Iinkcukacha zomiliselo lwe-RSTP kunye neeprothokholi zoMsebenzi owandisiweyo weRing

Unokufumana izinto ezininzi malunga ne-RSTP protocol kwi-Intanethi. Kweli nqaku, ndiphakamisa ukuthelekisa iprotocol ye-RSTP kunye neprotocol yobunikazi ukusuka Unxibelelwano lwasePhoenix – Ukwandiswa kweRingi yokuRenda.

Iinkcukacha zokuphunyezwa kwe-RSTP

Ulwazi jikelele

Ixesha lokuhlangana – 1-10 s
Ii-topology ezinokwenzeka – nayiphi na

Kukholelwa ngokubanzi ukuba i-RSTP ivumela kuphela utshintsho ukuba ludityaniswe kwindandatho:

Kodwa i-RSTP ikuvumela ukuba uqhagamshelane nokutshintsha ngayo nayiphi na indlela oyifunayo. Umzekelo, i-RSTP inokusingatha le topology.

Umgaqo wokusebenza

I-RSTP yehlisa nayiphi na itopology emthini. Enye yokutshintsha iba ngumbindi we-topology - ingcambu yokutshintsha. Ukutshintsha kwengcambu kuthwala uninzi lwedatha ngokwalo.

Umgaqo wokusebenza we-RSTP umi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. amandla anikezelwa kwiiswitshi;
2. ingcambu yokutshintsha ikhethiwe;
3. iiswitshi ezishiyekileyo zimisela eyona ndlela ikhawulezayo kwingcambu yokutshintsha;
4. amajelo aseleyo avaliwe kwaye abe yi-backup.

Ukukhetha Ingcambu yokutshintsha

Ukutshintsha kunye ne-RSTP yotshintshiselwano iipakethi ze-BPDU. I-BPDU yipakethi yenkonzo equlethe ulwazi lwe-RSTP. I-BPDU iza kwiindidi ezimbini:

• Uqwalaselo BPDU.
• Isaziso soTshintsho lweTopology.

Uqwalaselo lwe-BPDU lusetyenziselwa ukwakha i-topology. Yingcambu yokutshintsha kuphela eyithumelayo. Uqwalaselo lwe-BPDU luqulathe:

• i-ID yomthumeli (i-ID yeBridge);
• I-ID ye-Root Bridge;
• isazisi sezibuko apho le pakethi ithunyelwe khona (Isazisi sePort);
• ixabiso lendlela ukuya kwingcambu yokutshintsha (IiNdleko zeNdlela yeNgcambu).

Naluphi na utshintsho lungathumela i-Topology Change Notification. Zithunyelwa xa i-topology itshintsha.

Emva kokutshintsha, zonke iiswitshi zicinga ngokwazo njengeengcambu zokutshintsha. Baqala ukuthumela iipakethi ze-BPDU. Ngokukhawuleza ukuba iswitshi ifumana i-BPDU ene-ID yeBhulorho esezantsi kuneyayo, ayisaziboni ukuba iyingcambu yokutshintsha.

I-ID yebhulorho inamaxabiso amabini - idilesi ye-MAC kunye neBridge Priority. Asikwazi ukutshintsha idilesi ye-MAC. Ukubaluleka kweBridge ngokungagqibekanga yi-32768. Ukuba awutshintshi iBhulorho ePhambili, iswitshi enedilesi ye-MAC esezantsi iya kuba yingcambu yokutshintsha. Ukutshintsha ngedilesi ye-MAC encinci yeyona indala kwaye isenokungabi yeyona iqhubayo. Kuyacetyiswa ukuba uchaze ngokwakho ingcambu yokutshintsha kwetopology yakho. Ukwenza oku, kufuneka uqwalasele iBridge Priority encinci (umzekelo, 0) kwi-root switch. Unako kwakhona ukuchaza ingcambu yogcino iswitsha ngokuyinika iBhulorho ePhakamileyo kancinane (umzekelo, 4096).

Ukukhetha indlela eya kwingcambu yokutshintsha

Ingcambu yokutshintsha ithumela iipakethi ze-BPDU kuwo onke amazibuko asebenzayo. I-BPDU ineNdawo yeeNdleko zeNdlela. Iindleko zendlela ibonisa iindleko zendlela. Ixabiso eliphezulu lendlela, kokukhona kuthatha ixesha elide ukuba ipakethi ihanjiswe. Xa i-BPDU idlula kwizibuko, indleko yongezwa kwiNdawo yeNdlela yeNdlela. Inombolo eyongeziweyo ibizwa ngokuba yi-Port Cost.

Yongeza ixabiso elithile kwiNdleko yeNdlela xa i-BPDU idlula kwizibuko. Ixabiso elongezayo libizwa ngokuba yindleko yezibuko kwaye inokumiselwa mhlawumbi ngesandla okanye ngokuzenzekelayo. Iindleko zePort zinokumiselwa mhlawumbi ngesandla okanye ngokuzenzekelayo.

Xa iswitshi engeyiyo ingcambu ineendlela ezininzi ezizezinye ukuya kwingcambu, ikhetha eyona ikhawulezayo. Ithelekisa iNdleko yeNdlela yezi ndlela. Izibuko apho i-BPDU yeza nelona xabiso liphantsi leNdlela yeNdlela iba yiRoot Port.

Iindleko zamazibuko anikezelwe ngokuzenzekelayo zinokujongwa kwitheyibhile:

Ireyithi yePort Baud
Iindleko zePort

10 Mb/s
2 000 000

100 Mb/s
200 000

1 gb / s
20 000

10 gb / s
2 000

Iindima zePort kunye nemigangatho

Izibuko zokutshintsha zinezikhundla ezininzi kunye neendima zezibuko.

Ubume bezibuko (ye-STP):

• Ikhubazekile - ayisebenzi.
• Ukuvala - imamela i-BPDU, kodwa ayithumeli. Ayithumeli idatha.
• Ukumamela - mamela kwaye uthumele i-BPDU. Ayithumeli idatha.
• Ukufunda – umamela kwaye usasaze i-BPDU. Ilungiselela ukudluliselwa kwedatha - igcwalisa itafile yedilesi ye-MAC.
• Ukudlulisela phambili - idatha phambili, imamela kwaye isasaze i-BPDU.

Ixesha lokudibanisa i-STP yimizuzwana engama-30-50. Emva kokuvula iswitshi, onke amazibuko aya kuzo zonke iimeko. Izibuko lihlala likwimo nganye imizuzwana emininzi. Lo mgaqo wokusebenza kungenxa yokuba i-STP inexesha elide lokuhlangana. I-RSTP ineendawo ezimbalwa zezibuko.

Ubume bezibuko (ye-RSTP):

• Ukulahla - akusebenzi.
• Ukulahla - imamela i-BPDU, kodwa ayithumeli. Ayithumeli idatha.
• Ukulahla - mamela kwaye uthumele i-BPDU. Ayithumeli idatha.
• Ukufunda – umamela kwaye usasaze i-BPDU. Ilungiselela ukudluliselwa kwedatha - igcwalisa itafile yedilesi ye-MAC.
• Ukudlulisela phambili - idatha phambili, imamela kwaye isasaze i-BPDU.
• Kwi-RSTP, ukuKhubazeka, ukuVimba kunye nokuMamela isimo zidibaniswe zibe sinye - Ukulahla.

Iindima zezibuko:

• I-Root port - i-port apho idatha ihanjiswa khona. Isebenza njengendlela ekhawulezayo kwi-root switch.
• Izibuko elikhethiweyo-izibuko apho idatha ihanjiswa khona. Ichazwe kwicandelo ngalinye le-LAN.
• Elinye izibuko – izibuko apho idatha ingathunyelwa khona. Yenye indlela eya kwingcambu yokutshintsha.
• I-port yogcino-izibuko apho idatha ingagqithiselwanga. Yindlela yogcino lwecandelo apho izibuko elinye le-RSTP-enabled sele liqhagamshelwe. I-port yogcino isetyenziswa ukuba iitshaneli ezimbini zokutshintsha ziqhagamshelwe kwicandelo elinye (funda hub).
• Izibuko elikhubazekileyo – i-RSTP ivaliwe kweli zibuko.

Ukhetho lweRoot Port luchazwe ngasentla. Ingaba izibuko eliMiselweyo likhethwa njani?

Okokuqala, makhe sichaze ukuba yintoni icandelo le-LAN. Icandelo le-LAN ngummandla wongquzulwano. Ukutshintsha okanye umzila, izibuko ngalinye lenza indawo yongquzulwano eyahlukileyo. Icandelo le-LAN lijelo phakathi kokutshintsha okanye iirotha. Ukuba sithetha nge-hub, ke i-hub inazo zonke izibuko zayo kwi-domain yongquzulwano efanayo.

ISibuko esiMiselweyo esinye kuphela esinikwe icandelo ngalinye.

Kwimeko yamacandelo apho sele kukho iiRoot Ports, yonke into icacile. Izibuko lesibini kwicandelo liba liZibuko eliNyuliweyo.

Kodwa kusekho iziteshi ezigcinayo, apho kuya kubakho iPort enye eNyuliweyo kunye nePort enye. Baza kukhethwa njani? Izibuko eliMiselweyo liya kuba lizibuko elineNdleko yeNdlela ephantsi kwingcambu yokutshintsha. Ukuba IiNdleko zeNdlela ziyalingana, ngoko iZibuko eliNyuliweyo liya kuba lizibuko elibekwe kwiswitshi ene-ID yeBhulorho esezantsi. Ukuba kunye ne-ID yeBhulorho ziyalingana, ngoko iZibuko eliMiselweyo liba lizibuko elinelona nani lisezantsi. Izibuko lesibini liya kuba lilelinye.

Kukho inqaku lokugqibela: inini indima yogcino eyabelwe izibuko? Njengoko sele kubhaliwe ngasentla, i-Backup port isetyenziswa kuphela xa iitshaneli ezimbini zokutshintsha zixhunyiwe kwicandelo elifanayo, oko kukuthi, kwi-hub. Kulo mzekelo, iSibuko esiMiselweyo sikhethwa kusetyenziswa indlela efanayo:

• Eyona ndlela iphantsi Iindleko zokutshintsha ingcambu.
• Eyona ID yeBhulorho iNcinane.
• Eyona ID yePort incinci.

Elona nani liphezulu lezixhobo kwinethiwekhi

Umgangatho we-IEEE 802.1D awunazo iimfuno ezingqongqo kwinani lezixhobo kwi-LAN ene-RSTP. Kodwa umgangatho ucebisa ukuba ungasebenzisi ngaphezu kwe-7 utshintsho kwisebe elinye (akukho ngaphezu kwe-7 hops), i.e. hayi ngaphezulu kwe-15 kwiringi. Xa eli xabiso ligqithisiwe, ixesha lokudibanisa inethiwekhi liqala ukwanda.

Iinkcukacha zokuphunyezwa kwe-ERR.

Ulwazi jikelele

Ixesha lokuhlangana

Ixesha lokudibanisa i-ERR yi-15 ms. Ngobuninzi benani lokutshintsha kwindandatho kunye nobukho bokubhanqa ikhonkco - 18 ms.

Ii-topology ezinokwenzeka

I-ERR ayivumeli izixhobo zidityaniswe ngokukhululekileyo njenge-RSTP. I-ERR ine-topology ecacileyo enokusetyenziswa:

• Uluhlu
• Phinda umsesane
• Dibanisa ukuya kutsho kumakhonkco amathathu

Uluhlu

Xa i-ERR idibanisa zonke iiswitshi zibe yindandatho enye, ngoko kwiswitshi nganye kuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela izibuko eziza kuthatha inxaxheba ekwakheni ikhonkco.

Iringi ephindwe kabini


Ukutshintsha kunokudibaniswa kwindandatho ephindwe kabini, eyandisa kakhulu ukuthembeka kwendandatho.

Imida yeringi ephindwe kabini:

• Iringi ephindwe kabini ayinakusetyenziselwa ukutshintshela ujongano namanye amakhonkco. Ukwenza oku kufuneka usebenzise i-Ring Coupling.
• Iringi ephindwe kabini ayinakusetyenziswa kwiringi yokukhwelana.

Ukubhanqa amakhonkco

Xa ubhanqa, akunakubakho izixhobo ezingaphezu kwama-200 kwinethiwekhi.

Ukudibanisa amakhonkco kubandakanya ukudibanisa amakhonkco aseleyo kwenye ikhonkco.

Ukuba umsesane uqhagamshelwe kwindandatho yojongano ngokusebenzisa iswitshi enye, oku kubizwa ngokuba ukubhanqa amakhonkco ngokusebenzisa iswitshi enye. Ukuba iiswitshi ezimbini ukusuka kwindandatho yendawo ziqhagamshelwe kwindandatho yojongano, oku kuya kuba ukudibanisa ngeeswitshi ezimbini.

Xa ubhanqa ngeswitshi enye kwisixhobo, omabini amazibuko asetyenziswa. Ixesha lokudibanisa kule meko liya kuba malunga ne-15-17 ms. Ngokubambisana okunjalo, ukutshintshwa kokudibanisa kuya kuba yinto yokungaphumeleli, kuba Xa uphulukene nolu tshintsho, iringi iphela ilahleka kanye. Ukubhanqa iiswitshi ezimbini kuthintela oku.

Kuyenzeka ukutshatisa amakhonkco aphindwe kabini.

Ulawulo lweNdlela


Umsebenzi woLawulo lweNdlela ikuvumela ukuba uqwalasele izibuko apho idatha iya kuhanjiswa ngokusebenza okuqhelekileyo. Ukuba umjelo uyasilela kwaye inethwekhi yakhiwe kwakhona kwi-topology yogcino, emva kokuba itshaneli ibuyiselwe, inethiwekhi iya kuphinda yakhiwe kwakhona kwi-topology echaziweyo.

Eli nqaku likuvumela ukuba ugcine kwintambo yokugcina. Ngaphezu koko, i-topology esetyenziselwa ukulungisa ingxaki iya kuhlala isaziwa.

I-topology engundoqo itshintshela kwi-backup topology kwi-15 ms. Ukutshintshela emva xa inethiwekhi ibuyiselwe kuya kuthatha malunga ne-30 ms.

Imida:

• Ayinakusetyenziswa ngokudityaniswa ne-Dual Ring.
• Uphawu kufuneka luvulwe kulo lonke utshintsho kwinethiwekhi.
• Enye yeeswitshi iqwalaselwe njengenkosi yoLawulo lweNdlela.
• Ukutshintshwa ngokuzenzekelayo kwi-topology ephambili emva kokubuyiselwa kwenzeka emva kwe-1 yesibini ngokungagqibekanga (le parameter ingatshintshwa ngokusebenzisa i-SNMP kuluhlu ukusuka kwi-0 ukuya kwi-99 s).

Umgaqo wokusebenza

Umgaqo wokusebenza we-ERR

Ngokomzekelo, qwalasela iiswitshi ezintandathu - 1-6. Ukutshintsha zidityaniswe kwindandatho. Iswitshi nganye isebenzisa amazibuko amabini ukudibanisa kwindandatho kwaye igcina imo yazo. Utshintshela phambili ubume bezibuko ukuya kwenye. Izixhobo zisebenzisa le data ukuseta imo yokuqala yamazibuko.

Amazibuko aneendima ezimbini kuphela - eziThintelweyo и Ukuhambisa phambili.

Iswitshi enedilesi ye-MAC ephezulu ivimba izibuko layo. Onke amanye amazibuko kwiringi athumela idatha.

Ukuba izibuko eliThinjiweyo liyayeka ukusebenza, izibuko elilandelayo elinedilesi ephezulu ye-MAC livalwa.

Nje ukuba iqaliswe, iiswitshi ziqalisa ukuthumela iiYunithi zeNkcukacha yeRingi yeProtocol (R-PDUs). I-R-PDU isasazwa kusetyenziswa i-multicast. I-R-PDU ngumyalezo wenkonzo, njenge-BPDU kwi-RSTP. I-R-PDU iqulethe ubume bezibuko lokutshintsha kunye nedilesi yayo ye-MAC.

I-algorithm yezenzo kwimeko yokungaphumeleli kwetshaneli
Xa ikhonkco lingaphumeleli, iiswitshi zithumela i-R-PDU ukwazisa ukuba imeko yamazibuko itshintshile.

I-algorithm yezenzo xa ubuyisela itshaneli
Xa ikhonkco elingaphumeleli liza kwi-intanethi, iiswitshi zithumela i-R-PDU ukwazisa amazibuko ngotshintsho kwisimo.

Ukutshintsha ngedilesi ye-MAC ephezulu iba yingcambu entsha yokutshintsha.

Itshaneli engaphumelelanga iba yeyokuxhasa.

Emva kokubuyiselwa, enye yezibuko zesiteshi ihlala ivaliwe, kwaye okwesibini idluliselwa kwisimo sokudlulisa. Izibuko elivaliweyo liba lizibuko elinesantya esiphezulu. Ukuba izantya ziyalingana, ngoko ke izibuko lokutshintsha elinedilesi ephezulu ye-MAC iya kuvalelwa. Lo mgaqo ikuvumela ukuba uthintele izibuko eliza kuhamba ukusuka kwindawo evaliweyo ukuya kwimeko yokuthumela ngesantya esiphezulu.

Elona nani liphezulu lezixhobo kwinethiwekhi

Inani eliphezulu lokutshintsha kwiringi ye-ERR yi-200.

Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-ERR kunye ne-RSTP

I-RSTP ingasetyenziswa ngokudibanisa ne-ERR. Kodwa iringi ye-RSTP kunye ne-ERR kufuneka inqumle kuphela iswitshi enye.

Isishwankathelo

I-ERR ilungile ekulungiseleleni ii-topology eziqhelekileyo. Umzekelo, umsesane okanye umsesane ophindwe kabini.

I-topology enjalo isoloko isetyenziselwa ukungasebenzi kwiindawo zoshishino.

Ngaphezu koko, ngoncedo lwe-ERR, i-topology yesibini ingaphunyezwa ngokuthembekileyo, kodwa indleko-esebenzayo. Oku kunokwenziwa kusetyenziswa umsesane ophindwe kabini.

Kodwa akusoloko kusenzeka ukusebenzisa iERR. Kukho amacebo angaqhelekanga. Sivavanye le topology ilandelayo nomnye wabathengi bethu.

Kule meko, i-ERR ayinakwenzeka ukuba ifakwe. Kwesi sikimu sisebenzise i-RSTP. Umthengi wayenemfuno engqongqo yexesha lokudibanisa - ngaphantsi kwe-3 s. Ukufezekisa eli xesha, kwakuyimfuneko ukucacisa ngokucacileyo iingcambu zokutshintsha (i-primary kunye ne-backup), kunye neendleko zamachweba kwimodi yezandla.

Ngenxa yoko, i-ERR inenzuzo ebonakalayo ngokubhekiselele kwixesha lokudibanisa, kodwa ayinikezeli ukuguquguquka okwenziwa yi-RSTP.

umthombo: www.habr.com