithatha ukuba inethwekhi yasekuhlaleni "iqweqwedisa" iimpazamo. NXDOMAIN, ekufuneka ifunyenwe, ngoko ke umkhangeli zincwadi uthatha yonke imibuzo enegama elinye engenisiweyo njengeenzame zokuphendla de kube kuphinde kunikwe esinye isaziso.
Ngelishwa, kwiinethiwekhi ukuba hayi uba iziphumo zemibuzo ye-DNS, le misebenzi mithathu ihlala iphakama iye phezulu kakhulu, yonke indlela ukuya kwiiseva zegama lengcambu ngokwazo: umncedisi wasekhaya akayazi indlela yokusombulula. qwajuixk, ngoko ke idlulisela esi sicelo kumthumeli wayo, owenza okufanayo, kude kube ekugqibeleni a.root-servers.net okanye omnye “wabazalwana” bakhe akayi kunyanzelwa ukuba athi “Uxolo, kodwa lo asingommandla.”
Kuba kukho malunga ne-1,67*10^21 amagama edomeyini angeyonyani anokubakho ukusuka kwisixhenxe ukuya kwabalishumi elinesihlanu ubude, eyona ixhaphakileyo. nganye ukusuka kolu vavanyo olwenziweyo kwinethiwekhi "enyanisekileyo", ifika kumncedisi wengcambu. Oku kufikelela kangangoko isiqingatha ukusuka kumthwalo opheleleyo kwingcambu ye-DNS, ngokwezibalo ezivela kuloo nxalenye yamaqela root-servers.net, ezizezakwaVerisign.
Imbali iyaziphindaphinda
Esi ayisosihlandlo sokuqala ukuba iprojekthi idalwe ngeenjongo ezilungileyo okanye phantse ukhukulise ubutyebi boluntu kunye nokuhamba okungafunekiyo - oku kwasikhumbuza ngokukhawuleza imbali ende kunye nebuhlungu ye-D-Link kunye ne-Poul-Henning Kamp ye-NTP (i-Network Time Protocol) iseva phakathi kwe-2000s.
Kwi-2005, umphuhlisi we-FreeBSD u-Poul-Henning, naye owayengumnikazi we-Stratum 1 ye-Network Time Protocol ye-server ye-Stratum kuphela, wafumana i-bill engalindelekanga kunye ne-bill enkulu ye-traffic traffic. Ngamafutshane, isizathu sokuba abaphuhlisi be-D-Link babhale iidilesi ze-Stratum 1 NTP iiseva, kuquka iseva ye-Kampa, kwi-firmware yomgca wenkampani yokutshintsha, ii-routers kunye neendawo zokufikelela. Oku kwandisa ngokukhawuleza i-server ye-Kampa i-traffic traffic ka-9, ibangela ukuba iDanish Internet Exchange (i-Denmark's Internet Exchange Point) itshintshe intlawulo yayo ukusuka kwi-"Free" ukuya kwi-"000 yeedola ngonyaka."
Ingxaki yayingekokuba zininzi kakhulu iirotha ze-D-Link, kodwa “ziphumile emgceni.” Ngokufana ne-DNS, i-NTP kufuneka isebenze kwifom ye-hierarchical - i-Stratum 0 iiseva zidlulisela ulwazi kwiiseva ze-Stratum 1, ezidlulisela ulwazi kwiiseva ze-Stratum 2, njalo njalo phantsi kwe-hierarchy. Umzila oqhelekileyo wasekhaya, utshintsho, okanye indawo yofikelelo efana nale iD-Link icwangciswe ngeedilesi zeseva ye-NTP ingathumela izicelo kwi-Stratum 2 okanye i-Stratum 3 iseva.
Iprojekthi yeChromium, mhlawumbi ngezona njongo zintle, iphinde yaphinda ingxaki ye-NTP kwingxaki ye-DNS, ilayisha iiseva ezingcambu ze-Intanethi ngezicelo ezingazange zenzelwe ukuba ziziphathe.
Kukho ithemba lesisombululo esikhawulezileyo
Iprojekthi yeChromium inomthombo ovulekileyo , efuna ukukhubaza i-Intranet Redirect Detector ngokungagqibekanga ukusombulula lo mba. Kufuneka sinikele ngetyala kwiprojekthi yeChromium: ibug ifunyenwe ngaphambi kokoindlela uMat Thomas kaVerisign wamzisa ngayo ingqalelo eninzi kunye naye kwibhlog ye-APNIC. I-bug yafunyanwa ngoJuni, kodwa yahlala ilityalwe de kwafika isithuba sikaTomas; Emva kokuzila ukutya, waqalisa ukuba phantsi kweliso elibukhali.
Kuyathenjwa ukuba ingxaki iza kusonjululwa kungekudala, kwaye iiseva ze-DNS zeengcambu azisayi kuphinda ziphendule imibuzo eqikelelwa kwiibhiliyoni ezingama-60 yonke imihla.
Njengentengiso
Iiseva ze-Epic - yi le okanye iLinux eneeprosesa zeentsapho ze-AMD EPYC ezinamandla kunye ne-Intel NVMe ekhawulezayo. Khawuleza uyokwenza iodolo!
umthombo: www.habr.com