Oku Leslie Lamport -umbhali wemisebenzi esisiseko kwikhompyuter esasazwayo, kwaye unokumazi ngoonobumba uLa egameni LaI-TeX - "iLamport TeX". Yayinguye okwesihlandlo sokuqala, emva ko-1979, wazisa lo mbono ukungaguquguquki, kunye nenqaku lakhe "Uyenza njani iMultiprocessor Computer eSebenza ngokuchanekileyo iiNkqubo zeMultiprocess" ifumene i-Dijkstra Award (ngokuchanekileyo, kwi-2000 ibhaso lalibizwa ngendlela yakudala: "i-PODC Influential Paper Award"). Kukho malunga naye Inqaku leWikipedia, apho unokufumana amanye amakhonkco anomdla ngakumbi. Ukuba unemincili malunga nokusombulula iingxaki kwi kwenzeka-phambi okanye iingxaki zeenjengele zaseByzantine (BFT), kufuneka baqonde ukuba uLamport usemva kwayo yonke into.

Kwaye kungekudala uza kuza kwinkomfa yethu entsha kwi-computing esasazwayo - iHydra, eya kubanjwa ngoJulayi 11-12 eSt. Makhe sibone ukuba luhlobo luni lwesilwanyana.

IHydra 2019

Imixholo efana ne-multithreading zezinye zezona zihloko zishushu kwiinkomfa zethu, bezisoloko zikho. Le holo yayishiywe nje, kodwa ke umntu uvela eqongeni ethetha ngemodeli yememori, kwenzeka-ngaphambi okanye ukuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma enemisonto emininzi kunye - boom! - sele bengaphantsi kwewaka abantu bathatha yonke indawo ekhoyo ukuze bahlale phantsi kwaye baphulaphule ngenyameko. Yintoni umongo wale mpumelelo? Mhlawumbi inyani yokuba sonke sisezandleni zethu uhlobo oluthile lwehardware ekwaziyo ukuququzelela icomputing esasazwayo? Okanye ngaba sikuqonda ngokungenangqondo ukungakwazi kwethu ukuyilayisha ngexabiso layo lokwenyani? Kukho ibali langempela leSt. Petersburg quantum (oko kukuthi, umhlalutyi wemali kunye nomphuhlisi), owagqiba ngeqela le-computing ezandleni zakhe, amandla apheleleyo anokusetyenziswa nguye yedwa. Kwaye ungenza ntoni ukuba kufuneka wenze imisebenzi yakho ngezakhono eziphindwe kaninzi kunangoku?

Ngenxa yolu dumo, isihloko sokusebenza kunye nekhompyutheni esebenzayo idla ngokusasazeka kwiprogram yenkomfa. Zingaphi iintsuku ezimbini zeengxelo ezinokwenziwa malunga nokusebenza-isinye kwisithathu, isibini kwisithathu? Kwezinye iindawo kukho izithintelo ezenziweyo ezithintela oku kukhula: ukongeza ekusebenzeni, kufuneka kusekho indawo yezakhelo zewebhu ezitsha, uhlobo oluthile lwe-devops okanye i-astronautics yoyilo. Hayi, ukusebenza, awuyi kusidla sonke!

Okanye unokuhamba ngendlela echaseneyo, unikezele kwaye wenze ngokunyaniseka inkomfa eya kuba malunga nokusabalalisa i-computing kunye nabo kuphela. Kwaye nantsi, Hydra.

Masivume ngokunyanisekileyo ukuba namhlanje yonke i-computing yindlela enye okanye enye isasazwa ngayo. Ingaba i-multi-core machine, i-computing cluster, okanye inkonzo enkulu esasazwayo, kukho iinkqubo ezininzi kuyo yonke indawo ezenza izibalo ezizimeleyo ngokuhambelanayo, ukuvumelanisa omnye nomnye. Indlela esebenza ngayo ithiyori kunye nendlela esebenza ngayo ekusebenzeni iya kuba yingqwalasela yeHydra.

Inkqubo yenkomfa

Inkqubo ngoku iphantsi kophuhliso. Kufuneka ibandakanye iingxelo ezivela kubaseki beethiyori zeenkqubo ezisasazwayo kunye neenjineli ezisebenza nabo kwimveliso.

Ngokomzekelo, sele sisazi malunga nokuthatha inxaxheba kweLeslie Lamport evela kuPhando lweMicrosoft kunye noMaurice Herlihy ovela kwiYunivesithi yaseBrown.

UMaurice Herlihy - unjingalwazi odumileyo nohlonitshwayo weComputer Science, kukho nebali ngaye Iphepha leWikipedia, apho ungadlula khona amakhonkco kunye nemisebenzi. Apho unokuqaphela amabhaso amabini eDijkstra, elokuqala elokusebenza "Linda-Mahala Ungqamaniso", kwaye okwesibini, kutshanje - "Inkumbulo yoTshintsho: Inkxaso yoLwakhiwo loLwakhiwo lweDatha eSitshixo". Ngendlela, amakhonkco awakhokeli nakwi-SciHub, kodwa kwiYunivesithi yaseBrown kunye neYunivesithi yaseVirginia Tech, unokuvula kwaye ufunde.

UMaurice uza kubamba inqaku eliphambili elibizwa ngokuba yi "Blockchains ukusuka kwimbono yekhompyuter esasaziweyo". Ukuba unomdla, unokujonga ukurekhodwa kwengxelo kaMaurice evela kwiJUG yaseSt. Vavanya indlela awudlulisela ngokucacileyo nangokuqondakalayo ngayo umxholo.

Inqaku eliphambili lesibini elibizwa ngokuba yi-"Dual Data Structures" liya kufunda UMichael Scott kwiYunivesithi yaseRochester. Kwaye cinga ntoni-naye unaye eyakhe Iphepha leWikipedia. Ekhaya eWisconsin, waziwa ngomsebenzi wakhe njengomphathi kwiDyunivesithi yaseWisconsin-Madison, kwaye kwihlabathi yindoda eyathi, kunye noDoug Lea, baphuhlisa ezo zi-algorithms zingathinteliyo kunye nemigca ehambelanayo eqhutywa ngamathala eencwadi eJava. . Ufumene ibhaso lakhe le-Dijkstra kwiminyaka emithathu emva koHerlihy, ngomsebenzi wakhe "I-algorithms yolungelelwaniso olunobungozi kwi-multiprocessors ekwabelwana ngayo" (njengoko bekulindelekile, Ulala evulekile kwilayibrari ye-intanethi yeYunivesithi yaseRochester).

Lisekho ixesha elininzi de kube phakathi kuJulayi. Siza kukuxelela ngezinye izithethi kunye nezihloko zazo njengoko sicokisa inkqubo kwaye sisondela kuJulayi.

Ngokubanzi, umbuzo uvela - kutheni sisenza iHydra ehlotyeni? Ngapha koko, eli lixesha lokuphumla, iiholide. Ingxaki kukuba kukho iinjingalwazi zaseyunivesithi phakathi kwezithethi, kwaye naliphi na elinye ixesha lixakekile kubo. Asikwazanga ukukhetha ezinye iintsuku.

Iindawo zengxoxo

Kwezinye iinkomfa, kwenzeka ukuba isithethi sifunde oko kuyimfuneko kwaye sihambe ngokukhawuleza. Abathathi-nxaxheba abanalo nexesha lokuyijonga - emva koko, ingxelo elandelayo iqala phantse ngaphandle kwesithuba. Kubuhlungu kakhulu, ngakumbi xa abantu ababalulekileyo abafana noLamport, uHerlihy noScott bekhona, kwaye ngokwenene uya kwinkomfa ukuze udibane nabo kwaye uthethe ngento ethile.

Siyisombulule le ngxaki. Kwakamsinyane emva kwengxelo yaso, isithethi siya kwindawo yengxubusho ekhethekileyo exhotyiswe ubuncinane ngebhodi emhlophe enophawu, yaye unexesha elininzi. Ngokusesikweni, isithethi sithembisa ukuba sibe khona ubuncinane ngexesha lekhefu phakathi kweengxelo. Enyanisweni, ezi ndawo zengxoxo inakho zolule iiyure ekupheleni (kuxhomekeke kumnqweno kunye nokunyamezela kwesithethi).

Ngokuphathelele uLamport, ukuba ndiyaqonda ngokuchanekileyo, ufuna ukukholisa abantu abaninzi kangangoko ukuba TLA+ - le nto intle. (Inqaku malunga neTLA+ kwiWikipedia). Mhlawumbi eli iya kuba lithuba elihle lokuba iinjineli zifunde into entsha neluncedo. U-Leslie unikeza olu khetho - nabani na onomdla unokubukela iintetho zakhe zangaphambili kwaye eze nemibuzo. Oko kukuthi, endaweni yenqaku eliphambili, kunokubakho, njengokuba kunjalo, iseshoni ye-Q&A ekhethekileyo, kunye nenye indawo yengxoxo. Ndikhe ndajonga kancinci ndafumana eyona ilungileyo Ikhosi yeTLA + (ibizwe ngokusemthethweni uluhlu lokudlala kwi-youtube) kunye nentetho yeyure "Ukucinga ngaphaya kweKhowudi" nge-Microsoft Faculty Summit.

Ukuba ubucinga ngabo bonke aba bantu njengamagama aphoswe kwigranite evela kwiWikipedia nakwiqweqwe leencwadi, lixesha lokuba udibane nabo ngqo! Xoxa kwaye ubuze imibuzo ukuba amaphepha amanqaku enzululwazi akayi kuphendula, kodwa ababhali babo baya kukuvuyela ukwenza uqhagamshelwano.

Ifowuni yeePhepha

Ayiyomfihlo into yokuba abaninzi kwabo bafundayo ngoku eli nqaku abafuni ukubalisa into ebangela umdla ngokwaneleyo bona ngokwabo. Ukusuka kwimbono yobunjineli, ukusuka kwimbono yesayensi, ukusuka kuyo nayiphi na imbono. I-computing esasazwayo sisihloko esibanzi kakhulu kwaye sinzulu, apho kukho indawo yomntu wonke.

Ukuba ufuna ukudlala ecaleni kweLamport, inokwenzeka ngokupheleleyo. Ukuze ube sisithethi, kufuneka landela ikhonkco, funda ngokucophelela yonke into apho kwaye wenze ngokwemiyalelo.

Zola, ngokukhawuleza ukuba udibanise kwinkqubo, uya kuncedwa. Ikomiti yenkqubo inezixhobo ezaneleyo zokunceda ngengxelo ngokwayo, eyona nto iyiyo kunye noyilo. Umnxibelelanisi uya kukunceda ujongane nemiba yentlangano njalo njalo.

Nika ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kumfanekiso onemihla. UJulayi lusuku olude kakhulu kumthathi-nxaxheba, kwaye isithethi kufuneka siqalise ngoku ukuthatha inyathelo.

Isikolo seSPTDC

Inkomfa iya kubanjelwa kwindawo enye kunye nesikolo se-SPTDC, ngoko ke wonke umntu othenga itikiti lesikolo, amatikiti enkomfa - nge 20% isaphulelo.

Isikolo sasehlotyeni sokuziqhelanisa kunye nethiyori yokuSasazwa kweKhompyutha (SPTDС) - isikolo esibonelela ngoluhlu olubanzi lwezifundo kwiinkalo zepraktikhali nezethiyori kwiisistim ezisasazwayo, ezifundiswa ziingcali ezaziwayo kwinkalo echaphazelekayo.

Isikolo siya kubanjwa ngesiNgesi, ngoko ke nalu uluhlu lwezihloko eziya kuxoxwa:

• Izakhiwo zedatha ezihambelanayo: ukuchaneka kunye nokusebenza kakuhle;
• Ii-algorithms zememori engaguqukiyo;
• Ukuhanjiswa kweComptability;
• ukufunda koomatshini abasasazwayo;
• Ukuphindaphindwa komatshini wombuso kunye nePaxos;
• ukunyamezela impazamo yaseByzantine;
• Iziseko ze-algorithmic ze-blockchains.

Ezi zithethi zilandelayo ziyakube zithetha:

• Leslie Lamport (Microsoft);
• Maurice Herlihy (iDyunivesithi yaseBrown);
• UMichael Scott (iYunivesithi yaseRochester);
• UDan Alistarh (IST Austria);
• uTrevor Brown (kwiYunivesithi yaseWaterloo);
• Eli Gafni (UCLA);
• UDanny Hendler (iYunivesithi yaseBen Gurion);
• Achour Mostefaoui (iYunivesithi yaseNantes).

uluhlu lokudlala ngeengxelo zesikolo sangaphambili zinokujongwa ngokukhululekileyo kuYouTube:

Amanyathelo alandelayo

Inkqubo yenkomfa isaqulunqwa. Landela iindaba zikaHabré okanye kwiintanethi zentlalo (fb, vk, twitter).

Ukuba ukholelwa ngokwenene kwinkomfa (okanye ufuna ukuxhamla kwixabiso elikhethekileyo lokuqala, njengoko besithi, "Inyoni yokuqala") - ungaya kwindawo kwaye ukuthenga amatikiti.

Ndiza kubona eHydra!

umthombo: www.habr.com