I-Cloud4Y sele ithethile malunga nomdla , yaphuhliswa kwi-USSR. Ukuqhubela phambili isihloko, masikhumbule ukuba zeziphi ezinye iiprojekthi ezinamathemba amahle, kodwa ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi azizange zifumane ukuqatshelwa ngokubanzi okanye zigcinwe ngokupheleleyo.
Isikhululo segesi
Ngexesha lamalungiselelo e-Olimpiki ye-80, kwagqitywa ukuba kuboniswe kuwo wonke umntu (kwaye ngokuyinhloko kumazwe angama-capitalist) ukuhambelana kwe-USSR. Kwaye izikhululo zegesi ziye zaba yenye yeendlela zokubonisa amandla kunye namava aphambili elizwe. EJapan, eziliqela (ngokwemithombo ethile, ezi-5 okanye ezisi-8, kodwa elo nani alichanekanga) za-odolwa izikhululo zepetroli, ezahluke kakhulu kwizikhululo zegesi eziqhelekileyo.
Eyokuqala yafakwa kwi-Avenue yaseBrovarsky eKyiv, phakathi kwezikhululo ze-metro zaseDarnitsa kunye neLivoberezhnaya. Ngendlela, isikhululo segesi sisebenza kwaye , nangona imilomo ye-refueling ingasatyiswa ukusuka phezulu. Ezinye izixhobo zazihlala zingasebenzi kwindawo yokugcina iimpahla ixesha elide, kwaye zibolile okanye zibiwe, kodwa ezinye zanele enye isikhululo segesi. Yabekwa kuhola wendlela eKharkov.
Abazange benze ezinye izitishi zokuzalisa ngolu hlobo. Noko ke, zazikho ezinye. Ngokomzekelo, eKuibyshev (ngoku eyiSamara) ekudibaneni kweMoskovskoye Highway kunye neSitrato seRevolutionary kwakukho isikhululo segesi, apho i-petroli nayo inikezelwa ukusuka phezulu.
Kuhola wendlela kunxweme loLwandle Olumnyama eNizhnyaya Khobz (kufuphi naseSochi) kwakukho isikhululo sokutha ipetroli. Isikhululo sakhiwa ngo-1975 ngokwe-design yasekuqaleni, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ubume bomhlaba, iimeko zemozulu kwaye sixhotyiswe ngezixhobo zasekhaya.
Kubuhlungu ukuba oku kulapho iingcamango zokudala zokuhombisa izitishi zegesi zaphela. Ilizwe lalingenalo ixesha loyilo, ngoko ukubonakala kwezikhululo zegesi akukatshintshi kakhulu ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje. Ewe, yonke into iye yangoku kwaye ilungele ngakumbi, kodwa i-essence iyafana. Zihamba njani izinto ngoyilo lwezikhululo zegesi kwamanye amazwe? Nalu ukhetho oluncinci lwezikhululo zegesi ezintle.
Iifoto ezininzi zezikhululo zegesi
Isikhululo segesi kuhola wendlela eKharkov
Isikhululo segesi eSochi ngoku
Naku okunye ukuzaliswa okungaqhelekanga. Ifoto ibhalwe ngo-1977
Isikhululo segesi sePOPS Arcadia Route 66 e-Oklahoma (eUSA) sibonakala sisekude sibulela kwibhotile enkulu eziimitha ezingama-20 ukuphakama.
Isikhululo segesi kwidolophu yaseMelika yaseZilla yafumana le milo ngokuhlonipha intaba ekufutshane, ekujuleni kwayo kwakhutshwa ioli. Le ntaba yayibizwa ngokuba yiTeapot Dome, nto leyo efana negama elithi teapot - oko kukuthi, teapot
Kodwa asisoze sakhe isikhululo segesi njengaseCanada. Ukhangeleka njengengozi yomlilo
Isikhululo segesi esivela kwidolophu yaseSlovak yaseMatushkovo, eyakhiwe ngo-2011, nayo ibonakala inomdla. Iimilo ze-Canopy zikhangeleka njengeesosi ezibhabhayo
Kodwa le "mpahla yegolide" evela e-Iraq iya kukwenza uzive ngathi uKumkani Midas.
Iseti yeti yeMalevich
Hayi, akangomnyama. Mhlophe. Umzobi odumileyo weza kunye neeseti zeemilo zejometri ezingaqhelekanga. UKazimir wachitha ubomi bakhe bonke ekhangela iifom ezintsha, ezama ukutshintsha ingcamango yendlela izinto eziqhelekileyo ezinokubonakala ngayo. Kwaye kwimeko yenkonzo, waphumelela.
Ukuyilwa kwenkonzo kwaba nokwenzeka ngenxa yokuba emva kweNguquko ka-Oktobha, i-Imperial Porcelain Factory yaqalisa ukuvelisa i-porcelain “eyayinoguquko kumxholo, igqibelele ngokwemo kwaye ingenasiphako kubuchule bobuchule.” Kwaye watsala amagcisa e-avant-garde ukuba enze ingqokelela entsha.
Inkonzo kaMalevich, equka izinto ezine, ngumzekelo obalaseleyo wokuphunyezwa kweengcamango ze-avant-garde kwizinto ezisebenzayo. Iikomityi ezine zenziwe ngendlela ye-hemispheres elula ene-rectangular handles. Kwaye i-kettle inokuchazwa njengoloyiso loyilo phezu kokusebenza kunye nokulula. Ukumila kwayo okungaqhelekanga kuya kukubhida.
Izitya zikaMalevich zazingafanelekanga, kodwa kumculi ingcamango ngokwayo yayibaluleke ngakumbi. Iimveliso zabaculi be-avant-garde abazange bangene kwimveliso yobuninzi, nangona inkonzo isaveliswa kwi-Imperial Porcelain Factory.
Iifoto ezininzi
Isiseko senyanga "Zvezda"
Uyilo lokuqala oluneenkcukacha lwesiseko kwiNyanga. Ingqikelelo yesixeko esinenyanga yaqwalaselwa ngeminyaka yoo-1960 kunye no-70. Kwakucetywe ukuba kusetyenziswe isikhululo eNyangeni kuphela ngeenjongo zesayensi, nangona enyanisweni isiseko sikwanazo nezasemkhosini: sasinokwamkela iinkqubo zemijukujelwa kunye nezixhobo zokulandelela ezazingafikeleleki kwizixhobo zasemhlabeni. Inkqubo ifikelele kwinqanaba lokugqibela, kodwa ngenxa yeengxaki ezininzi, izazinzulu ziye zayirhoxisa le projekthi.
Ngokutsho kweprojekthi, owokuqala ukufika eNyangeni "nguloliwe wenyanga" kunye ne-4 astronauts ebhodini. Ngoncedo lukaloliwe, amalungu ohambo ayeza kuqhuba uphononongo olunzulu lwalo mmandla aze aqalise ukwakha isiseko senyanga sexeshana. Kwakucwangciswe ukuhambisa iimodyuli ze-9 kwindawo yenyanga usebenzisa izithuthi ezinzima zokuqalisa. Imodyuli nganye yayinenjongo ethile: ilebhu, indawo yokugcina izinto, indawo yokusebenzela, igali, igumbi lokutyela, isikhululo soncedo lokuqala esinendawo yokuzivocavoca kunye neendawo zokuhlala ezintathu.
Ubude beemodyuli ezihlala zihlala ziyi-8,6 m, ububanzi - 3,3 m; ubunzima bubonke - iitoni ezili-18. Ibhloko efinyeziweyo engekho ngaphezu kwe-4 m ubude yaziswa eNyangeni kwisiza. Kwaye ke, ngenxa ye-accordion yensimbi, yolulela ubude obufunayo. Ingaphakathi lalifanele lizaliswe yifenitshala evuzayo, kwaye iiseli eziphilayo zenzelwe abantu ababini.
Abasebenzi besiphekepheke senyanga bakhethwa, kwaye iinqwelomoya zacwangciswa ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1980. Konakele phi? Izithuthi zophehlelelo aziphumelelanga. Inkqubo yavalwa ngoNovemba 24, 1972, xa ukuqaliswa kwesine kwe-N-1 "i-rocket yenyanga" yaphela kwenye ingozi. Ngokutsho kwabahlalutyi, imbangela yokuqhuma yayikungakwazi ukulawula ngokufanelekileyo inani elikhulu leenjini. Le yayiyeyona ntsilelo inkulu ye-S.P. Ukumkanikazi. Ukongezelela, abaqulunqi babala ukuba uhambo lwenyanga, ukwakhiwa kunye nokuhlala kwisiseko senyanga kuya kufuna malunga ne-50 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi (i-80 yeebhiliyoni zeedola). Yayiyimali eninzi kakhulu. Umbono wokwakha isiseko senyanga wahlehliswa kude kube kamva.
Umbono kunye nemizobo
I-OS DEMOS
Around 1982-1983 kwiziko leAtomic Energy ebizwa emva. I. V. Kurchatov wazisa ukuhanjiswa kwenkqubo yokusebenza ye-UNIX (v6 kunye ne-v7). Ukubandakanya iingcali zeminye imibutho emsebenzini, izazinzulu zazama ukulungelelanisa i-OS kwiimeko zeSoviet: ukuyiguqulela kwisiRashiya kunye nokuseka ukuhambelana nezixhobo zasekhaya. Okokuqala, kunye ne-SM-4 kunye ne-SM-1420 izithuthi. Ukwenziwa kwasekhaya kwenziwa liZiko leZifundo eziPhambili kwiSebe lezoShishino lwezeMoto.
Emva kokudibanisa amaqela, iprojekthi yabizwa ngokuba yiDEMOS (Inkqubo yokuSebenza yeDilogue Unified Mobile). Kuyahlekisa ukuba ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-UNAS, ngokungathi iyachasa into yokuba i-UNIX “yeyabo”. Kwaye uMphathiswa wezoShishino lwezoThutho waze wabiza inkqubo ye-MNOS (iNkqubo yokuSebenza eZimeleyo ngoomatshini).
I-Soviet OS idibanisa ngokusisiseko iinguqulelo ezimbini ze-Unix: i-16-bit DEC PDP OS kunye ne-32-bit VAX inkqubo yekhompyutha. IDEMOS yasebenza kuzo zombini izakhiwo. Kwaye xa ukuveliswa kwe-CM 1700, i-analogue ye-VAX 730, yaqala kwisityalo saseVilnius, i-DEMOS OS yayisele ifakwe kuyo.
Ngowe-1985, inguqulo ye-DEMOS 2.0 yakhululwa, kwaye ngowe-1988, abaphuhlisi beSoviet OS banikezelwa ngeBhaso leBhunga le-USSR yabaPhathiswa beSayensi kunye neTekhnoloji. Kodwa ngeminyaka yee-1990 iprojekthi yavalwa. Kubuhlungu kunjalo. Ngapha koko, ngubani owaziyo ukuba uphuhliso lwethu lunokodlula imveliso yotshaba evela kuMicrosoft?
Iifoto ezininzi
Abaphuhlisi beDEMOS emva komsitho wembasa
Kwakukho nencwadi kwiSoviet OS. Kwaye neyakhe thenga!
Inkampani, ebizwa ngokuba yi-OS eyadalayo, yasinda kwi-USSR
Indawo yokusebenza kaRodchenko
I-interior constructivist ka-Alexander Rodchenko, ebizwa ngokuba yi "Workers' Club", yaboniswa kwi-USSR Pavilion kwi-International Exhibition of Decorative Arts eParis ngo-1925. Lo yayingumboniso wokuqala omkhulu wezizwe ngezizwe apho iSoviet Union yathatha inxaxheba. U-Rodchenko udale indawo enemisebenzi emininzi ebonisa iinjongo zoluntu olutsha olujonge kwikamva. Kwakukholelwa ukuba ingaphakathi liya kuba luhlobo olusisiseko lweeklabhu zabasebenzi, zombini kuyilo kunye nokucwangcisa.
Iklabhu yabasebenzi ayilogumbi nje elihonjiswe ngesimbo sonxibelelaniso. Le yayiyifilosofi yokwenene yokudala indawo apho abasebenzi baseSoviet banokutshintshiselana khona ngezimvo, banike iintetho, bazibandakanye ekuzifundiseni, badlale ichess, njl.njl Ukulandela ii-canon ze-multifunctionality, umculi wenza izinto ezidibeneyo ezinokuthi zitshintshwe zibe ngabanye.
Ngokomzekelo, iqonga lokugoqa linokuba yindawo yeentetho, imiboniso, iingokuhlwa zethiyetha, kwaye ukuze kugcinwe indawo, itafile ye-chess yenziwe ngokujikelezayo, ukwenzela ukuba abadlali batshintshe umbala weziqwenga ngaphandle kokushiya izihlalo zabo. Ngokutsho kukaRodchenko, wayekhokelwa ngumgaqo "owenza ukuba kwenzeke ukwandisa into emsebenzini wakhe kwindawo enkulu, kunye nokuyisonga ngokudibeneyo ekupheleni komsebenzi."
Uyilo lusebenzise imibala emine - ingwevu, ebomvu, emnyama namhlophe. Umbala wawubaluleke kakhulu - wawugxininisa ubume bezinto kunye nendlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo.
Le projekthi yafumana imbasa yesilivere, kwaye emva komboniso yanikezelwa kwiQela lamaKomanisi aseFransi, ngoko ayizange iboniswe eRashiya. Nangona kunjalo, ngo-2008, iingcali zaseJamani zaphinda zakha kwakhona iklabhu kumboniso wabo "Ukusuka kwinqwelomoya ukuya esikhaleni. Malevich kunye ne-modernism yokuqala," kwaye emva koko wanikela ikopi kwiGalari yeTretyakov.
Ezinye iifoto zeofisi
iphenyane eliphantsi komhlaba
Ibali elimangalisayo eligcwele umdla wobuntlola kunye nokudubula okungaqondakaliyo. Ngeminyaka yee-1930, injineli u-Alexander Trebelsky (ngokweminye imithombo - uTrebelev) wayeyigxeka ngokoqobo ingcamango yokudala "i-subterrine" - isithuthi esikwazi ukuhamba ngaphantsi komhlaba njengamakhaka e-tunneling, kodwa kwangaxeshanye ngokukhawuleza, ukuzola. kunye nenzuzo enkulu.
Ekuqaleni, uTrebelevsky wazama ukwenza i-thermal superloop-isixhobo esinokuthi, ukuba kuyimfuneko, sinokutshisa igobolondo langaphandle lesikhephe esingaphantsi komhlaba kwaye sitshise kumhlaba oqinileyo. Kodwa kamva wayishiya le ngcamango, wayila idizayini egama layo lokusebenza libolekwe kwi-mole eqhelekileyo. Ezi zilwanyana zigrumba umhlaba ngokujikelezisa amanqina kunye nentloko, zize zityhale umzimba wazo ngemilenze yazo yangasemva. Kule meko, umhlaba utyhalwa kwiindonga zomngxuma obangelwayo.
Iphenyane elingaphantsi komhlaba layilwa ngendlela efanayo. Kwakukho i-drill enamandla kwisaphetha, embindini kwakukho ii-augers ezicinezela ilitye kwiindonga zamaqula, kwaye ngasemva kwakukho iijekhi ezine ezinamandla eziqhubela phambili isixhobo. Xa i-drill yayijikeleza ngesantya esingama-300 rpm, iphenyane elingaphantsi komhlaba laligubungela umgama oziimitha ezili-10 ngeyure. Kwabonakala ngathi.
Ngowe-1933, uTrebelevsky wabanjwa yi-NKVD kuba ngexesha lokuya eJamani wadibana nonjiniyela othile waza wazisa imizobo esuka apho. Kwavela ukuba uTrebelevsky waboleka ingcamango yesikhephe esingaphantsi komhlaba esivela eHorner von Wern waza wazama ukuyikhumbuza. Imizobo yaphela kwindawo ethile kwi-NKVD. Kanye njengenjineli ngokwakhe.
Imolekyuli yentsimbi yakhunjulwa kwakhona kwiminyaka yoo-60s: U-Nikita Khrushchev wathembisa esidlangalaleni ukuba "uya kufumana ama-impiriyali kungekhona nje esikhaleni, kodwa nangaphantsi komhlaba." Iingqondo ezikhokelayo ze-USSR zibandakanyeka kumsebenzi kwisikhephe esitsha: uprofesa waseLeningrad uBabaev kunye no-academician Sakharov. Umphumo womsebenzi onzima wawuyisithuthi esinesixhobo senyukliya, esilawulwa ngabasebenzi be-5 abasebenzi kunye nokuthutha itoni yeziqhushumbisi kunye namajoni e-15. Savavanya i-subterrine ekwindla lowe-1964 kwii-Urals kufuphi neNtaba iBlagodat. Isikhephe esingaphantsi komhlaba sabizwa ngokuba yi "Battle Mole".
Isixhobo sangena emhlabeni ngesantya sokuhamba, sahamba malunga neekhilomitha ezili-15 kwaye satshabalalisa i-bunker ephantsi komhlaba enemiqathango yotshaba. Umkhosi kunye nososayensi bamangaliswa ziziphumo zovavanyo. Baye bagqiba ekubeni baphinde bazame, kodwa i-mole mole yaqhuma phantsi komhlaba, yabulala bonke abantu ababekhwele kwaye babambelela ngonaphakade kwiintaba ze-Ural. Yintoni ebangele uqhushumbo akwaziwa ngokuqinisekileyo, kuba zonke izixhobo kwesi siganeko zisahlelwa “njengemfihlelo ephezulu.” Okunokwenzeka, i-injini yenyukliya yokufakela yaqhuma. Emva kongxamiseko, isigqibo sokuqhubeka nokusebenzisa isikhephe esingaphantsi komhlaba sahlehliswa, saza sashiywa ngokupheleleyo.
Iifoto ezininzi
Inokuba yayijongeka njani i-subterrine
Izixhobo zabasebenzi
Intaba efanayo apho iimvavanyo zenzeke khona
Zeziphi iiprojekthi ezinomdla, kodwa hayi “ukusuka” ozikhumbulayo?
Yintoni enye onokuyifunda kwiblogi?
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