Ifoto evela kwingqokelela yombhali
Imbali
Imemori yeBubble, okanye imemori ye-cylindrical magnetic domain, yinkumbulo engaguqukiyo eyaphuhliswa eBell Labs ngo-1967 ngu-Andrew Bobeck. Uphononongo lubonise ukuba imimandla yamagnetic encinci ye-cylindrical yenziwa kwiifilimu ze-crystal enye ye-ferrites kunye ne-garnets xa intsimi yamagnetic eyomelele ngokwaneleyo iqondiswe kwi-perpendicular kumphezulu wefilimu. Ngokutshintsha i-magnetic field, la maqamza anokuhanjiswa. Ezo zakhiwo zenza amaqamza emagnethi alungele ukwakha isisiriyali sogcino, njengerejista yeshifti, apho ubukho okanye ukungabikho kweqamza kwindawo ethile kubonisa u-zero okanye ixabiso lesuntswana elinye. Iqamza sisishumi se-micron ububanzi, kwaye itshiphu enye inokugcina amawaka amasuntswana edatha. Ngoko, umzekelo, ngentwasahlobo ka-1977, i-Texas Instruments yaqala yazisa i-chip enomthamo we-92304 bits kwimarike. Le nkumbulo ayiguquguquki, iyenza ifane neteyiphu yemagnethi okanye idiski, kodwa ngenxa yokuba iqinile kwaye ayinamalungu ashukumayo, ithembekile kune tape okanye idiski, ayifuni kugcinwa, kwaye incinci kakhulu kwaye ikhaphukhaphu. inokusetyenziswa kwizixhobo eziphathwayo.
Ekuqaleni, umqambi wememori yeqamza, u-Andrew Bobek, ucebise inguqulelo "yecala-nye" yememori, ngokohlobo lomsonto apho kulimala umcu obhityileyo we-ferromagnetic. Inkumbulo enjalo yayibizwa ngokuba yimemori ye-"twistor", kwaye yaveliswa ngobuninzi, kodwa yathatyathelwa indawo yinguqulelo "ye-two-dimensional".
Unokufunda malunga nembali yokudalwa kwememori yeqamza [1-3].
2. Umgaqo wokusebenza
Apha ndicela undixolele andiyo physicist so ipresentation izoba approximate kakhulu.
Ezinye izinto (ezifana ne-gadolinium gallium garnet) zinepropati yokuba zifakwe umazibuthe kwicala elinye kuphela, kwaye ukuba intsimi yamagnetic eqhubekayo isetyenziswa kule axis, imimandla enemagnethi iya kwenza into efana namaqamza, njengoko kubonisiwe kumzobo ongezantsi. Iqamza ngalinye linamakroni ambalwa ububanzi.
Masithi sinomncinci, ngokomyalelo we-0,001 intshi, ifilimu ye-crystalline yezinto ezinjalo ezifakwe kwi-non-magnetic, njengeglasi, i-substrate.
Imalunga namaqamza omlingo. Umfanekiso ngakwesobunxele - akukho mhlaba wamagnetic, umfanekiso osekunene - intsimi yamagnetic iqondiswe kwi-perpendicular kwifilimu.
Ukuba phezu kwefilimu yezinto ezinjalo ipateni yenziwe kwisixhobo samagnetic, umzekelo, i-permalloy, i-iron-nickel alloy, ngoko iibhubhu ziya kugxilwa kwizinto zale pateni. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iipatheni ngendlela ye-T-shaped okanye i-V-shaped elements isetyenziswa.
Iqamza elinye linokwenziwa ngumhlaba wemagnethi we-100-200 oersteds, esetyenziswa ngokusisigxina kwifilimu yamagnetic kwaye yenziwe ngumazibuthe osisigxina, kunye nendawo ejikelezayo yamagnetic eyenziwe ziikhoyili ezimbini kwiindlela zeXY, ikuvumela ukuba uhambe. i-bubble-domains ukusuka kwesinye "isiqithi" samagnetic ukuya kwesinye, njengale kuboniswe kumzobo. Emva kotshintsho oluphindwe kane kwicala lentsimi yamagnetic, i-domain iya kuhamba ukusuka kwesinye isiqithi ukuya kwesinye.
Konke oku kusivumela ukuba sithathele ingqalelo isixhobo seCMD njengerejista yokutshintsha. Ukuba senza amaqamza kwelinye icala lerejista kwaye siwabhaqe kwelinye, ngoko ke sinokuvuthela ipateni ethile yamaqamza sijikeleze kwaye sisebenzise inkqubo njengesixhobo sokukhumbula, ukufunda nokubhala amasuntswana ngamaxesha athile.
Ukusuka apha landela iingenelo kunye nokungonakali kwememori ye-CMD: inzuzo kukuzimela kwamandla (logama nje intsimi ye-perpendicular eyenziwe ngamagnethi asisigxina isetyenzisiwe, amaqamza awayi kunyamalala naphi na kwaye awayi kushukuma kwizikhundla zawo), kwaye ukusilela ixesha elide lokufikelela, kuba ukufikelela kwi-bit engaqondakaliyo, kufuneka ujikeleze yonke irejista yeshifti kwindawo oyifunayo, kwaye ixesha elide, kuya kufuna imijikelo emininzi.
Ipateni yezinto ezizibuthe kwifilimu kazibuthe yeCMD.
Ukwenziwa kwesizinda samagnetic kubizwa ngesiNgesi ngokuthi "nucleation", kwaye kuqulethwe kwinto yokuba umsinga wamakhulu aliqela e-milliamps usetyenziswa ekujikeni kangangexesha elimalunga ne-100 ns, kwaye kudalwa umhlaba osebenza ngemagnethi olungelelanisiweyo. ifilimu kwaye ichasene nentsimi yemagnethi esisigxina. Oku kudala "i-bubble" yamagnetic - i-cylindrical magnetic domain kwifilimu. Inkqubo, ngelishwa, ixhomekeke kakhulu kubushushu, kuyenzeka ukuba umsebenzi wokubhala ungaphumeleli ngaphandle kokwenziwa kweqamza, okanye ukwenza amaqamza amaninzi.
Iindlela ezininzi zisetyenziselwa ukufunda idatha evela kwifilimu.
Enye indlela, ukufundwa okungonakalisi, kukufumanisa intsimi yamagnetic ebuthathaka yesizinda se-cylindrical usebenzisa inzwa ye-magnetoresistive.
Indlela yesibini kukufunda okutshabalalisayo. Iqamza lithathwa kwisizukulwana esikhethekileyo/umkhondo wokubhaqa, apho iqamza litshatyalaliswa yimagnetization yangaphambili yezinto. Ukuba i-material i-reverse magnetized, i.e. i-bubble yayikhona, oku kuya kubangela ukuba kubekho ngoku ngakumbi kwikhoyili kwaye oku kuya kubhaqwa yi-electronic circuitry. Emva koko, i-bubble kufuneka yenziwe kwakhona kwingoma ekhethekileyo yokurekhoda.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuba imemori icwangciswe njengoluhlu oludibeneyo, ngoko iya kuba nemiqobo emibini emikhulu. Okokuqala, ixesha lokufikelela liya kuba lide kakhulu. Okwesibini, impazamo enye kwikhonkco iya kubangela ukungasebenzi ngokupheleleyo kwesixhobo sonke. Ngoko ke, benza imemori ehlelwe ngendlela yomzila omnye oyintloko, kunye neengoma ezininzi ezingaphantsi, njengoko kubonisiwe kumzobo.
Inkumbulo yebhamuza enengoma enye eqhubekayo
Inkumbulo yebhamuza enenkosi/iingoma zekhoboka
Ukucwangciswa kwememori okunjalo akuvumeli kuphela ukunciphisa kakhulu ixesha lokufikelela, kodwa kwakhona kuvumela ukuveliswa kwezixhobo zememori eziqulethe inani elithile leengoma eziphosakeleyo. Umlawuli wememori kufuneka azithathele ingqalelo kwaye azigqithise ngexesha lokufunda / ukubhala imisebenzi.
Lo mfanekiso ungezantsi ubonisa i-cross-section ye-bubble memory "chip".
Unako kwakhona ukufunda malunga nomgaqo iqamza memory kwi [4, 5].
3. I-Intel 7110
I-Intel 7110 - imodyuli ye-bubble memory, i-MBM (imemori ye-magnetic-bubble) enomthamo we-1 MB (1048576 bits). Nguye oboniswe kwi-KDPV. I-megabit eyi-1 amandla okugcina idatha yomsebenzisi, kuthathelwa ingqalelo iingoma ezingafunekiyo, umthamo opheleleyo yi-1310720 bits. Isixhobo siqulethe iingoma ezingama-320 eziphothiweyo (i-loops) ezinomthamo we-4096 bits nganye, kodwa kuphela i-256 yazo isetyenziselwa idatha yomsebenzisi, intsalela iyindawo yokugcina iingoma "ezaphukileyo" kunye nokugcina ikhowudi yokulungisa impazamo engafunekiyo. Isixhobo sinoyilo oluphambili lwe-loop encinci ye-loop. Ulwazi malunga neengoma ezisebenzayo luqulethwe kwindlela eyahlukileyo yokuqalisa (i-bootstrap loop). Kwi KDPV, ungabona ikhowudi yehexadecimal eprintwe ekunene kumnqongo. Le yimephu yeengoma "ezaphukileyo", iidijithi ezingama-80 ze-hexadecimal zimele iingoma zedatha ezingama-320, ezisebenzayo zimelwe yincinci enye, engasebenziyo ngo-zero.
Unokufunda uxwebhu loqobo lwemodyuli kwi [7].
Isixhobo sinecala elinoluhlu oluphindwe kabini lwezikhonkwane kwaye lufakwe ngaphandle kwe-solder (kwi-socket).
Ubume bemodyuli buboniswe kumzobo:
Uluhlu lweememori luhlulwe "kwisiqingatha sesiqingatha" (isiqingatha sesiqingatha), ngasinye sahlulwe "kwikota" ezimbini (quads), ikota nganye inemizila yekhoboka engama-80. Imodyuli iqulethe ipleyiti enemathiriyeli yamagnetic ebekwe ngaphakathi kwee-orthogonal windings ezimbini ezidala umhlaba ojikelezayo. Ukwenza oku, izibonakaliso zangoku zemo ye-triangular, ezifuduswa ngama-degrees angama-90 ngokumalunga nomnye, zisetyenziswe kwii-windings. Indibano yepleyiti kunye namajiko-jiko ibekwe phakathi kwemagnethi esisigxina kwaye ibekwe kwikhusi lamagnetic elivala i-magnetic flux eveliswa yimagnethi esisigxina kwaye ikhusela isixhobo kwimagnethi yangaphandle. I-plate ifakwe kwi-slope ye-2,5 degree, eyenza indawo encinci yokufuduka ecaleni kwethambeka. Le ntsimi ayinanto xa kuthelekiswa nentsimi yeekhoyili, kwaye ayiphazamisi ukuhamba kwamaqamza ngexesha lokusebenza kwesixhobo, kodwa itshintshe amaqamza kwiindawo ezisisigxina ezinxulumene ne-permalloy element xa isixhobo sicinyiwe. Inxalenye eyomeleleyo ye-perpendicular yemagnethi esisigxina ixhasa ubukho bamaqamu emagnethi.
Imodyuli iqulathe ezi ndawo zilandelayo:
- Iingoma zenkumbulo. Ngokuthe ngqo ezo ngoma zezinto zepermalloy ezibamba kwaye zikhokele amaqamza.
- ijeneretha yophindaphindo. Isebenzela ukuphindaphinda kweqamza, elihlala likhona kwindawo yesizukulwana.
- Umkhondo wokufaka kunye notshintshiselwano iindawo. Amaqamza enziwe ahamba ecaleni kwengoma yegalelo. Iibhamuza zisiwa kwenye yeengoma ezingama-80 zamakhoboka.
- Umkhondo wesiphumo kunye nendawo yophindaphindo. Amaqamza athatyathwa kwiingoma zedatha ngaphandle kokuwatshabalalisa. Iqamza lahlulahlulwe libe ngamacandelo amabini, kwaye elinye lawo liya kumkhondo wokuphuma.
- Umtshini. Amabhamuza aphuma kwingoma yemveliso angena kwisixhobo sokujonga imagnetoresistive.
- Ilayisha ingoma. Ingoma yokuqalisa iqulethe ulwazi malunga neengoma zedatha ezisebenzayo nezingasebenziyo.
Ngezantsi siza kujonga ezi nodi ngokweenkcukacha ngakumbi. Unokufunda kwakhona inkcazo yezi nodi kwi- [6].
ukwenziwa kwamaqamza
Ukuvelisa i-bubble, kwasekuqaleni kwendlela yokufaka igalelo kukho umqhubi ogobileyo ngendlela yelophu encinci. I-pulse yangoku isetyenziswe kuyo, eyenza intsimi yamagnetic kwindawo encinci kakhulu enamandla kunentsimi yamagnethi esisigxina. Impembelelo idala i-bubble kule ndawo, ehlala igcinwe ngokusisigxina yintsimi yamagnetic kwaye ijikeleza kunye ne-permalloy element phantsi kwesenzo sommandla ojikelezayo wamagnetic. Ukuba sifuna ukubhala iyunithi kwimemori, sisebenzisa i-pulse emfutshane kwi-loop eqhubayo, kwaye ngenxa yoko, iibhubhu ezimbini zizalwa (ezibonakaliswe njenge-Bubble yahlula imbewu kumfanekiso). Enye yeebhubhu iqhutywe yintsimi ejikelezayo kunye nomzila we-permalloy, owesibini uhlala kwindawo kwaye ngokukhawuleza ufumana ubukhulu bawo bokuqala. Emva koko ihambela kwenye yeengoma zekhoboka, kwaye itshintshe indawo ngeqamza elijikeleza kuyo. Yona, ifikelela esiphelweni somkhondo wegalelo kwaye iyanyamalala.
ukutshintshiselana kweqamza
Utshintshiselwano lwe-Bubble lwenzeka xa i-pulse yangoku exande isetyenziswa kumqhubi ohambelanayo. Kule meko, i-bubble ayihlukani ibe ngamacandelo amabini.
Ukufunda idatha
Idatha ithunyelwa kumzila wokuphuma ngokuphindaphinda, kwaye iyaqhubeka nokujikeleza kwindlela yayo emva kokufundwa. Ngaloo ndlela, esi sixhobo sisebenzisa indlela engonakalisi yokufunda. Ukuphindaphinda, i-bubble ikhokelwa phantsi kwento emide ye-permalloy, phantsi kwayo yoluliwe. Ngaphezulu kukho kwakhona umqhubi ngendlela ye-loop, ukuba i-pulse yangoku isetyenziswe kwi-loop, i-bubble iya kwahlulwa ibe ngamacandelo amabini. I-pulse yangoku iquka icandelo elifutshane elinomthamo ophezulu wokwahlula i-bubble kwiindawo ezimbini, kunye necandelo elide elingaphantsi kwangoku ukuqondisa i-bubble kwindlela yokuphuma.
Ekupheleni komzila wemveliso yiBubble Detector, ibhulorho yemagnetoresistive eyenziwe ngezinto zepermalloy ezenza isekethe ende. Xa i-bubble magnetic iwela phantsi kwe-permalloy element, ukuchasana kwayo kuyatshintsha, kwaye umahluko onokubakho we-millivolts ezininzi ubonakala ekuphumeni kwebhulorho. Ubume bezinto ze-permalloy zikhethwa ukwenzela ukuba i-bubble ihamba kunye nabo, ekugqibeleni ibetha isondo elikhethekileyo "lomlindi" kwaye linyamalale.
Ukungafuneki
Isixhobo siqulethe iingoma ze-320, nganye inamabhithi angama-4096. Kwezi, zingama-272 ezisebenzayo, ezingama-48 zikhuselekile, azisebenzi.
Ingoma yokuQalisa (iBoot Loop)
Isixhobo siqulethe iingoma zedatha ye-320, apho i-256 yenzelwe ukugcina idatha yomsebenzisi, intsalela ingaba nephutha okanye inokusebenza njengezixhobo zokutshintsha ezona zingalunganga. Ingoma enye eyongezelelweyo iqulethe ulwazi malunga nokusetyenziswa kweengoma zedatha, i-12 bits ngomzila ngamnye. Xa inkqubo inikwe amandla, kufuneka iqaliswe. Ngethuba lenkqubo yokuqalisa, umlawuli kufuneka afunde i-boot track kwaye abhale ulwazi oluvela kuyo kwirejista ekhethekileyo ye-chip yokufomatha / inzwa yangoku. Emva koko umlawuli uya kusebenzisa iingoma ezisebenzayo kuphela, kwaye ezingasebenziyo aziyi kuhoywa kwaye aziyi kubhalelwa.
Uvimba weDatha-Ulwakhiwo
Ukususela kumbono womsebenzisi, idatha igcinwe kumaphepha angama-2048 e-512 bits nganye. I-256 bytes yedatha, i-14 bits yekhowudi yokulungisa iphutha kunye ne-2 bits engasetyenziswanga zigcinwe kwisiqingatha ngasinye sesixhobo.
Ulungiso lwemposiso
Ukufunyanwa kwempazamo kunye nokulungiswa kungenziwa yi-chip sensor yangoku, equkethe i-14-bit code decoder elungisa iphutha elilodwa ukuya kwi-5 bits ubude (impazamo yokuqhuma) kwibhloko nganye ye-270 bits (kuquka ikhowudi ngokwayo). Ikhowudi ihlonyelwe ekupheleni kwebhloko nganye ye-256-bit. Ikhowudi yokulungiswa ingasetyenziselwa okanye ingasetyenziswanga, ngesicelo somsebenzisi, ukuqinisekiswa kwekhowudi kunokuvulwa okanye kucinywe kumlawuli. Ukuba akukho khowudi isetyenziswayo, zonke iibhithi ezingama-270 zingasetyenziselwa idatha yomsebenzisi.
Ixesha lokufikelela
Intsimi yamagnetic ijikeleza kwi-frequency ye-50 kHz. Umyinge wexesha lokufikelela kwisuntswana lokuqala lephepha lokuqala yi-41 ms, esisisiqingatha sexesha elithathayo ukugqibezela umjikelo opheleleyo ngomzila kunye nexesha elithathayo ukuya kumzila wemveliso.
Iingoma ze-320 ezisebenzayo kunye nezigciniweyo zohlulwe zibe ziinxalenye ezine ze-80 iingoma nganye. Lo mbutho unciphisa ixesha lokufikelela. Iikota zijongwa ngababini: isibini ngasinye seekota siqulathe amasuntswana alinganayo kunye angaqhelekanga egama, ngokulandelelanayo. Isixhobo siqulethe iingoma zokufaka ezine ezineeqamza zokuqala, kunye neengoma ezine zemveliso. Iingoma eziphumayo zisebenzisa ii-detectors ezimbini, zicwangciswe ngendlela yokuba amaqamza amabini ukusuka kwiingoma ezimbini angaze abethe umtshina omnye ngexesha elinye. Ngaloo ndlela, imijelo ye-bubble emine iphindwe kabini kwaye iguqulwa ibe yimijelo emibini kwaye igcinwe kwiirejista ze-chip sensor yangoku. Apho, imixholo yeerejista iphinda iphindaphindwe kwaye ithunyelwe kumlawuli ngokusebenzisa i-serial interface.
Kwinxalenye yesibini yenqaku, siza kujonga ngakumbi kwisekethe yesilawuli sememori ye-bubble.
4. Iimbekiselo
Umbhali ufunyenwe kwiikona ezimnyama zenethiwekhi kwaye ugcine ulwazi oluninzi oluluncedo lwezobuchwepheshe kwimemori kwi-CMD, imbali yayo kunye neminye imiba ehambelana nayo:
1. -Iinkumbulo ezimbini zenjineli uBobek
2. -Iinkumbulo ezimbini zenjineli uBobek (icandelo 2)
3. -Inkumbulo yebhubhu
4. Ukulungelelaniswa kweMemori yeMagnetic Bubble kwiNdawo yeMicrocomputer eMgangathweni
5. - Texas Instruments TIB 0203 Bubble Memory
6. β Incwadana yaMalunga eMemori. Intel 1983.
7. 7110 1-Megabit iMemori ye Bubble
umthombo: www.habr.com