Ngokulindela ukuqala kokuhamba okulandelayo kwireyithi Silungiselele izinto zombhali omncinci kunye neengcebiso ezibalulekileyo zokuyila i-database. Siyathemba ukuba ezi zinto ziya kuba luncedo kuwe.
Iidatabase zikhona kuyo yonke indawo: ukusuka kwiiblogi ezilula kunye nezikhokelo ukuya kwiinkqubo ezithembekileyo zolwazi kunye neenethiwekhi ezinkulu zentlalo. Ingaba i-database ilula okanye intsonkothile ayibalulekanga kangako njengoko kubalulekile ukuyilwa ngokuchanekileyo. Xa i-database yenzelwe ngokungenangqiqo kwaye ngaphandle kokuqonda ngokucacileyo injongo, ayisebenzi nje kuphela, kodwa umsebenzi oqhubekayo kunye nesiseko sedatha uya kuba yintlungu yangempela, ihlathi elingenakungena kubasebenzisi. Nazi ezinye iingcebiso zoyilo lwesiseko sedatha eziya kukunceda wenze imveliso eluncedo kwaye kulula ukuyisebenzisa.
1. Qinisekisa ukuba itheyibhile yeyantoni kwaye yintoni isakhiwo sayo
Namhlanje, iindlela zophuhliso ezifana neScrum okanye i-RAD (uPhuhliso lweSicelo esiKhawulezayo) zinceda amaqela e-IT aphuhlise i-database ngokukhawuleza. Nangona kunjalo, ekusukeleni ixesha, isilingo sikhulu kakhulu ukuntywila ngqo ekwakheni isiseko, ucinge ngokungacacanga ukuba yintoni injongo ngokwayo, ukuba zithini iziphumo zokugqibela.
Kufana nokuba iqela ligxile kumsebenzi osebenzayo, okhawulezayo, kodwa lo ngumangaliso. Ngokuya usiya phambili nangokukhawuleza ubunzulu beprojekthi, kokukhona kuya kuthatha ixesha elininzi ukuchonga nokutshintsha iimpazamo kuyilo lwedatha.
Ke into yokuqala okufuneka uyigqibe kukuchaza injongo yedatabase yakho. Loluphi uhlobo lwesicelo esiphuhliselwa uvimba weenkcukacha? Ngaba umsebenzisi uya kusebenza kuphela ngeerekhodi kwaye kufuneka anikele ingqalelo kwiintengiselwano, okanye ngaba unomdla ngakumbi kuhlalutyo lwedatha? Isiseko kufuneka simiselwe phi? Ngaba iyakulandela indlela yokuziphatha yabathengi okanye ilawule ubudlelwane babathengi?
Ngokukhawuleza iqela loyilo liphendula le mibuzo, inkqubo yoyilo lwesiseko sedatha iya kuba lula.
2. Yiyiphi idatha endiyikhethayo yokugcina?
Ceba kwangaphambili. Iingcamango malunga nokuba isayithi okanye inkqubo apho uvimba weenkcukacha oyilelweyo uza kwenza ntoni na kwixesha elizayo. Kubalulekile ukuhamba ngaphaya kweemfuno ezilula zeenkcazo zobugcisa. Nceda ungaqalisi ukucinga ngazo zonke iintlobo zedatha ezinokuthi zigcinwe ngumsebenzisi. Endaweni yoko, cinga malunga nokuba abasebenzisi baya kukwazi ukubhala izithuba, ukulayisha amaxwebhu okanye iifoto, okanye ukutshintshiselana ngemiyalezo. Ukuba oku kunjalo, ngoko kufuneka uwabele indawo kwisiseko sedatha.
Sebenza neqela, isebe, okanye umbutho apho isiseko soyilo siya kuxhaswa khona kwixesha elizayo. Nxibelelana nabantu abakumanqanaba ahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwiingcali zenkonzo yabathengi ukuya kwiintloko zamasebe. Ngale ndlela, ngoncedo lwempendulo, uya kufumana umbono ocacileyo weemfuno zenkampani.
Ngokungathintelekiyo, iimfuno zabasebenzisi ngaphakathi nakwisebe elifanayo ziya kungqubana. Ukuba udibana nale nto, ungoyiki ukuthembela kumava akho kwaye ufumane ulungelelwaniso olulungele onke amaqela kwaye lwanelisa eyona njongo yesiseko sedatha. Qiniseka: kwikamva uya kufumana +100500 kwikarma kunye nentaba yeekuki.
3. Idatha yomzekelo ngononophelo
Kukho amanqaku amaninzi abalulekileyo okufuneka ubeke ingqalelo kuwo xa ubonisa idatha. Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, injongo yesiseko sedatha imisela ukuba zeziphi iindlela zokusebenzisa imodeli. Ukuba siyila i-database yokugcinwa kweerekhodi kwi-intanethi (OLTP), ngamanye amagama ukudala, ukuhlela kunye nokucima iirekhodi, sisebenzisa imodeli yentengiselwano. Ukuba i-database kufuneka ibe nobudlelwane, ngoko ke kungcono ukusebenzisa imodeli ye-multidimensional.
Ngexesha lokwenziwa komfuziselo, ingqiqo (CDM), ngokomzimba (PDM), kunye nengqiqo (LDM) imifuziselo yedatha yakhiwe.
Imifuziselo yeengqikelelo ichaza amaqumrhu kunye neentlobo zedatha ezizibandakanyayo, kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwazo. Yahlula-hlula idatha yakho ibe ziziqwengana ezinengqondo- yenza ubomi bube lula.
Into ephambili kukumodareyitha, ungayigqithisi.
Ukuba iqumrhu linzima kakhulu ukulihlela ngegama elinye okanye ibinzana, ngoko lixesha lokusebenzisa ii-subtypes (amaziko omntwana).
Ukuba iqumrhu likhokela ubomi balo, lineempawu ezichaza indlela yokuziphatha kunye nokubonakala kwayo, kunye nobudlelwane kunye nezinye izinto, ngoko awukwazi ukusebenzisa ngokukhuselekileyo i-subtype kuphela, kodwa kunye ne-supertype (iqumrhu lomzali).
Ukuba awuwuhoyi lo mgaqo, abanye abaphuhlisi baya kubhideka kumzekelo wakho kwaye abayi kuqonda ngokupheleleyo idatha kunye nemithetho yendlela yokuqokelela.
Imifuziselo yeengqikelelo iphunyezwa kusetyenziswa ezinengqiqo. Ezi modeli zifana nemephu yendlela yoyilo lwesiseko sedata. Kwimodeli enengqiqo, amaziko edatha yeshishini achongiwe, iindidi zedatha zichongiwe, kwaye isimo somgaqo-siseko sinqunywe ukuba silawule ubudlelwane phakathi kwedatha.
Emva koko i-Logical Data Model ifaniswa ne-DBMS ekhethiweyo ngaphambili (inkqubo yolawulo lwedatha) kunye ne-Physical Model ifunyenwe. Ichaza indlela idatha egcinwa ngayo ngokwasemzimbeni.
4. Sebenzisa iintlobo zedatha ezifanelekileyo
Ukusebenzisa uhlobo olungalunganga lwedatha kunokubangela idatha engachanekanga kangako, ubunzima bokudibanisa iitafile, ubunzima bokulungelelanisa iimpawu, kunye nobukhulu beefayile ezikhukhumeleyo.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kolwazi, uphawu kufuneka luqulathe kuphela iindidi zedatha ezamkelekileyo kuyo. Ukuba ubudala bufakiwe kwisiseko sedatha, qinisekisa ukuba ikholamu igcina amanani apheleleyo afikelela kwi-3 ephezulu.
Yenza ubuncinane bemiqolo engenanto enexabiso elingu-NULL. Ukuba wenza zonke iikholamu njenge-NULL, le yimpazamo enkulu. Ukuba ufuna ikholomu engenanto ukwenza umsebenzi othile weshishini, xa idatha ingaziwa okanye ingenangqiqo, ngoko uzive ukhululekile ukuyidala. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, asikwazi ukuzalisa iikholamu "Umhla wokufa" okanye "Umhla wokugxothwa" kwangaphambili; asikho ababikezeli abakhomba iminwe yethu esibhakabhakeni :-).
Uninzi lwesoftware yomfuziselo (ER/Studio, MySQL Workbench, SQL DBM, gliffy.com) idatha ikuvumela ukuba wenze iiprototypes zemimandla yedatha. Oku akuqinisekisi kuphela uhlobo oluchanekileyo lwedatha, ingqiqo yesicelo, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle, kodwa nokuba ixabiso liyafuneka.
5. Hamba ngokwendalo
Xa usenza isigqibo sokuba yeyiphi ikholamu kwitheyibhile oza kuyisebenzisa njengesitshixo, hlala uqwalasela ukuba yeyiphi na imihlaba umsebenzisi anokuyihlela. Ungaze ubakhethe njengesitshixo-imbono embi. Nantoni na ingenzeka, kodwa kufuneka uqinisekise ukuba yodwa.
Kungcono ukusebenzisa isitshixo sendalo, okanye ishishini. Inentsingiselo ye-semantic, ngoko uya kukuphepha ukuphindaphinda kwisiseko sedatha.
Ngaphandle kokuba iqhosha leshishini lilodwa (igama lokuqala, ifani, indawo) kwaye liphindaphindwa kwimiqolo eyahlukeneyo yetafile okanye kufuneka itshintshe, ngoko isitshixo esenziweyo kufuneka sichongwe njengesitshixo sokuqala.
6. Yenza imodareyitha eqhelekileyo
Ukulungelelanisa ngokufanelekileyo idatha kwisiseko sedatha, kufuneka ulandele uluhlu lwezikhokelo kunye nokulungelelanisa isiseko sedatha. Zintlanu iifom eziqhelekileyo ekufuneka zilandelwe.
Ngokulungelelaniswa, uthintela ukuphindaphinda kwaye uqinisekise ukuthembeka kwedatha esetyenziswa kwisicelo sakho okanye kwindawo yakho.
Njengamaxesha onke, yonke into kufuneka imodareyithwe, nokuba iqhelekile. Ukuba kukho iitheyibhile ezininzi kakhulu kwisiseko sedatha ezinezitshixo ezifanayo ezifanayo, ngoko uthathiwe kwaye uphucule ngokugqithisileyo isiseko sedatha. Ukuqheleka okugqithisileyo kuchaphazela kakubi ukusebenza kwesiseko sedatha.
7. Vavanya kwangethuba, zivavanye rhoqo
Isicwangciso sovavanyo kunye novavanyo olufanelekileyo kufuneka lube yinxalenye yoyilo lwesiseko sedatha.
Eyona ndlela yokuvavanya idatabase yakho kungoManyano oluqhubekayo. Linganisa "usuku kubomi besiseko sedatha" kwaye ujonge ukuba zonke iimeko zomda ziyaphathwa kwaye loluphi unxibelelwano lomsebenzisi olunokwenzeka. Ngokukhawuleza ufumana iziphene, kokukhona uya konga zombini ixesha kunye nemali.
Ezi zingcebiso ezisixhenxe onokuzisebenzisa ukuyila imveliso enkulu kunye nedatha esebenzayo. Ukuba uyazilandela, uya kuphepha iintloko ezininzi kwixesha elizayo. Ezi ngcebiso ziyincam nje ye-iceberg kwimodeli yedatha. Kukho inani elikhulu lee-hacks zobomi. Ziziphi ozisebenzisayo?
umthombo: www.habr.com