Ihobe elithwalayo elilayishwe ngamakhadi e-microSD linokudlulisa amanani amakhulu edatha ngokukhawuleza nakwexabiso eliphantsi kunayo nayiphi na enye indlela.
Phawula Transl.: nangona imvelaphi yeli nqaku yavela kwiwebhusayithi ye-IEEE Spectrum ngo-Epreli 1, zonke iinyani ezidweliswe kuyo zithembekile.
NgoFebruwari malunga nokukhululwa kwekhadi lokuqala lehlabathi le-microSD flash kunye nomthamo we-1 terabyte. Yona, njengamanye amakhadi kule fomati, incinci, inomlinganiselo we-15 x 11 x 1 mm kuphela, kwaye inobunzima be-250 mg. Inokulingana inani elimangalisayo ledatha kwindawo encinci kakhulu yomzimba, kwaye inokuthengwa nge-550 yeedola. Kanye ukuze uqonde, amakhadi okuqala e-microSD angama-512 avele kunyaka nje ongaphambili, ngoFebruwari ka-2018.
Siqhelene nesantya sokuqhubela phambili kwikhompyuter kangangokuba oku kunyuka koxinano lwendawo yogcino kuhamba ngokungaqatshelwanga, ngamanye amaxesha sifumana ushicilelo lweendaba kunye nebhlog okanye ezimbini. Eyona nto inika umdla (kwaye inokuba neziphumo ezinkulu) kukuba sikhula ngokukhawuleza kangakanani ukukwazi kwethu ukuvelisa nokugcina idatha xa kuthelekiswa nokukwazi kwethu ukuyihambisa kuthungelwano olufikelelekayo kubantu abaninzi.
Le ngxaki ayintsha, kwaye ngoku kumashumi eminyaka iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze "cunnets" zisetyenzisiwe ukuthutha idatha ukusuka kwindawo enye ukuya kwenye - ngeenyawo, ngeposi, okanye ngeendlela ezingaqhelekanga. Enye yeendlela zokuhanjiswa kwedatha eziye zasetyenziswa ngokusebenzayo kwiminyaka eliwaka edlulileyo ngamajuba athwalayo, akwaziyo ukuhamba amakhulu okanye amawaka eekhilomitha ubude, abuyele ekhaya, kwaye asebenzise iindlela zokuhamba, ubume obungekabikho. ifundwe ngokuchanekileyo. Kuvela ukuba ngokubhekiselele kwi-throughput (isixa sedatha edluliselwe kumgama onikiweyo ngexesha elithile), i-Peronet esekelwe kwi-pigeon ihlala isebenza kakuhle kunamanethiwekhi aqhelekileyo.
Ukususela kwi "IP Datagram Transmission Standard for Air Carriers"
NgoAprili 1, 1990, uDavid Weitzman wenza isindululo Isicelo sokuphawula (RFC) esinesihloko esithi "", ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba IPoAC. I-RFC 1149 ichaza "indlela yovavanyo yokufaka iidathagram ze-IP kubathuthi bomoya", kwaye sele inohlaziyo oluninzi malunga nomgangatho wenkonzo kunye nokufudukela kwi-IPv6 (epapashwe ngo-Aprili 1, 1999 kunye no-Aprili 1, 2011, ngokulandelelana).
Ukuthumela i-RFC ngoSuku lwe-Apreli Fool sisithethe esaqala ngo-1978 kunye ne-RFC 748, eyacebisa ukuba ukuthumela i-IAC DONT RANDOMLY-LAHLEKILEYO umyalelo kwiseva ye-telnet kuya kumisa umncedisi ngokulahlekelwa yidatha. Umbono ophilileyo, akunjalo? Kwaye le yenye yeepropathi ze-RFC ka-Aprili Fool, iyacacisa , okhokele iQela eliSebenzayo leNethiwekhi kwi-CERN ukusuka kwi-1985 ukuya kwi-1996, usihlalo we-IETF ukusuka kwi-2005 ukuya kwi-2007, kwaye ngoku uhlala eNew Zealand. “Kufuneka kube nokwenzeka ngokobuchwepheshe (oko kukuthi, ayiphuli imithetho yefiziksi) kwaye kufuneka ufunde ubuncinci iphepha ngaphambi kokuba uqonde ukuba yintlekisa,” utshilo. "Kwaye, ngokwendalo, kufuneka kube budenge."
Umchweli, kunye nogxa wakhe uBob Hinden, ngokwabo babhala i-RFC ka-Aprili Fool, echazwe , ngowama-2011. Kwaye namashumi amabini eminyaka emva kokwaziswa kwayo, i-IPoAC isaziwa kakhulu. “Wonke umntu uyazi malunga neenqwelo-moya,” utshilo uCarpenter. "Mna noBob sasithetha ngenye imini kwintlanganiso ye-IETF malunga nokusabalala kwe-IPv6, kwaye umbono wokuyongeza kwi-IPoAC weza ngokwemvelo."
, eyayichaza i-IPoAC ekuqaleni, ichaza uninzi lweenzuzo zomgangatho omtsha:
Iinkonzo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zinokubonelelwa ngokubeka izinto ezibalulekileyo kuqala. Ukongeza, kukho ukuqondwa eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kweentshulube. Ekubeni i-IP ayiqinisekisi i-100% yokuhanjiswa kwepakethe, ukulahlekelwa ngumthwali kunokunyamezela. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, abathwali babuyela ngokwabo. Usasazo aluchazwanga kwaye isaqhwithi sinokubangela ukulahleka kwedatha. Kunokwenzeka ukuba wenze iinzame eziqhubekayo ekuhambiseni de kube umthwali wehla. Iindlela zophicotho zenziwa ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye zinokufumaneka rhoqo kwiitreyi zentambo nakwilog [IsiNgesi ilog ithetha zombini “ilog” kunye “nelog yokubhala” / approx. inguqulelo].
Uhlaziyo lomgangatho (RFC 2549) longeza iinkcukacha ezininzi ezibalulekileyo:
I-Multicasting, nangona ixhaswa, idinga ukuphunyezwa kwesixhobo se-cloning. Abathwali bempahla banokulahleka ukuba bazimisa emthini ogawulwayo. Abathwali basasazwa ecaleni komthi welifa. Abathwali bane-avareji ye-TTL ye-15 yeminyaka, ngoko ke ukusetyenziswa kwabo ekwandiseni ukukhangela kweringi kulinganiselwe.
Iinciniba zinokubonwa njengezinye ezithwalayo, ezinomthamo omkhulu kakhulu wokudlulisa ulwazi oluninzi, kodwa zibonelela ngonikezelo olucothayo kwaye zifuna iibhulorho phakathi kweendawo ezahlukeneyo.
Ingxoxo eyongezelelweyo yomgangatho wenkonzo inokufumaneka kwi .
ukusuka kwi-Carpenter, ichaza i-IPv6 ye-IPoAC, ikhankanya, phakathi kwezinye izinto, iingxaki ezinokubakho ezinxulumene nomzila wepakethi:
Ukugqithiswa kwabathwali kwintsimi yabathwali abafana nabo, ngaphandle kokuseka izivumelwano malunga nokutshintshiselana kolwazi loontanga, kunokukhokelela ekutshintsheni okubukhali kwindlela, i-package looping kunye nokuhanjiswa kwe-out-of-order. Ukudlula kwabathwali kumhlaba wamarhamncwa kunokukhokelela kwilahleko enkulu yeepakethe. Kucetyiswa ukuba ezi zinto ziqwalaselwe kwi-algorithm yoyilo lwetafile. Abo baza kuphumeza ezi ndlela, ukuze kuqinisekiswe unikezelo oluthembekileyo, kufuneka bathathele ingqalelo umgaqo-nkqubo osekwe kwimigaqo-nkqubo ethintela iindawo apho abathwali basekuhlaleni kunye nabaxhatshazayo bakholisa kakhulu.
Kukho ubungqina bokuba abanye abathwali banotyekelo lokutya abanye abathwali kwaye emva koko bathuthe umthwalo otyiweyo. Oku kunokubonelela ngendlela entsha yokutonela iipakethi ze-IPv4 kwiipakethi ze-IPv6, okanye ngokuphendululekileyo.
Umgangatho we-IPoAC wacetywa ngo-1990, kodwa imiyalezo ithunyelwe ngamahobe athwala ixesha elide: ifoto ibonisa ihobe elithwalayo lithunyelwa eSwitzerland, phakathi kwe-1914 kunye ne-1918.
Kusengqiqweni ukulindela ukusuka kumgangatho, ingqikelelo yawo eyaqanjwa emva phayaa ngo-1990, ukuba ifomati yoqobo yokuhambisa idatha nge-IPoAC protocol yayanyaniswa noshicilelo loonobumba abakwi-hexadecimal ephepheni. Ukususela ngoko, kuninzi kutshintshile, kwaye inani ledatha elihambelana nomthamo womzimba onikeziweyo kunye nobunzima liye landa ngokumangalisayo, ngelixa ubungakanani bomthwalo wokuhlawula ijuba ngalinye buhlala bufana. Amahobe ayakwazi ukuthwala umthwalo oyipesenti ebalulekileyo yobunzima bomzimba wawo - ihobe eqhelekileyo inobunzima obumalunga neegram ezingama-500, kwaye ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-75 yayinokuthwala iikhamera ezingama-XNUMX zeegram ukuze ziphinde zikwazi ukuya kwindawo yotshaba.
Sathetha naye , umthandi womdyarho wamahobe waseMaryland, waqinisekisa ukuba amahobe anokuthwala ngokulula ukuya kutsho kwiigram ezingama-75 (yaye mhlawumbi nangaphezulu) “kuwo nawuphi na umgama imini yonke.” Kwangaxeshanye, ziyakwazi ukubhabha umgama omde-irekhodi lehlabathi le-homing homing ibanjwe yintaka enye engoyikiyo, ekwazileyo ukubhabha isuka eArras eFransi isiya kwikhaya layo eHo Chi Minh City eVietnam, ithatha uhambo lwe-11. km ngeentsuku ezingama-500. Kambe ke, inkoliso yamahobe awakwazi ukubhabha kangaka. Ubude obuqhelekileyo bekhosi elide lomdyarho, ngokutsho kweLesofsky, limalunga neekhilomitha ezili-24, kwaye iintaka ziwugubungela ngesantya esiphakathi kwama-1000 km/h. Kwimigama emifutshane, abagijimi banokufikelela kwisantya esifikelela kwi-70 km/h.
Ukubeka konke oku kunye, sinokubala ukuba ukuba silayisha ijuba elithwalayo ukuya kumthamo walo ophezulu wokuthwala i-75 grams kunye ne-1 TB amakhadi e-microSD, nganye enobunzima be-250 mg, ngoko ijuba liya kukwazi ukuthwala i-300 TB yedatha. Ukuhamba ukusuka eSan Francisco ukuya eNew York (i-4130 km) ngesantya esiphezulu se-sprint, kuya kufikelela kumazinga okudluliselwa kwedatha ye-12 TB / iyure, okanye i-28 Gbit / s, eyimiyalelo emininzi yobukhulu obuphezulu kunonxibelelwano oluninzi lwe-Intanethi. E-US, umzekelo, isantya esikhawulezayo sokukhuphela sibonwa kwiSixeko saseKansas, apho i-Google Fiber idlulisela idatha ngesantya se-127 Mbps. Ngesi santya, kuyakuthatha iintsuku ezingama-300 ukukhuphela i-240 TB - kwaye ngelo xesha ihobe lethu liya kukwazi ukubhabha lijikeleze ihlabathi izihlandlo ezingama-25.
Masithi lo mzekelo awubonakali uyinyaniso kuba uchaza uhlobo oluthile lwehobe elikhulu, ngoko ke masithobe isantya. Masithathe umyinge wesantya sokuhamba nge-70 km / h, kwaye ulayishe intaka ngesiqingatha somthwalo ophezulu kwiimemori khadi ze-terabyte - 37,5 grams. Kwaye kunjalo, nangona sithelekisa le ndlela kunye noxhumo olukhawulezayo lwegigabit, ijuba liyaphumelela. Ihobe liya kukwazi ukujikeleza ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sehlabathi ngexesha elithathayo ukuze ukuhanjiswa kwefayile yethu kugqitywe, nto leyo ethetha ukuba kuya kukhawuleza ukuthumela idatha ngehobe ngokoqobo naphi na ehlabathini kunokusebenzisa i-Intanethi ukuyidlulisela.
Ngokwemvelo, oku kuthelekiso lwemveliso ecocekileyo. Asilithatheli ngqalelo ixesha kunye neenzame ezifunekayo zokukhuphela idatha kumakhadi e-microSD, ukuwalayisha kwihobe, kwaye sifunde idatha xa intaka ifika kwindawo yayo. Ukubambezeleka kuphezulu ngokucacileyo, ngoko ke nayiphi na enye into ngaphandle kokudluliselwa kwendlela enye ayinakwenzeka. Owona mda mkhulu kukuba ihobe lehoming libhabha kuphela kwicala elinye kunye nendawo enye, ngoko awukwazi ukukhetha indawo yokuthumela idatha, kwaye kufuneka uthuthe amajuba apho ufuna ukuwathumela khona, nawo athintele. ukusetyenziswa kwazo ngokoqobo .
Nangona kunjalo, inyaniso ihleli kukuba nangona uqikelelo oluyinyani lomthwalo wejuba kunye nesantya, kunye noqhagamshelo lwe-intanethi, i-throughput ecocekileyo yejuba akulula ukuyibetha.
Ngayo yonke le nto engqondweni, kufanelekile ukukhankanya ukuba unxibelelwano lwejuba luye lwavavanywa kwihlabathi lenene, kwaye lenza umsebenzi olungileyo. Iqela labasebenzisi baseBergen Linux abavela eNorway ngo-2001 , ukuthumela i-ping enye ngehobe ngalinye kumgama oyi-5 km:
I-ping yathunyelwa malunga ne-12: 15 p.m. Sigqibe kwelokuba senze isithuba semizuzu eyi-7,5 phakathi kweepakethi, nto leyo ebefanele ukuba ibangele ukuba iipakethi ezimbalwa zihlale zingaphendulwanga. Noko ke, izinto azizange zihambe ngolo hlobo. Ummelwane wethu wayenomhlambi wamahobe awayebhabha phezu kwendawo yakhe. Kwaye amahobe ethu awazange afune ukubhabha ngqo ekhaya, aqala afuna ukubhabha namanye amahobe. Yaye ngubani onokubabeka ityala, ekubeni ilanga laphuma okokuqala emva kweentsuku ezimbalwa ezinamafu?
Noko ke, ithuku lawo laphumelela, yaye sabona indlela, emva kokudlala ihobe kangangeyure, isibini samavukuthu esahlukana nomhlambi saza sasinga kwicala elifanelekileyo. Savuya. Yaye ngokwenene yayingamahobe ethu, ngenxa yokuba kamsinya emva koku safumana ingxelo evela kwenye indawo yokuba ihobe lihleli phezu kwendlu.
Ekugqibeleni lafika ihobe lokuqala. Ipakethi yedatha yasuswa ngononophelo kwimpuphu yakhe, yakhutshwa kwaye yaskenwa. Emva kokujonga i-OCR ngesandla kunye nokulungisa iimpazamo ezimbalwa, iphakheji yamkelwa njengesebenzayo kwaye ukonwaba kwethu kwaqhubeka.
Kwimithamo emikhulu yedatha (efana nokuba inani elifunekayo lamahobe liba nzima ukunikezela ngenkonzo), iindlela eziphathekayo zokushukuma kusafuneka zisetyenziswe. IAmazon ibonelela ngenkonzo – 45-unyawo isikhongozeli ngenqanawa kwilori. Inqwelo-moya enye ye-snowmobile inokuphatha ukuya kutsho kwi-100 PB (100 TB) yedatha. Ayizi kuhamba ngokukhawuleza njengomhlambi olingana namahobe angamakhulu aliqela, kodwa kuya kuba lula ukusebenza nawo.
Uninzi lwabantu lubonakala lwanelisekile kukukhuphela ngokukhululekileyo, kwaye banomdla omncinci wotyalo-mali kumahobe abo. Kuyinyani ukuba kuthatha umsebenzi omninzi, utshilo uDrew Lesofsky, kwaye amahobe ngokwawo awahlali njengepakethi yedatha:
Itekhnoloji yeGPS iya isanda ukunceda abathanda umdyarho wamahobe kwaye sifumana ukuqonda ngcono ukuba amahobe ethu abhabha njani kwaye kutheni amanye ebhabha ngokukhawuleza kunamanye. Owona mgca umfutshane phakathi kwamanqaku amabini ngumgca othe tye, kodwa amahobe awafane abhabhe ngendlela ethe tye. Zidla ngokujikajika, zibhabhela kwicala elifunayo zize zilungelelanise indlela njengoko zisondela kwindawo eziya kuyo. Amanye awo omelele ngokwasemzimbeni yaye abhabha ngokukhawuleza, kodwa ihobe elizimisele ngakumbi, elingenazo iingxaki zempilo yaye liqeqeshwe ngokwasemzimbeni linokoyisa ihobe elibhabha ngokukhawuleza elinekhampasi engekho mgangathweni.
U-Lesofsky unexabiso elifanelekileyo lokuzithemba kumahobe njengabathwali bedatha: "Ndingaziva ndiqinisekile ngokuthumela ulwazi kunye namajuba am," utshilo, ngelixa exhalabele ukulungiswa kwempazamo. "Ndiza kukhulula ubuncinane abathathu ngexesha ukuqinisekisa ukuba nokuba omnye wabo unekhampasi embi, ezinye ezimbini ziya kuba nekhampasi engcono, kwaye ekugqibeleni isantya sabo bobathathu siya kukhawuleza."
Iingxaki ngokuphumeza i-IPoAC kunye nokwenyuka kokuthembeka kothungelwano olukhawulezayo olufanelekileyo (kwaye kaninzi lungenazingcingo) luthethe ukuba uninzi lweenkonzo ezixhomekeke kumahobe (kwaye zazininzi zazo) zitshintshele kwiindlela zokudlulisa idatha zemveli kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo.
Kwaye ngenxa yawo onke amalungiselelo okuqala afunekayo ukuseta inkqubo yedatha yejuba, ezinye iindlela ezifaniswayo (ezifana ne-drones-wing-wing) zinokuthi zisebenze ngakumbi. Nangona kunjalo, amajuba asenazo iingenelo ezithile: zilinganisa kakuhle, zisebenzela imbewu, zithembeke ngakumbi, zinenkqubo enzima kakhulu yokuphepha imiqobo eyakhelwe kuzo zombini kwinqanaba lesoftware kunye nehardware, kwaye ziyakwazi ukuzihlaziya.
Konke oku kuya kulichaphazela njani ikamva lomgangatho we-IPoAC? Kukho umgangatho, ufikeleleka kumntu wonke, nokuba yinto engenangqondo. Sabuza uBrian Carpenter ukuba wayelungiselela olunye uhlaziyo kumgangatho, kwaye wathi wayecinga malunga nokuba amajuba angakwazi ukuthwala i-qubits. Kodwa nokuba i-IPoAC iyinkimbinkimbi encinci (kunye nesidenge esincinci) kwiimfuno zakho zokudluliselwa kwedatha yobuqu, zonke iintlobo zothungelwano olungelulo umgangatho wonxibelelwano luya kuhlala luyimfuneko kwikamva elibonakalayo, kunye nokukwazi kwethu ukuvelisa amanani amakhulu edatha iyaqhubeka ikhula ngokukhawuleza. kunamandla ethu okusasaza.
Enkosi kumsebenzisi uAyrA_ch ngokubonisa ulwazi kweyakhe , kwaye ilungele , enceda ukubala ukuba akude kangakanani na amahobe kwezinye iindlela zokusasaza idatha.
umthombo: www.habr.com