Abacwangcisi benkqubo, yiya kudliwano-ndlebe

Umfanekiso uthathwe kwividiyo kwitshaneli "I-Amethysts yomkhosi»

Ndisebenze njengenkqubo yeLinux malunga neminyaka eyi-10. Ezi ziimodyuli ze-kernel (indawo ye-kernel), iidaemoni ezahlukeneyo kunye nokusebenza kunye ne-hardware ukusuka kwindawo yomsebenzisi (indawo yomsebenzisi), ii-bootloaders ezahlukeneyo (u-boot, njl.), i-firmware yomlawuli kunye nokunye okuninzi. Nokuba ngamanye amaxesha kuye kwenzeka ukusika ujongano lwewebhu. Kodwa ngokufuthi kwenzeka ukuba ndihlale nentsimbi yokuthambisa kwaye ndinxibelelane nabayili bebhodi yesiphaluka eprintiweyo. Enye yeengxaki ngomsebenzi onjalo kukuba kunzima kakhulu ukuvavanya umgangatho wobuchule bakho, kuba unokwazi umsebenzi omnye ngokunzulu, kodwa awukwazi omnye konke. Ekuphela kwendlela eyaneleyo yokuqonda ukuba ungaya phi kwaye yeyiphi imisinga ekhoyo ngoku kukuya kudliwano-ndlebe.

Kweli nqaku ndingathanda ukushwankathela amava am odliwano-ndlebe ngesithuba somcwangcisi wenkqubo yeLinux, iinkcukacha zodliwano-ndlebe, umsebenzi, kunye nendlela yokuvavanya inqanaba lakho lolwazi ngokunxibelelana nomqeshi wexesha elizayo kunye noko ungafanelanga ungakwenzi. lindela kuyo.

Eli nqaku liza kubandakanya ukhuphiswano oluncinci kunye namabhaso.

Iimpawu zomsebenzi

Umdwelisi wenkqubo, kwindawo ethile endisebenza kuyo, ngujikelele opheleleyo: Kwafuneka ukuba ndibhale zombini ikhowudi kunye nehardware yokucoca. Kwaye ngokufuthi bekukho isidingo sokuthengisa into ngokwakho. Ngamaxesha ngamaxesha, kwenzeka ukuba uhlengahlengiso lwam kwi-hardware ludluliselwe kubaphuhlisi. Ke ngoko, ukuze usebenze kule ndawo udinga isiseko esilungileyo solwazi, kokubini kwinkalo yesekethe yedijithali nakwinkqubo. Ngenxa yoku, udliwano-ndlebe lwesikhundla somdwelisi wenkqubo kaninzi lukhangeleka njengokukhangela ingcali yombane.

Indawo yokusebenzela eqhelekileyo yomdwelisi weenkqubo.

Lo mfanekiso ungasentla ubonisa indawo yam eqhelekileyo yokusebenza xa ndilungisa abaqhubi. I-analyzer ye-logic ibonisa ukuchaneka kwemiyalezo edlulisiweyo, i-oscilloscope ibeka iliso kwimiphetho yempawu. Kwakhona, i-jtag debugger ayizange ibandakanywe kwisakhelo, esetyenziswa xa izixhobo zolungiso lweempazamo ezisemgangathweni zingasakwazi ukumelana. Kwaye kufuneka ukwazi ukusebenza nazo zonke ezi zixhobo.

Kuhlala kusenzeka ukuba kuyakhawuleza kwaye kulula ukuphinda uthengise ezinye izinto kwaye ulungise iimpazamo ze-topology ngokwakho kunokuthatha imveliso uyifake kumfakeli. Kwaye ke isikhululo se-solder sihlala kwindawo yakho yokusebenza.

Olunye uphawu lophuhliso kwinqanaba lomqhubi kunye ne-hardware kukuba iGoogle ayincedi. Rhoqo kuya kufuneka ujonge ulwazi ngengxaki yakho, kwaye kukho amakhonkco amathathu, amabini kuwo ayimibuzo yakho kwenye iforum. Okanye okubi ngakumbi, xa udibana nombuzo ovela kulaa mntu ulihlwempu wawubuza kwiminyaka emi-5 eyadlulayo kuluhlu lokuposa lwe-kernel kwaye akazange afumane mpendulo. Kulo msebenzi, ukongeza kwiimpazamo kuyilo lwezixhobo zombini kunye nesoftware, iimpazamo zamaxwebhu zihlala zidibana - ezi mhlawumbi zezona ngxaki zinzima kwaye zingathandekiyo. Ngamanye amaxesha iirejista zichazwa ngokungalunganga, okanye akukho nkcazo yazo kwaphela. Iingxaki ezinjalo zinokusonjululwa kuphela ngokuxhokonxa amanani angaqhelekanga ngokwenzululwazi kwiirejista ezithile (uhlobo lokubuyela umva). Kuhlala kusenzeka ukuba iprosesa iqulethe umsebenzi othile, kodwa akukho mntu ngaphandle kwakho ophumeze lo msebenzi (ingakumbi ukuba iprosesa entsha). Kwaye oku kuthetha ukuhamba ebaleni ngeharika, i-70% yayo yeyabantwana. Kodwa xa kukho amaxwebhu, nokuba kukho iimpazamo, oku sele kuyinkqubela. Ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka ukuba akukho maxwebhu konke konke, kwaye kulapho ukuhamba ngemigodi kuqala xa intsimbi ivutha. Kwaye ewe, ndizisombulule ngempumelelo iingxaki ezinjalo.

Udliwano-ndlebe

Uluvo lwam kukuba kufuneka uye kudliwano-ndlebe ubuncinane kanye kwiinyanga ezintandathu, nokuba uyawuthanda umsebenzi wakho kwaye awufuni ukuwutshintsha. Udliwano-ndlebe lukuvumela ukuba uqonde inqanaba lakho njengengcali. Ndiyakholelwa ukuba olona dliwano-ndlebe luxabisekileyo lolo olungaphumeleliyo. Ngabo ababonisa ngokuchanekileyo ukuba yeyiphi imiqobo kulwazi lwakho ekufuneka iphuculwe.

Enye into ebangela umdla ngumgangatho wodliwano-ndlebe. Oku kukuqwalasela kwam, kwaye akuyonyani, ndiyavuma ukuba ndibe nethamsanqa. Ukuba udliwano-ndlebe luhamba ngokwemeko:

• Nceda usixelele ngesiqu sakho;
• Sinemisebenzi enjalo;
• uyathanda?

Kwaye ukuba emva kolu nxibelelwano uthanda omnye nomnye, uya emsebenzini, ngoko, njengomthetho, inkampani kunye nemisebenzi iya kuba mnandi kakhulu kwaye yanele. Ukuba udliwano-ndlebe lufana nokuhamba kwizangqa ezili-12 zesihogo: udliwano-ndlebe lokuqala kunye no-HR, emva koko udliwano-ndlebe kunye neqela labadwelisi beprogram, ngoko umlawuli, umsebenzi wesikolo ongaphezulu, njl. ixesha elide kakhulu. Kwakhona, oku kukujongwa komntu, kodwa njengomthetho, ubuninzi be-bureaucracy kunye nenkqubo yokuqesha etsalayo ibonisa ukuba iinkqubo ezifanayo ziyenzeka ngaphakathi kwenkampani. Izigqibo zenziwa ngokucothayo nangokungasebenziyo. Kwakukho neemeko ezichaseneyo, xa kukho imijikelezo yesihogo sodliwano-ndlebe, kwaye inkampani yaba yinto enkulu, kwaye xa, emva kokubetha esihlahleni, inkampani yajika yaba ngumgxobhozo, kodwa ezi zinqabile.

Ukuba ucinga ukuba imeko: wadibana, waxelela ngawe kwaye waqeshwa, ikhona kuphela kwiinkampani ezincinci, ngoko akukho. Oku ndikubonile kwiinkampani ezinkulu kakhulu eziqeshe abantu abangaphezu kwamakhulu kwaye bamelwe kwiimarike zehlabathi. Le yindlela eqhelekileyo, ngakumbi ukuba unerekhodi etyebileyo kwaye unethuba lokufowunela abaqeshi bakho bangaphambili kwaye ubuze ngawe.

Kum, luphawu oluhle kakhulu lwenkampani xa becela ukubonisa imizekelo yeeprojekthi zabo kunye nekhowudi. Inqanaba loqeqesho lomfaki-sicelo liboniswa ngokukhawuleza. Kwaye, ngokubhekisele kum, ngokombono wokukhetha abaviwa, le yeyona ndlela isebenzayo yokukhetha kunokubonisa udliwano-ndlebe. Enyanisweni, unokungaphumeleli kudliwano-ndlebe oluvela kwimincili, okanye, ngokuchaseneyo, phuma kwi-adrenaline. Kodwa emsebenzini wokwenyani awukwazi ukujamelana nemisebenzi yokwenyani. Ndaye ndadibana nale nto xa ndandidlana indlebe nabantu ngokwam. Ingcali iza, izibonakalisa ukuba igqwesile, ndayithanda, yasithanda. Kwaye ndazamana neyona ngxaki ilula kangangenyanga, kwaye ngenxa yoko, omnye umdwelisi wayisombulula ngeentsuku ezimbalwa. Kwafuneka ndohlukane nalo mdwelisi wenkqubo.

Ndiyixabisa ngakumbi imisebenzi yenkqubo kudliwano-ndlebe. Yaye ezo zifanele ziconjululwe kanye ebudeni bentlanganiso, phantsi koxinezeleko, nomsebenzi wesikolo owenzelwa ekhaya. Eyokuqala ibonisa ukuba ulungele kangakanani ukusombulula ngokukhawuleza nangokuchanekileyo iingxaki kwiimeko ezixinzelelekileyo kunye nongxamiseko. Okwesibini kubonisa inqanaba lakho lobuchule kunye nokukwazi ukukhangela ulwazi kunye nokusombulula iingxaki zangoku.

Eyona misebenzi inika umdla endandinayo yayikwisakhiwo sokhuselo selizwe lethu. Kwinkqubo yomsebenzi, kuye kwafuneka ndisombulule iingxaki ezintle abangazange baphuphe ngazo abadwelisi benkqubo yezorhwebo. Ii-Supercomputers, ukuyila iirotha, iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokulwa node-oku kuyonwabisa kakhulu. Xa ngexesha leparade ubona i-complex egcina ikhowudi yakho, ilungile ngokwenene. Ngokungaqhelekanga, udliwano-ndlebe kunye neenkampani ezinjalo ngokuqhelekileyo zilula kakhulu, ngokoqobo ziza, njengazo, zamkelwe (mhlawumbi iinkcukacha zomkhosi, ezingathandi ukuthetha kakhulu), zibekwe phezulu. Imiceli mngeni endajamelana nayo apho yayinomdla ngokwenene kwaye yayilucelomngeni. Ngamava, kuye kwavela ukuba bakulungele ukufunda ukuba ngumdwelisi wenkqubo ekumgangatho ophezulu. Kukwakho nezinto ezingeloncedo, kwaye lo awungowo mvuzo uphantsi. Okwangoku, umvuzo kwindawo yokhuselo unesidima, uneebhonasi kunye nezibonelelo. Njengomthetho, kukho i-bureaucracy eninzi, iiyure zokusebenza ezinde, imisebenzi engapheliyo, kunye nokusebenza phantsi koxinzelelo olukhulu. Kwezinye iimeko, imfihlo ayinakunyanzeliswa, eyongeza iingxaki ezithile zokuhamba kwamanye amazwe. Ngaphezu koko, ngokuqinisekileyo, ubugwenxa babaphathi, kwaye oku, yeha, kwenzeka kwakhona. Nangona amava am okusebenza nommeli wabathengi amnandi kakhulu. Lo ngumbono odibeneyo wamaziko amathathu ophando ahlukeneyo kunye neenkampani ezinxulumene nemiyalelo yokhuselo lukarhulumente.

Imisebenzi yodliwano-ndlebe

Ukuphepha ukungaqondi kakuhle kwaye ukuze ndingazivezi iinkampani endiye ndadliwano-ndlebe nazo, andizukulinga ikamva kwaye ndibonise iinkcukacha zabo. Kodwa ndinombulelo ngalo lonke udliwano-ndlebe, ngexesha abantu abalichitha kum, ngethuba lokuzijonga ngaphandle. Ndingatsho nje ukuba imisebenzi ibiyeyenkampani ezinkulu zamazwe ngamazwe ezimelwe kumazwe ahlukeneyo.

Ndiza kukuxelela eyona nto inomdla kakhulu: yeyiphi imisebenzi enikwe ngexesha lodliwano-ndlebe. Ngokubanzi, eyona mibuzo ixhaphakileyo yesithuba somdwelisi wenkqubo kunye nomdwelisi wenkqubo ye-microcontroller yi-bit operations, kuzo zonke iinguqu ezinokwenzeka. Ngoko ke, zilungiselele kakuhle kule ndawo.

Esona sihloko sesibini sinocalucalulo luphawu, oku kufuneka kuxhume ngokwenene emazinyweni akho. Ukuze bakuvuse ezinzulwini zobusuku kwaye unokuxelela kwaye ubonise yonke into.

Ndibe imibuzo kudliwano-ndlebe oluninzi entlokweni yam, kwaye ndiza kuyiveza apha, kuba ndiyifumana inomdla kakhulu. Andinikezi iimpendulo zale mibuzo ngabom ukuze abafundi bakwazi ukuphendula le mibuzo ngokwabo kwizimvo kwaye babe nomgubo omncinci xa behamba ngodliwano-ndlebe lokwenyani.

Imibuzo No. 1

I. Ulwazi lwe-SI. Athetha ntoni la mangeniso alandelayo:

const char * str;

char const * str;

const * char str;

char * const str;

const char const * str;

Ngaba onke amangenelo achanekile?

II. Kutheni le nkqubo iza kuphosa impazamo yokwahlulahlula?

int main ()
{
       fprintf(0,"hellon");
       fork();
       return(0);
}

III. Ukuba nobulumko.

Kukho intonga ubude bemitha enye. Iimbovane ezilishumi ziwela kuye ngokungakhethiyo, zirhubuluza kumacala ahlukeneyo. Isantya sokuhamba kwembovane enye yi-1 m/s. Ukuba imbovane idibana nenye, imbovane iyajika ize iye kwelinye icala. Leliphi elona xesha liphezulu olidingayo ukuze ulinde zonke iimbovane ziwe phezu kwentonga?

Udliwano-ndlebe olulandelayo lwalungaphumeleli kum, kwaye ndiluthatha njengolona luluncedo kumsebenzi wam wokucwangcisa. Ibonise ubunzulu bokungakwazi kwam. Phambi kolu dliwano-ndlebe, bendiqhelene nombuzo ngamnye wale mibuzo kwaye bebesoloko besiza emsebenzini wam, kodwa ngandlel' ithile andizange ndibalule ukubaluleka kwabo, kwaye ngenxa yoko, andizange ndibaqonde kakuhle. Ngoko ke, ndaluphumelela olu viwo ndilihlazo. Yaye ndinombulelo ongazenzisiyo kuba oko kusilela kwenzeka; oko kwaba nempembelelo enkulu kum. Ucinga ukuba uyingcali epholileyo, uyalwazi uyilo lwesekethe, ujongano, kunye nokusebenza nekernel. Kwaye ke unemibuzo yokwenyani kwaye uyadada. Ngoko makhe sibone.

Imibuzo yodliwano-ndlebe #2

Imiba yeHardware.

• Iifowuni zesistim ye-linux zicwangciswa njani ngolwimi lwendibano kwiprosesa ye-ARM, kwi-x86. Yintoni umahluko?
• Zeziphi izixhobo zongqamaniso ezikhoyo? Zeziphi izixhobo zongqamaniso ezinokusetyenziswa ngaphakathi kwimeko yokuphazamiseka, engenakho, kwaye ngoba?
• Yintoni umahluko phakathi kwebhasi ye-i2c kunye nebhasi yespi?
• Kutheni kukho iiterminators kwibhasi ye-i2c kwaye lithini ixabiso lazo?
• Ngaba ujongano lweRS-232 lusebenza KUPHELA kwiingcingo ezimbini: iRX kunye neTX? Apha ndiya kunika impendulo: Kuvela ukuba kubi, kwi-9600, kodwa inako !!!
• Kwaye ngoku umbuzo wesibini: kutheni?
• Iyiphi indlela efanelekileyo yokucwangcisa imigca yesignali kunye namandla kwiibhodi ezininzi kwaye ngoba? Amandla ngaphakathi kwemigangatho, okanye imigca yesignali ngaphakathi kweeleya? (Umbuzo ngokubanzi umalunga noyilo lwesekethe).
• Kutheni le nto imigca eyohlukileyo ineengoma ezihamba kunye kuyo yonke indawo?
• RS-485 ibhasi. Ngokuqhelekileyo kukho izipheli kumgca onjalo. Nangona kunjalo, sinesekethe yeenkwenkwezi, enenani eliguquguqukayo leemodyuli zeplagi. Ziziphi iindlela zokuthintela ukungqubana nokuphazamiseka ekufuneka zisetyenziswe?
• Yintoni imithi ebomvu kunye neyesibini?
• Usebenza njani nge-cmake?
• Imibuzo malunga nokwakha i-yocto Linux.

Iinjongo zolu dliwano-ndlebe:

1. Bhala umsebenzi ojikela kuwo uint32_t zonke iintwana. (ukusebenza ngamasuntswana kudume kakhulu kudliwanondlebe, ndiyakucebisa)
2.

int32_t a = -200;
uint32_t b = 200;
return *(uint32_t) * (&a)) > b;

Uza kubuya ngantoni lo msebenzi? (isisombululo ephepheni, ngaphandle kwekhompyutha)

3. Umsebenzi wokubala i-arithmetic mean yamanani amabini int32_t.

4. Ziziphi iindlela zemveliso kwiinkqubo, kubandakanywa. kuthotho lweempazamo.

Ukhetho lwesithathu lwalusandul 'ukutsha nje, kwaye andiyi kumangaliswa ukuba kusekho i-questionnaire apho, ngoko andiyi kutyhila inkampani ukuze ndingabavezi ... Kodwa ngokubanzi ndiza kunika umzekelo. yemibuzo enokwenzeka, kwaye ukuba uyayibona imibuzo yakho, ndiye ndithi molo :).

Imibuzo yodliwano-ndlebe #3

1. Umzekelo wekhowudi yokuwela umthi unikiwe, kuyimfuneko ukuxela okwenziwa kule khowudi kwaye ubonise iimpazamo.
2. Bhala umzekelo wosetyenziso lwe-ls. Ngeyona ndlela ilula "-l".
3. Nika umzekelo wendlela yokwenza unxibelelwano olungatshintshiyo noluguquguqukayo. Yintoni umahluko?
4. Isebenza njani iRS-232? Uthini umahluko phakathi kweRS-485 kunye neRS-232? Uthini umahluko phakathi kwe-RS-232 kunye ne-RS-485 ngokwembono yomdwelisi wenkqubo?
5. Isebenza njani i-USB (ngokwembono yomdwelisi wenkqubo)?
6. Ukuguqulelwa kombhalo wobugcisa ukusuka kwisiRashiya ukuya kwisiNgesi.

Udliwano-ndlebe oluyimpumelelo ayisosiqinisekiso somsebenzi onempumelelo

Esi sahluko mhlawumbi ayisiyiyo nabadwelisi (nangona kubo nabo), kodwa ngaphezulu kwe-HR. Ezona nkampani zaneleyo azijongi ngocoselelo iziphumo zodliwano-ndlebe. Kuqhelekile ukwenza iimpazamo; amaxesha amaninzi bajonga indlela umntu ayazi ngayo indlela yokucombulula iingxaki nokuqiqa.

Enye yeengxaki eziphambili kukuba umviwa ukusombulula ngempumelelo iingxaki ngexesha lodliwano-ndlebe, ubonisa ukuba yingcali ebalaseleyo, kodwa uyasilela kumsebenzi wokuqala wokwenene. Andizoxoka, le nto yenzeka nakum. Ndahamba ngempumelelo kuzo zonke izangqa zesihogo, ndasombulula yonke imisebenzi yokuvavanya, kodwa kwiimeko zangempela umsebenzi waba nzima kakhulu ngenxa yokungabi namava alula. Ukukhwela enqanaweni ayingowona msebenzi unzima. Eyona nto inzima kukuhlala kule nkampani.

Ngoko ke, ndiyathemba iinkampani ezininzi eziqhuba udliwano-ndlebe olulula kunye nomviwa kwaye zithi: emva kwenyanga yokuqala yomsebenzi, kuya kucaca ukuba ufanelekile kuthi okanye cha. Le yeyona ndlela ifanelekileyo, ewe, mhlawumbi ibiza kakhulu, kodwa kuyacaca kwangoko ukuba ngubani.

Kukho enye inketho yodliwano-ndlebe: xa uphumelele ngempumelelo, kodwa ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zodliwano-ndlebe uyaqonda ukuba umqeshi akanelanga ngokupheleleyo. Ngoko nangoko ndiyala umsebenzi ukuba ndithenjiswa ukusebenza njengosomashishini, ndithembisa imivuzo emikhulu. Olu luhlobo lokuphepha irhafu kumbutho osebenzayo, kwaye kutheni iingxaki zomqeshi kufuneka zindikhathaze njengomdwelisi wenkqubo? Enye inketho zii-arhente zikarhulumente ezahlukeneyo. Ndaba nodliwano ndlebe, ngenxa yoko ndafumana umvuzo oncumisayo, kodwa bathi lo mdwelisi wangaphambili wayeka, wagula, wafa, waya kuzintyintya ngenxa yomsebenzi, kwaye usuku lwakho lokusebenza luqala ngo-8 ekuseni. . Ukusuka kwindawo enjalo naye wabaleka ukuze izithende zakhe zibengezela. Ewe, HR, nceda uqaphele ukuba abadwelisi benkqubo bakulungele ukwala nokuba ngumsebenzi omnandi kakhulu ukuba usuku lokusebenza kufuneka luqale kusasa.

Ekugqibeleni, ndiza kunika ividiyo ebalaseleyo yokukhetha umdwelisi, umfanekiso weskrini onikwe ekuqaleni kweli nqaku. Ndaphinda ndaba nodliwano-ndlebe olunjalo izihlandlo ezininzi. Ukuba ubona ubuzwilakhe kwinqanaba lemibuzo, zihloniphe, vuka, uthathe izinto zakho kwaye uhambe - oku kuqhelekileyo. Ukuba u-HR kunye nomphathi bazixelele ngeendleko zakho ngexesha lodliwano-ndlebe, oku kubonisa ukuba inkampani inetyhefu kwaye akufanele usebenze apho ngaphandle kokuba uthanda abaphathi abangonelanga.

ezifunyanisiweyo

Abacwangcisi benkqubo, yiya kudliwano-ndlebe! Kwaye soloko uzama ukunyuselwa. Masithi ukuba ufumana imali ye-N, emva koko uye kudliwano-ndlebe ubuncinane N * 1,2, okanye ngcono N * 1,5. Nokuba awusithathi kwangoko esi sithuba, uya kuqonda ukuba yintoni efunekayo kweli nqanaba lomvuzo.
Ukuqwalasela kwam kubonise ukuba ulwazi oluhle lolwimi lwesiNgesi, amava atyebileyo ngokwaneleyo kushishino kunye nokuzithemba kugqiba. Le yokugqibela ngowona mgangatho uphambili, njengayo yonke indawo ebomini. Njengomthetho, umviwa ozithembileyo unokwenza ngcono kudliwano-ndlebe, nokuba kukho iimpazamo ezininzi, kunomfaki-sicelo ogqwesileyo, kodwa oneentloni kwaye okhutheleyo. Ithamsanqa ngodliwano-ndlebe lwakho!

Ukhuphiswano lweP/S

Ukuba unemizekelo enomdla yeengxaki ezithwalwe ngu-HR, wamkelekile kwizimvo. Silungiselele ukhuphiswano oluncinci - iimeko zilula: ubhala owona msebenzi ungaqhelekanga owawunawo ngexesha lodliwano-ndlebe, abafundi bayayivavanya (kunye), kwaye emva kweveki sishwankathela iziphumo kwaye sivuze ophumeleleyo ngezinto ezimnandi.

umthombo: www.habr.com