Isihloko sale nqaku sele sivuthwa ixesha elide. Kwaye nangona ngesicelo sabafundi betshaneli , Ndandifuna nje ukubhala malunga nomsebenzi okhuselekileyo kunye ne-hydrogen peroxide, kodwa ekugqibeleni, ngenxa yezizathu ezingaziwayo kum (apha, ewe!), Enye i-longreaded yasungulwa. Umxube we-popsci, i-rocket fuel, "i-coronavirus disinfection" kunye ne-permanganometric titration. Njani kunene gcina i-hydrogen peroxide, zeziphi izixhobo zokukhusela ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe xa usebenza kunye nendlela yokubalekela kwimeko yetyhefu - sijonga phantsi kokusikwa.
I-ps ibhungane elisemfanekisweni libizwa ngokuba yi "bombardier". Kwaye wayelahlekile kwenye indawo phakathi kweekhemikhali :)
Inikezelwe "kubantwana beperoxide"...
Umzalwana wethu wayeyithanda ihydrogen peroxide, owu, indlela awayeyithanda ngayo. Ndicinga ngale nto ngalo lonke ixesha ndidibana nombuzo othi βibhotile yehydrogen peroxide idumbile. kwenziwe ntoni?" Kakade ke, ndidibana nawe rhoqo :)
Akumangalisi ukuba kwiindawo ze-post-Soviet, i-hydrogen peroxide (isisombululo se-3%) yenye yezona zinto zithandwa kakhulu "zabantu". Kwaye ukugalela enxebeni, kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane emanzini, kunye nokutshabalalisa i-coronavirus (kutsha nje). Kodwa ngaphandle kokubonakala kwayo ngokulula kunye nokufikeleleka, i-reagent ayicacanga, endiya kuthetha ngayo ngakumbi.
Ukuhamba "kwiindawo eziphezulu" zebhayoloji...
Ngoku yonke into enesimaphambili se-eco isefashonini: iimveliso ezinobuhlobo bendalo, iishampoos ezinobuqhetseba, izinto eco-friendly. Njengoko ndiyiqonda, abantu bafuna ukusebenzisa ezi zichazi ukwahlula izinto ze-biogenic (oko kukuthi, ezifumaneka ekuqaleni kwizinto eziphilayo) kwizinto ezenziwe ngokugqibeleleyo ("ikhemistri enzima"). Ngoko ke, okokuqala, intshayelelo encinci, endithemba ukuba iya kugxininisa ubuhlobo bendalo be-hydrogen peroxide kwaye yongeze ukuzithemba kuyo phakathi kobuninzi :)
Ngoko ke, yintoni ihydrogen peroxide? Oku elula kakhulu i-peroxide compound, equlethe iiathom ezimbini ze-oksijini ngaxeshanye (zidityaniswe yibhondi -OO-). Apho kukho olu hlobo loxhulumaniso, kukho ukungazinzi, kukho i-oksijini ye-athomu, kunye neempawu ezinamandla ze-oxidizing kunye nayo yonke into, yonke into. Kodwa nangona ubunzima be-oxygen ye-athomu, i-hydrogen peroxide ikhona kwizinto ezininzi eziphilayo, kuquka. nakumntu. Yenziwe kwimiyinge emincinci ngexesha leenkqubo ze-biochemical eziyinkimbinkimbi kwaye i-oxidizes iiprotheni, i-membrane lipids kunye ne-DNA (ngenxa ye-peroxide radicals). Umzimba wethu, kwinkqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, uye wafunda ukujongana neperoxide ngokufanelekileyo. Ukwenza oku ngoncedo lwe-enzyme superoxide dismutase, etshabalalisa imixube yeperoxide kwioksijini kunye nehydrogen peroxide, kunye ne-enzyme. eguqula iperoxide ibe yioksijini namanzi izihlandlo enye okanye ezibini.
Ii-Enzymes zintle kwiimodeli ze-XNUMXD
Wayifihla phantsi kombhuqi. Ndiyakuthanda ukuwajonga, kodwa ngokukhawuleza umntu akayithandi ...
Ngendlela, kungenxa yesenzo se-catalase, ekhoyo kwizicubu zomzimba wethu, ukuba igazi "libilisa" xa kunyangwa amanxeba (kuya kubakho inqaku elahlukileyo malunga namanxeba angezantsi).
Ihydrogen peroxide ikwanomsebenzi obalulekileyo βwokukhuselaβ ngaphakathi kuthi. Izinto ezininzi eziphilayo zine-organelle enomdla onjalo (isakhiwo esiyimfuneko ekusebenzeni kweseli ephilayo) njenge . Ezi zakhiwo ziyi-lipid vesicles ngaphakathi apho kukho undoqo onjengekristale oquka i-biological tubular "". Iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ze-biochemical zenzeka ngaphakathi kwi-nucleus, ngenxa yoko ... i-hydrogen peroxide yenziwa kwi-oksijeni ye-atmospheric kunye ne-complex organic compounds ye-lipid nature!
Kodwa eyona nto inika umdla apha kukuba le peroxide isetyenziselwa ntoni. Ngokomzekelo, kwiiseli zesibindi kunye nezintso, i-H2O2 eyenziwe isetyenziselwa ukutshabalalisa kunye nokunciphisa i-toxins engena egazini. I-acetaldehyde, eyenziwa ngexesha le-metabolism yeziselo ezinxilisayo;) - oku kukwafanelekile kubasebenzi bethu abancinci abangakhathali be-peroxisomes, kunye "nomama" we-hydrogen peroxide.
Ukuze yonke into ingabonakali ilungile ngeperoxides, ngequbuliso Makhe ndikukhumbuze malunga nendlela yokusebenza kwemitha kwizicubu eziphilayo. Iimolekyuli zezicubu zebhayoloji zithatha amandla emitha kwaye zibe ionized, i.e. ukudlulela kwimeko enceda ekuyilweni kweekhompawundi ezintsha (idla ngokungeyomfuneko ngokupheleleyo ngaphakathi emzimbeni). Amanzi amaxesha amaninzi kwaye kulula ukwenza i-ionization; iyenzeka . Phambi kweoksijini, phantsi kweempembelelo zemitha ye-ionizing, i-radicals ehlukeneyo yamahhala (OH- kunye nabanye abafana nabo) kunye ne-peroxide compounds (i-H2O2 ngokukodwa) ivela.
Iiperoxides ezibangelwayo zisebenzisana ngokusebenzayo kunye neekhompawundi zemichiza emzimbeni. Nangona, ukuba sithatha njengomzekelo i-anion ye-superoxide (i-O2-) eyenziwa ngamanye amaxesha ngexesha le-radiolysis, kuyafaneleka ukutsho ukuba le ion yenziwe phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, kumzimba ophilileyo, ngaphandle kweeradicals zamahhala. ΠΈ ukhuselo lwethu alukwazanga ukutshabalalisa usulelo lwebhaktiriya. Ezo. ngaphandle kwezi konke Oku akunakwenzeka ngokupheleleyo - zihamba kunye ne-biogenic oxidation reactions. Ingxaki iza xa zininzi kakhulu.
Kukulwa nemixube βemininziβ yeperoxide athe umntu wayila izinto ezinjengee-antioxidants. Bavimbela iinkqubo ze-oxidation zezinto eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi kunye nokwakheka kweeperoxides, njl. iiradicals zamahhala kwaye ngaloo ndlela ukunciphisa umgangatho .
Uxinzelelo lwe-oxidative yinkqubo yomonakalo weseli ngenxa ye-oxidation (= ezininzi kakhulu iiradicals zamahhala emzimbeni)
Nangona, ngokwenene, olu nxibelelwano alufaki nantoni na entsha kwinto esele ikhona, i.e. "I-antioxidants yangaphakathi"-i-superoxide dismutase kunye ne-catalase. Kwaye ngokubanzi, ukuba isetyenziswe ngokungalunganga, i-antioxidants ye-synthetic ayiyi kunceda kuphela, kodwa uxinzelelo olufanayo lwe-oxidative luya kwanda.
Phawula "nge-peroxide kunye namanxeba". Nangona i-hydrogen peroxide iyinto ekhoyo kwikhabhathi yamayeza asekhaya (nasemsebenzini), kukho ubungqina bokuba ukusebenzisa i-H2O2 kuphazamisa ukuphiliswa kwenxeba kwaye kubangela amanxeba ngenxa yeperoxide. . Kuphela ugxininiso oluphantsi kakhulu lunesiphumo esihle (isisombululo se-0,03%, oku kuthetha ukuba kufuneka uhlambulule i-3% isisombululo samachiza amaxesha angama-100), kwaye kuphela ngokusetyenziswa okukodwa. Ngendlela, "i-coronavirus ilungile" isisombululo se-0,5% nayo . Ke, njengoko besithi, themba, kodwa qinisekisa.
I-hydrogen peroxide kubomi bemihla ngemihla kunye "nxamnye ne-coronavirus"
Ukuba i-hydrogen peroxide inokuguqula i-ethanol ibe yi-acetaldehyde esibindini, kuya kuba ngumnqa ukuba ungasebenzisi ezi mpawu zimangalisayo ze-oxidizing kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Zisetyenziswa ngokwale milinganiselo ilandelayo:
Isiqingatha sayo yonke ihydrogen peroxide eveliswa lishishini lemichiza isetyenziselwa ukwenza iblitshi yeselulosi kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zamaphepha. Indawo yesibini (i-20%) kwimfuno ithathwa kwimveliso ye-bleaches eyahlukeneyo esekelwe kwi-peroxides ye-inorganic (i-sodium percarbonate, i-sodium perborate, njl., njl.). Ezi peroxides (kaninzi zidityaniswe ne ukunciphisa ubushushu be-bleaching, kuba i-peroxo salts ayisebenzi kumaqondo obushushu angaphantsi kwama-60 degrees) asetyenziswa kuzo zonke iintlobo ze "Persol", njl. (ungabona iinkcukacha ezingakumbi ). Emva koko kuza, ngomda omncinci, i-bleaching of fabrics and fibers (15%) kunye nokuhlanjululwa kwamanzi (10%). Kwaye okokugqibela, isabelo esiseleyo sahlulwe ngokulinganayo phakathi kwezinto ezixutywe neekhemikhali kunye nokusetyenziswa kwehydrogen peroxide ngeenjongo zonyango. Ndiza kuhlala kokugqibela ngokweenkcukacha ngakumbi kuba kusenokwenzeka ukuba ubhubhani we-coronavirus uza kutshintsha amanani kumzobo (ukuba awukatshintshi).
Iperoxide yehidrojeni isetyenziselwa ukwenza inzala kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo (kubandakanywa nezixhobo zotyando) kwaye, kutsha nje, ikwakwimo yomphunga (ebizwa ngokuba yi-steam). - iperoxide yehydrogen engumphunga) yokuvala inzala kwizakhiwo. Umfanekiso ongezantsi ubonisa umzekelo wejenereyitha yomphunga weperoxide. Indawo ethembisayo kakhulu engekafikeleli kwizibhedlele zasekhaya...
Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-peroxide ibonisa ukusebenza okuphezulu kokubulala iintsholongwane ngokuchasene noluhlu olubanzi lweentsholongwane, ibhaktheriya, igwele kunye neentsholongwane zebhaktheriya. Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba kwii-microorganisms eziyinkimbinkimbi, ngenxa yobukho be-enzymes echitha i-peroxide (ebizwa ngokuba yi-peroxidases, imeko ekhethekileyo ye-catalase ekhankanywe ngasentla), ukunyamezela (~ ukumelana) kunokubonwa. Oku kuyinyani ngakumbi kwizisombululo ezinoxinzelelo olungaphantsi kwe-1%. Kodwa okwangoku akukho nto, kungekhona intsholongwane, kungekhona i-spore yebhaktheriya, inokuxhathisa i-3%, kwaye ngakumbi i-6-10%.
Ngapha koko, kunye ne-ethyl kunye ne-isopropyl yotywala kunye ne-sodium hypochlorite, i-hydrogen peroxide ikuluhlu lwe-antiseptics "ebalulekileyo" engxamisekileyo yokubulala iintsholongwane kwi-COVID-19. Nangona ingaveli kwi-COVID-19 kuphela. ekuqaleni kwayo yonke i-coronavirus bacchanalia, sikunye nabafundi iingcebiso ezisetyenziswe ngokukhutheleyo ukusuka . Izindululo zisebenza kwii-coronavirus ngokubanzi, kwaye ngakumbi i-COVID-19. Ngoko ke ndincoma ukukhuphela kunye nokushicilela inqaku (kulabo abanomdla kulo mbandela).
Uphawu olubalulekileyo lwentsholongwane eselula
Ngexesha elidlulile ukususela ekuqhambukeni kobhubhane, akukho nto ingako itshintshileyo malunga nokugxila ekusebenzeni. Kodwa oko kuye kwatshintsha, ngokomzekelo, ziindlela zokusebenzisa i<em>hydrogen peroxide. Apha ndingathanda ukukhumbula ngokukhawuleza uxwebhu kunye nokwakheka kweearhente ezicetyiswayo ekubulaweni kweentsholongwane. Ndandinomdla wokusula kolu luhlu (ngokwemveli, kuba ndiyathanda ukusula izibulala-zintsholongwane, ezo ze-hypochlorite , kwaye ndaneliseke nge-100% ngabo). Kule meko, ndandinomdla kwimveliso enjalo yaseMelika njenge I-Oxivir Yosula (okanye ukulingana kwayo I-Oxivir 1 Yosula) evela kwiDiversey Inc.
Kukho izithako ezimbalwa ezisebenzayo ezidwelisiweyo:
Ihydrogen Peroxide 0.5%
Ilula kwaye inencasa. Kodwa kwabo bafuna ukuphinda lo mxube kwaye bafake izisu zabo ezimanzi zesiko, ndiya kuthi ukongeza kwi-hydrogen peroxide, isisombululo sokukhulelwa siqulethe:
I-Phosphoric acid (i-phosphoric acid - i-stabilizer) 1-5%
I-2-Hydroxybenzoic Acid (salicylic acid) 0,1-1,5%
Kutheni zonke ezi "zingcolileyo" ziya kucaca xa ufunda kwicandelo lokuzinza.
Ukongeza kumxholo, ndingathanda ukukukhumbuza ukuba ithini na kwi-Oxivir ekhankanywe. Akukho nto intsha ngokusisiseko (ngokunxulumene netafile yokuqala), kodwa ndithandile uluhlu lweentsholongwane ezinokuthi zibulawe iintsholongwane.
Zeziphi iintsholongwane ezinokoyisa iperoxide?
Kwaye andizukuba ndim ukuba andiphindanga ndikukhumbuze malunga nokuvezwa ngexesha lokucubungula. Njengangaphambili (=njengesiqhelo) kuyacetyiswa ukuba wenze njalo Xa zosulwa ngezosuli ezimanzi, yonke imiphezulu eqinileyo, engenazimbobo ihlala ifumile imizuzwana engama-30 ubuncinci. (okanye ngcono, umzuzu!) ukususa ungcoliseko kuyo yonke into kunye naye wonke umntu (kubandakanya le COVID-19 yakho).
I-hydrogen peroxide njengekhemikhali
Siye sajikeleza ihlathi, ngoku lixesha lokubhala malunga ne-hydrogen peroxide kwimbono ye-chemist. Ngethamsanqa, ngulo mbuzo (kwaye ayisiyiyo indlela i-peroxisome ejongeka ngayo) ehlala inomdla kumsebenzisi ongenamava ogqibe kwelokuba asebenzise i-H2O2 ngeenjongo zakhe. Masiqale ngesakhiwo esine-dimensional ezintathu (njengoko ndiyibona):
Indlela intombazana uSasha ebona ngayo isakhiwo, owoyika ukuba iperoxide ingaqhuma (ngakumbi kule ngezantsi)
"ujonge i-cockerel ukusuka ezantsi"
Iperoxide esulungekileyo lulwelo olucacileyo (obubluish-obubomvu ngokugqithisileyo). Ubuninzi bezisombululo ze-dilute busondele kubuninzi bamanzi (1 g / cm3), izisombululo ezigxininisiweyo zixinene ngakumbi (35% - 1,13 g / cm3...70% - 1,29 g / cm3, njl.). Ngoxinaniso (ukuba une-hydrometers), unokugqiba ngokuchanekileyo ukuxinana kwesisombululo sakho (ulwazi oluvela ).
I-hydrogen peroxide yobugcisa basekhaya ingaba ngamabakala amathathu: A = i-concentration 30-40%, B = 50-52%, C = 58-60%. Igama elithi "perhydrol" lihlala lifumaneka (kwakha kwakho nebinzana elithi "perhydrol blonde"). Ngokwenene, kuseyiyo "i-brand A", i.e. isisombululo se-hydrogen peroxide kunye noxinzelelo malunga ne-30%.
Phawula malunga nokwenza ibleaching. Ekubeni sikhumbule malunga ne-blondes, kunokuqatshelwa ukuba i-hydrogen peroxide ehlanjululweyo (2-10%) kunye ne-ammonia yayisetyenziselwa ukubunjwa kwe-bleaching yeenwele "ze-operhydrolyzing". Oku akusafane kwenziwe. Kodwa kukho amazinyo eperoxide. Ngendlela, ukwenziwa mhlophe kwesikhumba sezandla emva kokudibana neperoxide luhlobo lwe "operhydration" olubangelwa ngamawaka. , okt. ukuvinjelwa kwee-capillaries ngamaqamza oksijini awenziwe ngexesha lokubola kweperoxide.
I-peroxide yezobuchwephesha zonyango iba xa amanzi adityanisiweyo adityaniswe kwiperoxide ene-concentration ye-59-60%, ehlambulula i-concentrate ukuya kwinqanaba elifunekayo (3% kwilizwe lethu, i-6% e-USA).
Ukongeza kubuninzi, iparameter ebalulekileyo yinqanaba le-pH. Ihydrogen peroxide yiasidi ebuthathaka. Lo mfanekiso ungezantsi ubonisa ukuxhomekeka kwe-pH yesisombululo se-hydrogen peroxide kuxinaniso lobunzima:
Okukhona ukuhlambulula isisombululo, kokukhona i-pH isondele kakhulu kwi-pH yamanzi. Ubuncinci be-pH (= eyona acidic) yenzeka kugxininiso lwe-55-65% (ibakala B ngokohlelo lwasekhaya).
Kuyafaneleka ukuqaphela apha, ngokukrokrayo, ukuba i-pH ayinakusetyenziselwa ukulinganisa uxinaniso ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi. Okokuqala, phantse yonke iperoxide yale mihla ifumaneka nge-oxidation ye-anthraquinones. Le nkqubo idala i-acidic byproducts enokuphela kwiperoxide egqityiweyo. Ezo. I-pH inokwahluka kuleyo iboniswe kwitheyibhile engentla kuxhomekeke kubunyulu be-H2O2. I-peroxide ye-ultra-pure (umzekelo, esetyenziselwa i-rocket fuel kwaye ndiza kuthetha ngayo ngokwahlukileyo) ayinayo ukungcola. Okwesibini, i-acid stabilizers zihlala zongezwa kwi-hydrogen peroxide yezorhwebo (i-peroxide izinzile ngakumbi kwi-pH ephantsi), eya "lubricate" ukufundwa. Kwaye okwesithathu, i-chelate stabilizers (yokubopha ukungcola kwesinyithi, ngakumbi malunga nabo ngezantsi) ingaba ne-alkaline okanye i-acidic kwaye ichaphazele i-pH yesisombululo sokugqibela.
Indlela efanelekileyo yokumisela ukugxininiswa (). Ubuchule bufana ngokupheleleyo, kodwa zonke ii-reagents eziyimfuneko kuvavanyo zifumaneka ngokulula. Udinga i-asidi yesulfuric egxininisiweyo (i-electrolyte yebhetri) kunye ne-permanganate ye-potassium eqhelekileyo. Njengoko uB. Gates wakha wakhwaza esithi, βI-640 kb yenkumbulo yanele wonke umntu!β, Ndiya kuphinda ndidanduluke ngoku, βWonke umntu unokuyititrate iperoxide!β :). Ngaphandle kwento yokuba intuition yam indixelela ukuba ukuba uthenge i-hydrogen peroxide kwikhemesti kwaye ungayigcini amashumi eminyaka, ke ukuguquguquka koxinzelelo akunakwenzeka ukuba kudlule i-Β± 1%, nangona kunjalo ndiya kuchaza indlela yokuvavanya, kuba ii-reagents zilungile. ekhoyo kwaye i-algorithm ilula kakhulu.
Ukujonga i-hydrogen peroxide yorhwebo kwiintwala
Njengoko unokuthekelela, siya kukhangela ukusebenzisa i-titration. Ubuchwephesha buvumela umntu ukuba anqume ngokuchanekileyo ugxininiso ukusuka kwi-0,25 ukuya kwi-50%.
I-algorithm yokuqinisekisa imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
1. Lungisa isisombululo se-0,1N se-potassium permanganate. Ukwenza oku, chitha i-3,3 grams ye-potassium permanganate kwi-1 ilitha yamanzi. Ukutshisa isisombululo kwi-thumba kwaye ubilise imizuzu eyi-15.
2. Khetha umthamo ofunekayo weperoxide ukuba uvavanywe (kuxhomekeke kugxininiso olulindelekileyo, oko kukuthi, ukuba une-3%, ulindele ukuba ngokukhawuleza ibe yi-50% isidenge):
Sidlulisela umthamo okhethiweyo kwibhotile kwaye siwulinganise kwizikali (khumbula ukucinezela iqhosha leTara ukuze ungathatheli ingqalelo ubunzima bebhotile ngokwayo)
3. Thela isampuli yethu kwi-flask ye-volumetric ye-250 ml (okanye ibhotile yomntwana enophawu lokumakisha) kwaye uphakamise phezulu ("250") uphawu ngamanzi adibeneyo. Xuba.
4. Thela i-500 ml yamanzi adibeneyo kwi-250 ml ye-conical flask (= "i-half-litre jar"), yongeza i-10 ml ye-asidi ye-sulfuric egxininisiweyo kunye ne-25 ml yesisombululo sethu ukusuka kwisinyathelo sesi-3.
5. Ukulahla i-drop by drop (ngokukhethekileyo kwi-pipette kunye nokumakisha umthamo) isisombululo se-0,1N potassium permanganate kwi-half-litre jar yethu ukusuka kwinqanaba lesi-4. Idityanisiwe - ixutywe, idibene - ixutywe. Kwaye ke siyaqhubeka de isisombululo esicacileyo sifumane i-tint encinci epinki. Ngenxa yokusabela, i-peroxide ibola ukwenza ioksijini kunye namanzi, kwaye i-manganese (VI) kwi-potassium permanganate iyancipha ibe yi-manganese (II).
5H2O2 + 2KMnO4 + 4H2SO4 = 2KHSO4 +2MnSO4 + 5O2 + 8H2O
6. Sibala ukugxilwa kweperoxide yethu: C H2O2 (ubunzima%) = [Umthamo wesisombululo se-potassium permanganate kwi-ml * 0,1 * 0,01701 * 1000] / [ubuninzi besampuli kwiigram, ukusuka kwisinyathelo 2] INZUZO!!!
Iingxoxo zasimahla malunga nokuzinza kokugcina
Ihydrogen peroxide ithathwa njengekhompawundi engazinzanga ethanda ukubola ngokuzenzekelayo. Izinga lokubola liyenyuka ngokunyuka kweqondo lokushisa, ukugxila kunye ne-pH. Ezo. Ngokubanzi umgaqo uyasebenza:
... izisombululo ezibandayo, ezixubileyo, ezineasidi zibonisa olona uzinzo...
Ukubola kukhuthazwa: ukwanda kweqondo lobushushu (ukunyusa isantya ngama-2,2 ngamaxesha onke kwi-10 degrees Celsius, kunye nobushushu obumalunga ne-150 degrees, kugxininise ngokubanzi. ukubola njenge-avalanche ngokugqabhuka), ukunyuka kwe-pH (ingakumbi kwi-pH> 6β8)
Phawula ngeglasi: Kuphela iperoxide ene-acidified inokugcinwa kwiibhotile zeglasi, kuba iglasi ithande ukuvelisa indawo yealkaline xa idibana namanzi acocekileyo, nto leyo ethetha ukuba iya kuba negalelo ekubolekeni okukhawulezileyo.
Ichaphazela isantya sokubola kunye nobukho bokungcola (ingakumbi iintsimbi eziguqukayo ezifana nobhedu, i-manganese, intsimbi, isilivere, iplatinam), ukuvezwa kwimitha ye-ultraviolet. Amaxesha amaninzi, esona sizathu sinzima kukunyuka kwe-pH kunye nobukho bobumdaka. Ngokomyinge, nge Iimeko ze-30% ye-hydrogen peroxide ilahlekelwa malunga .
Ukususa ukungcola, i-ultrafine filtration (ukukhutshwa kweengqungquthela) okanye i-chelates (ii-agent eziyinkimbinkimbi) ezibopha i-ion zetsimbi zisetyenziswa. Ingasetyenziswa njenge chelates , i-colloidal okanye i-sodium pyrophosphate (25-250 mg / l), i-organophosphonates, i-nitrate (+ i-pH regulators kunye ne-corrosion inhibitors), i-phosphoric acid (+ pH regulator), i-sodium silicate (i-stabilizer).
Impembelelo yemitha ye-ultraviolet kwisantya sokubola ayichazwanga njenge-pH okanye ubushushu, kodwa iyenzeka (jonga umfanekiso):
Ingabonwa ukuba i-molecular extinction coefficient iyanda ngokuncipha kwe-ultraviolet wavelength.
I-molar extinction coefficient ngumlinganiselo wendlela umchiza ukufunxa ngamandla ngayo ukukhanya kubude obunikiweyo.
Hi ndlela leyi, le nkqubo yokubola eyaqalwa ziifotoni ibizwa ngokuba yifotolysis:
I-Photolysis (ekwaziwa ngokuba yi-photodissociation kunye ne-photodecomposition) kukusabela kweekhemikhali apho i-chemical substance (i-inorganic okanye i-organic) yaphulwa ngeefotoni emva kokuba isebenzisana ne-molekyuli ekujoliswe kuyo. Nayiphi na i-photon enegunya elaneleyo (eliphezulu kumandla okutshatyalaliswa kwebhondi ekujoliswe kuyo) inokubangela ukubola. Isiphumo esifana neso semitha ye-ultraviolet sinokufezekiswa kwakhona ii-x-reyi kunye ne-Ξ³-reyi.
Sinokuthini ngokubanzi? Kwaye into yokuba i-peroxide kufuneka igcinwe kwi-opaque container, okanye kungcono, kwiibhotile zeglasi ezimdaka ezithintela ukukhanya okugqithisileyo (nangona "ifunxa" != "ibola ngokukhawuleza"). Akufunekanga ugcine ibhotile yeperoxide kufutshane nomatshini weX-reyi nokuba :) Ewe, ukusuka kule (UR 203Ex (?):
... ukusuka "βiperoxide (kunye nomntu omthandayo, xa sithetha inyani) nayo ifanele igcinwe kude.
Kubalulekile ukuba ngaphezu kwe-opaque, isitya / ibhotile kufuneka yenziwe ngezinto "ezingenakunqanda i-peroxide", njengensimbi engenasici okanye iglasi (kakuhle, + ezinye iiplastiki kunye ne-aluminium alloys). Uphawu lunokuba luncedo ekuqhelaniseni (kuya kuba luncedo koogqirha abaza kuqhubekekisa izixhobo zabo):
Ilegend ileyibhile ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: A - ukuhambelana okugqwesileyo, B - ukuhambelana kakuhle, impembelelo encinci (i-micro-corrosion okanye i-discoloration), C - ukungahambelani kakuhle (akukhuthazwa ukuba kusetyenziswe ixesha elide, ukulahleka kwamandla kunokwenzeka, njl. D - akukho ukuhambelana (= ayikwazi ukusetyenziswa). Udwi uthetha "akukho lwazi lukhoyo." Izalathisi zedijithali: 1 - eyanelisayo kwi-22 Β° C, i-2 - eyanelisayo kwi-48 Β° C, i-3 - iyanelisayo xa isetyenziswe kwi-gaskets kunye ne-seal.
Izilumkiso zokhuseleko xa usebenza ngehydrogen peroxide
Kucacile kuye nabani na oye wafunda ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ukuba iperoxide yiarhente eyomeleleyo ye-oxidizing, nto leyo ethetha ukuba kunyanzelekile ukuba igcinwe kude nezinto ezinokutsha / ezinokutsha kunye neearhente zokunciphisa. I-H2O2, zombini kwifom ecocekileyo kunye ne-diluted, inokwakheka ekudibaneni neekhompawundi eziphilayo. Ukuqwalasela konke oku kungasentla, sinokubhala ngolu hlobo
Iperoxide yehidrojeni ayihambelani nezixhobo ezinokutsha, naluphi na ulwelo olunokutsha kunye nesinyithi kunye neetyuwa zazo (ngolandelelwano lokuncipha kwempembelelo ye-catalytic) - i-osmium, i-palladium, iplatinam, i-iridium, igolide, isilivere, i-manganese, i-cobalt, ubhedu, ilothe.
Ukuthetha malunga ne-catalysts yokubola kwesinyithi, umntu akanakukwazi ukukhankanya ngokwahlukileyo . Ayiphelelanga nje ngokuba sesona sinyithi sishinyeneyo eMhlabeni, ikwasesona sixhobo sehlabathi sokuphula ihydrogen peroxide.
Umphumo wokukhawulezisa ukubola kwe-hydrogen peroxide kule ntsimbi ibonwa ngobuninzi obungenakubonwa ngayo yonke indlela yokuhlalutya - ukwenzela ukuba ngempumelelo kakhulu (izihlandlo ezi-x3-x5 ngokumalunga ne-peroxide ngaphandle kwe-catalyst) ukubola i-peroxide kwi-oksijini kunye namanzi, udinga kuphela igram enye ye osmium nge 1 yeetoni zeperoxide yehydrogen.
Phawula malunga "nomlinganiswa oqhumayo": (Ndandifuna ngokukhawuleza ukubhala "Ndiyiperoxide", kodwa ndaneentloni). Kwimeko ye-hydrogen peroxide, intombazana e-Spherical Sasha, ekufuneka isebenze nale peroxide, ihlala yoyika ukuqhuma. Kwaye ngokomgaqo, ukwesaba kuka-Alexandra kunengqiqo. Ngapha koko, iperoxide inokudubula ngezizathu ezibini. Okokuqala, kwinto yokuba kwisitya esivaliweyo kuya kubakho ukubola ngokuthe ngcembe kwe-H2O2, ukukhululwa kunye nokuqokelela kwe-oksijini. Uxinzelelo ngaphakathi kwesikhongozeli luya kunyuka kwaye lunyuke kwaye ekugqibeleni iBOOM! Okwesibini, kunokwenzeka ukuba xa i-hydrogen peroxide idibana nezinye izinto, ukubunjwa kwee-peroxide ezizinzileyo kuya kwenzeka, okunokuthi kuqhume kwimpembelelo, ukufudumeza, njl. Kwincwadi epholileyo enemiqulu emihlanu Ininzi into ethethwayo ngalento ndade ndagqiba kwelokuba ndiyifihle phantsi kwespoiler. Ulwazi lusebenza kwi ihydrogen peroxide egxininisiweyo >= 30% kunye <50%:
Ukungahambelani ngokupheleleyo
uqhuma xa udibana ne: alcohols + sulfuric acid, acetal + acetic acid + heat, acetic acid + N-heterocycles (ngaphezu kwe50 Β°C), aromatics hydrocarbons + trifluoroacetic acid, azelaic acid + sulfuric acid (malunga ne45 Β°C), tert-butanol + sulfuric acid , i-carboxylic acids (i-formic, i-acetic, i-tartaric), i-diphenyl diselenide (ngaphezu kwe-53 Β°C), i-2-ethoxyethanol + i-polyacrylamide gel + i-toluene + ubushushu, i-gallium + i-hydrochloric acid, isinyithi (II) sulfate + nitric acid + i-carboxymethyl +cellulose, i-nitric acid ketones (2-butanone, 3-pentanone, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone), iziseko nitrogenous (ammonia, hydrazine hydrate, dimethylhydrazine), iikhompawundi eziphilayo (glycerin, acetic acid, ethanol, aniline, quinoline, cellulose, uthuli lwamalahle), izinto eziphilayo sulfuric + iasidi (ingakumbi kwiindawo ezivaliweyo), amanzi + izinto eziphilayo ezineoksijini (i-acetaldehyde, i-acetic acid, i-acetone, i-ethanol, i-formaldehyde, i-formic acid, i-methanol, i-propanol, i-propanal), i-vinyl acetate, i-alcohols + i-tin chloride, i-phosphorus oxide (V), phosphorus, nitric acid , stibnite, arsenic trisulfide, chlorine + potassium hydroxide + chlorosulfoonic acid, copper sulfide, iron (II) sulfide, formic acid + organic contaminants, hydrogen selenide, lead di- kunye nemonoxide, ilothe (II) sulfide, manganese dioxide. , mercury oxide (I), molybdenum disulfide, sodium iodate, mercuric oxide + nitric acid, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, thiourea + acetic acid
ilayita xa udibana nayo: furfuryl alcohol, umgubo wesinyithi (i-magnesium, i-zinc, intsimbi, i-nickel), i-sawdust
impendulo yobundlobongela nge: i-aluminiyam isopropoxide + iityuwa zentsimbi enzima, ilahle, ilahle, i-lithium tetrahydroaluminate, isinyithi sealkali, i-methanol + i-phosphoric acid, iikhompawundi ze-organic ezingaxutywanga, i-tin (II) chloride, i-cobalt oxide, i-iron oxide, i-lead hydroxide, i-nickel oxide
Ngokomgaqo, ukuba uphatha i-peroxide egxininisiweyo ngentlonipho kwaye ungayidibanisi kunye nezinto ezikhankanywe ngasentla, ngoko unokusebenza ngokukhululeka iminyaka kwaye ungoyiki nantoni na. Kodwa uThixo ukhusela okona kulungileyo, ke ngoko siqhubela phambili ngokutyibilikayo kwizixhobo zokuzikhusela.
PPE kunye nempendulo
Umbono wokubhala inqaku wavela xa ndagqiba ekubeni ndibhale inqaku , ezinikezelwe kwimiba yomsebenzi okhuselekileyo kunye nezisombululo ezigxininisiweyo ze-H2O2. Ngethamsanqa, abafundi abaninzi bathenga i-canisters ye-perhydrol (ukuba "akukho nto kwi-pharmacy" / "asikwazi ukufikelela kwi-pharmacy") kwaye bade bakwazi ukufumana ukutshiswa kweekhemikhali ekushiseni kwexesha. Ke ngoko, uninzi lwezinto ezibhalwe ngezantsi (nangaphezulu) zisebenza ikakhulu kwizisombululo ezinoxinzelelo olungaphezulu kwe-6%. Okukhona ugxininiso luphezulu, kokukhona kufanelekile ukufumaneka kwePPE.
Ngomsebenzi okhuselekileyo, konke okufunayo njengezixhobo zokukhusela zomntu ziiglavu ezenziwe nge-polyvinyl chloride / irabha ye-butyl, i-polyethylene, i-polyester kunye nezinye iiplastiki zokukhusela ulusu lwezandla zakho, iiglasi okanye iimaski ezikhuselayo ezenziwe ngezinto zepolymer ezicacileyo ukukhusela amehlo akho. Ukuba i-aerosols yenziwe, yongeza i-respirator kunye nokukhusela i-aerosol kwi-kit (okanye kungcono, i-ABEK carbon filter cartridge kunye ne-P3 yokukhusela). Xa usebenza kunye nezisombululo ezibuthathaka (ukuya kwi-6%), iiglavu zanele.
Ndiza kuhlala "kwiziphumo ezibethayo" ngakumbi. Ihydrogen peroxide yinto enobungozi obuphakathi ebangela ukutsha kweekhemikhali xa ithe yadibana nolusu namehlo. Kuyingozi ukuba uphefumlelwe okanye uginyiwe. Bona umfanekiso osuka kwi-SDS (βOxidizerβ - βCorrodesβ - βIrritantβ):
Ukuze ndingabetheli ihlathi, ndiza kubhala ngokukhawuleza malunga nento enokuyenza ukuba i-hydrogen peroxide ene-concentration> 6% idibana nomntu othile ojikelezayo ngaphandle kwezixhobo zokukhusela.
e ukudibana nolusu β sula ngelaphu elomileyo okanye iswab emanziswe ngotywala. Emva koko kufuneka uhlambulule ulusu olonakeleyo ngamanzi amaninzi imizuzu eyi-10.
e ukudibana namehlo - ngokukhawuleza hlambulula amehlo avulekileyo, kunye nangaphantsi kweenkophe, kunye nomlambo obuthathaka wamanzi (okanye isisombululo se-2% sesoda yokubhaka) ubuncinane imizuzu eyi-15. Qhagamshelana ne-ophthalmologist.
Ukuba iginyiwe - sela ulwelo oluninzi (=amanzi alula kwiilitha), i-carbon activated (ithebhulethi enye nge-1 kg yobunzima), i-saline laxative (i-magnesium sulfate). Musa ukugabha (= ukuhlanjwa kwesisu KUPHELA ngugqirha, usebenzisa iprobe, kwaye akukho kwesiqhelo "iminwe emibini emlonyeni"). Musa ukunika nantoni na ngomlomo kumntu ongekho zingqondweni.
Jikelele Ukusela kuyingozi kakhulu, ekubeni ngexesha lokubola kwisisu kuqulunqwa inani elikhulu legesi (izihlandlo ezili-10 umthamo wesisombululo se-3%), okukhokelela ekuqhumeni kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwezitho zangaphakathi. Yile nto ikhabhoni esebenzayo ye...
Ukuba yonke into icacile ngokunyanga kwemiphumo yomzimba, ngoko kukufanelekile ukuthetha amagama ambalwa malunga nokulahlwa kwe-hydrogen peroxide engaphezulu / endala / echithekileyo ngenxa yokungabi namava.
... ihydrogen peroxide iyarisayikilishwa mhlawumbi ngokuthi a) ixutywe ngamanzi ize iwagalele kumbhobho, okanye b) ukubola kusetyenziswa izinto ezincedayo (i-sodium pyrosulfite, njl.), okanye c) ukubola ngokufudumeza (kuquka ukubilisa)
Nanku umzekelo wendlela ekhangeleka ngayo yonke. Ngokomzekelo, kwibhubhoratri ndichithe ngengozi ilitha ye-30% ye-hydrogen peroxide. Andisuli nantoni na, kodwa yongeza ulwelo kumxube wobungakanani obulinganayo (1: 1: 1) +isanti+ (=βbentonite filler for trayβ). Emva koko ndithambisa lo mxube ngamanzi de kube yifom ye-slurry, ndikhuphe i-slurry kwisitya kwaye ndiyithumele kwibhakethi yamanzi (isibini kwisithathu sigcwele). Kwaye sele ebhakethi lamanzi ndongeza ngokuthe ngcembe isisombululo se-sodium pyrosulfite kunye ne-20%. Ukunciphisa yonke le nto ngokusabela:
Na2S2O5 + 2H2O2 = Na2SO4 + H2SO4 + H2O
Ukuba ulandela iimeko zengxaki (ilitha ye-30% isisombululo), ngoko kuvela ukuba ngenxa ye-neutralization udinga i-838 grams ye-pyrosulfite (ikhilogram yetyuwa iphuma ngokugqithisileyo). Ukunyibilika kwale nto emanzini ngu ~ 650 g/l, okt. Malunga neelitha ezinesiqingatha zesisombululo esigxininisiweyo siya kufuneka. Ukuziphatha oku: mhlawumbi ungachithi i-perhydrol emgangathweni, okanye uyihlambulule ngakumbi, kungenjalo awuyi kufumana i-neutraizers eyaneleyo :)
Xa ukhangela indawo enokubakho yepyrosulfite, uKapteni Obvious ucebisa ukuba kusetyenziswe ezo zixhobo zingavelisi izixa ezikhulu zerhasi xa zisabela ngehydrogen peroxide. Oku kunokuba, umzekelo, isinyithi (II) sulfate. Ithengiswa kwiivenkile ze-hardware kunye naseBelarus. Ukunciphisa i-H2O2, isisombululo esine-asidi ye-sulfuric siyafuneka:
2FeSO4 + H2O2 + H2SO4 = Fe2(SO4)3 + 2H2O
Ungasebenzisa kwakhona iodide ye-potassium (ekwayi-asidi ene-asidi ye-sulfuric):
2KI + H2O2 + H2SO4 = I2 + 2H2O + K2SO4
Makhe ndikukhumbuze ukuba zonke iingcamango zisekelwe kwingxaki yokuqala (isisombululo se-30%), ukuba ugalele iperoxide kwiindawo ezisezantsi (3-7%), ungasebenzisa i-potassium permanganate ene-asidi yesulfuric. Nangona i-oksijeni ikhutshwe apho, ngoko ngenxa yokugxila okuphantsi akuyi kukwazi "ukwenza izinto" nokuba ifuna.
Malunga noqongqothwane
Kodwa andizange ndilibale ngaye, sithandwa. Kuya kuba njengomvuzo kwabo bagqiba ukufunda kwam okulandelayo ukufunda ixesha elide. Andazi ukuba othandekayo uAlexey JetHackers Statsenko aka malunga neejetpacks zam, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo ndandinazo iingcinga ezinjalo. Ingakumbi xa ndafumana ithuba lokubukela (okanye ndiphinde ndibukele) ifilimu ekhanyayo yeDisney yentsomi kwiteyiphu yeVHS." (kwimvelaphi Rocketeer).
Uqhagamshelwano apha luhamba ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Njengoko ndibhale ngaphambili, i-hydrogen peroxide yoxinaniso oluphezulu (njengebakala B lasekhaya) kunye nenqanaba eliphezulu lokucocwa (inqaku - into ebizwa ngokuba yi-peroxide yovavanyo oluphezulu okanye ) ingasetyenziswa njengamafutha kwimijukujelwa (kunye ne-torpedoes). Ngaphezu koko, ingasetyenziselwa zombini njenge-oxidizer kwiinjini zamacandelo amabini (umzekelo, njengokutshintshwa kwe-oksijeni yolwelo), kwaye ngendlela ebizwa ngokuba yi-oxygen. i-monofuel. Kwimeko yokugqibela, i-H2O2 iphonswa "kwigumbi lokutsha", apho ichithwa kwi-catalyst yensimbi (nayiphi na isinyithi esikhankanywe ngaphambili kwinqaku, umzekelo, isilivere okanye iplatinum) kwaye, phantsi koxinzelelo, ngendlela ye-steam. ngobushushu obumalunga ne-600 Β° C, iphuma emlonyeni, idala i-traction.
Into enomdla kakhulu kukuba i-beetle encinci evela kwi-beetle subfamily inesakhiwo esifanayo sangaphakathi ("igumbi lokutsha", imibhobho, njl.) ngaphakathi komzimba wayo. kubizwa ngokusemthethweni, kodwa kum ubume bayo bangaphakathi (=umfanekiso osekuqaleni kwenqaku) undikhumbuza iyunithi ukusuka kwifilimu ka-1991 ekhankanywe ngasentla :)
I-bug ibizwa ngokuba yi-bombardier kuba iyakwazi ukudubula ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi ngokuchanekileyo ukudubula ulwelo olubilayo kunye nevumba elibi elisuka kumadlala angasemva kwesisu.
Ubushushu be-ejection bunokufikelela kwi-100 degrees Celsius, kwaye isantya sokukhupha si-10 m / s. Ukudubula okunye kuthatha kwi-8 ukuya kwi-17 ms, kwaye iquka i-4-9 pulses ngokukhawuleza ilandela enye kwenye. Ukuze ndingaphindi ndibuyele ekuqaleni, ndiza kuphinda umfanekiso apha (kubonakala ngathi uthatyathwe kwimagazini. ukusuka kwinqaku legama elifanayo).
Uqongqothwane uvelisa "amacandelo e-rocket fuel" amabini ngaphakathi kwawo (oko kukuthi, ayikakabi "monopropellant"). I-arhente yokunciphisa eyomeleleyo - (eyayisetyenziswa ngaphambili njengomphuhlisi wokufota). Kwaye i-agent eyomeleleyo ye-oxidizing yi-hydrogen peroxide. Xa esongelwa, lo qongqothwane ubamba izihlunu ezityhala izinto ezibini ezisebenza kwivalvu ukuya kwigumbi lokuxutywa elinamanzi nomxube weeenzymes (iperoxidases) ezibolisa iperoxide. Xa zidityanisiwe, ii-reagents zivelisa i-exothermic reaction enobundlobongela, ulwelo luyabila kwaye lujike lube yigesi (= "i-annihilation"). Ngokubanzi, uqongqothwane utshisa utshaba olunokubakho ngomjelo wamanzi abilayo (kodwa ngokucacileyo akwanelanga ukutyhala indawo yokuqala). Kodwa ... Ubuncinci i-beetle ingathathwa njengomfanekiso wecandelo Izilumkiso zokhuseleko xa usebenza ngehydrogen peroxide. Imoral yile:
% USERNAME%, ungafani nebhungane le-bombardier, musa ukuxuba iperoxide kunye ne-arhente yokunciphisa ngaphandle kokuqonda! π
Isihlomelo malungaΡ : βKubonakala ngathi i-Earth bombardier beetle yaphefumlelwa nguqongqothwane weplasma ophuma kwiStarship Troopers.β Inomfutho owaneleyo (hayi ukutyhala!) ukuphuhlisa isantya sokuqala sokubaleka, umtshini waphuhliswa ngexesha le-evolution kwaye wasetyenziselwa ukujula i-spores kwi-orbit ukuze kwandiswe uluhlu lwayo, kwaye yayiluncedo njengesixhobo ngokuchasene nabahambi ngenqanawa abakhohlakeleyo botshaba. β
Ndamxelela ngebhungane ndaza ndalungisa iperoxide. Masime apho okwangoku.
Kubalulekile! Yonke enye into (kubandakanya ingxoxo yamanqaku, uyilo oluphakathi kunye nazo zonke iimpapasho zam) inokufumaneka kwitshaneli yetelegram. . Bhalisa kwaye ulandele izaziso.
Okulandelayo kumgca wokuqwalaselwa yi-sodium dichloroisocyanurate kunye "namacwecwe e-chlorine."
Imibulelo: Umbhali uvakalisa umbulelo onzulu kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba abasebenzayo uluntu LAB-66 - abantu abaxhasa ngemali "ikona yesayensi kunye nezobugcisa" yethu (= ishaneli yetelegram), ingxoxo yethu (kunye neengcali ezikuyo ezibonelela ngenkxaso yezobugcisa (!!!) kunye nombhali wokugqibela ngokwakhe. Enkosi ngayo yonke le nto, bafana, ukusuka !
"i-osmium catalyst" yokukhula kunye nophuhliso loluntu olukhankanywe ngasentla: ===>
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Imithombo esetyenzisiweyo
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Haynes, W. M. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Uhlelo lwama-95. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2014-2015, iphe. 4-67
I-WT Hess "I-Hydrogen Peroxide". Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 13 (4th ed.). ENew York: Wiley. (1995). pp. 961β995.
C. W. Jones, J. H. Clark. Ukusetyenziswa kwePeroxide yeHydrogen kunye neZiphuma. IRoyal Society of Chemistry, ngo-1999.
URonald Hage, Achim Lienke; Izicelo zeLienke zeTransition-Metal Catalysts to Textile and Wood-Pulp Bleaching. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 45(2):206β222. (2005).
Schildknecht, H.; Holoubek, K. Ibhungane le-bombardier kunye nokudubula kwayo kweekhemikhali. Angewandte Chemie. 73:1β7 . (1961).
Jones, Craig W. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-hydrogen peroxide kunye ne-derivatives yayo. Umbutho wasebukhosini weChemistry (1999)
Goor, G.; Glenneberg, J.; Jacobi, S. Hydrogen Peroxide. I-Encyclopedia ye-Ullmann ye-Industrial Chemistry. I-Encyclopedia ye-Ullmann ye-Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. (2007).
Ascenzi, Joseph M., ed. Incwadana ye-disinfectants kunye ne-antiseptics. ENew York: M. Dekker. p. 161. (1996).
URutala, WA; I-Weber, i-DJ Disinfection kunye neNzala kwiZibonelelo zoNonophelo lwezeMpilo: Yintoni abaFumana ukuyazi iiKlinikhi. Izifo ezosulelayo zeklinikhi. 39(5):702β709. (2004).
Block, Seymour S., ed. Isahluko 9: Iikhompawundi zePeroxygen. Ukubulala iintsholongwane, ukuvala inzala, kunye nokugcinwa (5th ed.). EPhiladelphia: Lea & Febiger. pp. 185β204. (2000).
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Ukuqokelelwa kwezona zinto zibalulekileyo ezisemthethweni kwimiba yokubulala iintsholongwane, inzala, ukubulawa kweentsholongwane, ukuchithwa kwe-deratization: Kwimiqulu emi-5 / Yazisa.-ed. iziko leKomiti kaRhulumente for Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Russia. I-Federation, iZiko loPhando loThintelo. i-toxicology kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane; Ngaphantsi jikelele ed. M. G. Shandaly. - M.: Rarog LLP, 1994
Kwaye ndiphantse ndalibala, isilumkiso kumaqabane angenankathalo :)
isikhanyeli: lonke ulwazi olunikwe kwinqaku lunikezelwe kuphela ngeenjongo zolwazi kwaye alukho umnxeba othe ngqo kwisenzo. Wenza konke ukukhohlisa ngeerejenti zeekhemikhali kunye nezixhobo ngengozi yakho kunye nomngcipheko. Umbhali akanalo naluphi na uxanduva lokuphatha ngokungenankathalo izisombululo ezinobundlobongela, ukungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala, ukunqongophala kolwazi olusisiseko lwesikolo, njl. Ukuba awuziva uqinisekile ekuqondeni okubhaliweyo, cela isihlobo / umhlobo / umntu omaziyo onemfundo ekhethekileyo ukuba abeke iliso kwizenzo zakho. Kwaye qiniseka ukuba usebenzisa iPPE kunye namanyathelo okhuseleko aphezulu anokwenzeka.
umthombo: www.habr.com