- umnini ezimbini. Eyokuqala yeyokusebenza (iYunivesithi yaseBrown) kunye neyesibini, yakutshanje, - (kwiYunivesithi yaseVirginia Tech). Ibhaso le-Dijkstra linikezelwa ngomsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu kunye neempembelelo eziye zabonakala ubuncinci iminyaka elishumi kwaye uMaurice ngokucacileyo yenye yeengcali ezidumileyo kulo mmandla. Ngoku usebenza njengonjingalwazi kwiDyunivesithi yaseBrown kwaye unezinto ezininzi aziphumezileyo ezithatha ixesha elide. Okwangoku uphanda i-blockchain kumxholo we-computing ye-classical esasazwayo.
Ngaphambili, uMaurice wayesele eze eRashiya kwi-SPTCC () kwaye wenza intlanganiso egqwesileyo yophuhliso loluntu lwe-JUG.ru Java eSt.).
Le habrapost ludliwanondlebe olukhulu noMaurice Herlihy. Ixoxa ngezi zihloko zilandelayo:
- Intsebenziswano phakathi kwamaziko emfundo ephakamileyo kunye noshishino;
- Isiseko soPhando lweBlockchain;
- Zivela phi iingcamango zokuphumelela? Impembelelo yokuthandwa;
- PhD phantsi kweliso likaBarbara Liskov;
- Ihlabathi lilindele i-multi-core;
- Ihlabathi elitsha lizisa iingxaki ezintsha. I-NVM, i-NUMA kunye ne-architecture hacking;
- Abaqulunqi vs abaqhubekekisi, RISC vs CISC, inkumbulo ekwabelwana ngayo vs ukudlula komyalezo;
- Ubugcisa bokubhala ikhowudi eethe-ethe enemisonto emininzi;
- Indlela yokufundisa abafundi ukubhala ikhowudi entsonkothileyo enemisonto emininzi;
- Ushicilelo olutsha lwencwadi ethi "Ubugcisa beNkqubo yokuLungiselela iNkqubo";
- Yasungulwa njani inkumbulo yentengiselwano;
- Kutheni kufanelekile ukwenza uphando kwinkalo yokusasazwa kwekhompyuter;
- Ngaba uphuhliso lwe-algorithms luyekile, kunye nendlela yokuqhubela phambili;
- Sebenza kwiYunivesithi yaseBrown;
- Umahluko phakathi kophando eyunivesithi nakwiqumrhu;
- IHydra kunye ne-SPTDC.
Udliwano-ndlebe luqhutywa ngu:
Vitaly Aksenov - okwangoku, i-post-doc kwi-IST Austria kunye nomqeshwa weSebe le-Computer Technologies kwiYunivesithi ye-ITMO. Uqhuba uphando kwinkalo yethiyori kunye nokuziqhelanisa nezakhiwo zedatha ezikhuphisanayo. Ngaphambi kokusebenza kwi-IST, wafumana i-PhD yakhe kwiYunivesithi yaseParis Diderot kunye neYunivesithi ye-ITMO phantsi kolawulo lukaNjingalwazi uPeter Kuznetsov.
Alexey Fedorov - Umvelisi kwi-JUG Ru Group, inkampani yaseRashiya eququzelela iinkomfa zabaphuhlisi. U-Alexey uthathe inxaxheba ekulungiseleleni iinkomfa ezingaphezu kwe-50, kwaye ukuqhubeka kwakhe kubandakanya yonke into esuka kwisikhundla sonjiniyela wophuhliso kwi-Oracle (JCK, i-Java Platform Group) kwindawo yomphuhlisi e-Odnoklassniki.
UVladimir Sitnikov -Njineli kwiNetcracker. Iminyaka elishumi yomsebenzi ekusebenzeni kunye nokulinganisa kwe-NetCracker OS, isofthiwe esetyenziswa ngabaqhubi be-telecom ukwenza i-automate network kunye neenkqubo zolawulo lwezixhobo zenethiwekhi. Ndinomdla kwimiba yokusebenza kweJava kunye neOracle Database. Umbhali ongaphezulu kweshumi elinesibini lokuphucula ukusebenza kumqhubi osemthethweni wePostgreSQL JDBC.
Intsebenziswano phakathi kwezemfundo kunye neshishini
U-Alexey: UMaurice, usebenze kwindawo yezemfundo ixesha elide kwaye umbuzo wokuqala yintsebenziswano phakathi kwezemfundo kunye nezoshishino. Ngaba ungathetha ngendlela unxibelelwano phakathi kwabo olutshintshe ngayo mva nje? Kwenzeka ntoni kwiminyaka engama-20-30 eyadlulayo kwaye kwenzekani ngoku?
UMaurice: Bendisoloko ndizama ukusebenza ngokusondeleyo neenkampani zorhwebo kuba zineengxaki ezibangela umdla. Bona, njengomthetho, abanomdla kakhulu okanye ukupapasha iziphumo zabo okanye kwiinkcazo ezicacileyo zeengxaki zabo kuluntu lwehlabathi. Banomdla kuphela ekusombululeni ezi ngxaki. Ndasebenza kwiinkampani ezinjalo kangangexesha elithile. Ndichithe iminyaka emihlanu ndisebenza ngokusisigxina kwilebhu yophando kwiDigital Equipment Corporation, eyayikade iyinkampani enkulu yekhompyuter. Ndasebenza usuku olunye ngeveki e-Sun, eMicrosoft, e-Oracle, kwaye ndenza umsebenzi omncinci kuFacebook. Ngoku ndiza kuthabatha ikhefu lesabatha (unjingalwazi kwiyunivesithi yaseMelika uvumelekile ukuba athabathe ikhefu elingangonyaka malunga nokuba kanye kwiminyaka emithandathu) kwaye ndisebenze , le yinkampani ye-cryptocurrency eBoston. Ukusebenza ngokusondeleyo neenkampani bekusoloko kuluyolo kuba yindlela ofunda ngayo ngezinto ezintsha nezinika umdla. Usenokuba ngumntu wokuqala okanye wesibini ukupapasha inqaku ngesihloko esikhethiweyo, kunokuba usebenze ngokunyukayo ekuphuculeni izisombululo kwiingxaki asele esebenza kuzo wonke umntu.
U-Alexey: Ngaba ungasichazela ngokubanzi ukuba kwenzeka njani oku?
Maurice: Ewe kunjalo. Uyazi, xa ndandisebenza kwi-Digital Equipment Corporation, mna no-Elliot Moss, sayila imemori yentengiselwano. Yayilixesha elineziqhamo kakhulu xa wonke umntu waqalisa ukuba nomdla kwiteknoloji yolwazi. Ukuhambelana, kubandakanywa, nangona iinkqubo ezininzi ezingundoqo zazingekabikho. Ngexesha le-Sun kunye neentsuku ze-Oracle, ndasebenza kakhulu kwizakhiwo zedatha ezihambelanayo. Ku-Facebook ndisebenze kwiprojekthi yabo ye-blockchain, endingakwazi ukuthetha ngayo, kodwa ndiyathemba ukuba iya kuluntu kungekudala. Kunyaka ozayo, e-Algorand, ndiza kusebenza kwiqela lophando ndifunda iikontraki ezihlakaniphile.
U-Alexey: I-Blockchain ibe yisihloko esithandwa kakhulu kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo. Ngaba oku kuya kulunceda uphando lwakho? Mhlawumbi kuya kwenza kube lula ukufumana izibonelelo okanye ukubonelela ngokufikelela kwimithombo evela kwiinkampani ezisebenza kolu shishino?
UMaurice: Sele ndifumene isibonelelo esincinci kwi-Ethereum Foundation. Ukuthandwa kwe-blockchain kunceda kakhulu ekukhuthazeni abafundi ukuba basebenze kule ndawo. Banomdla kakhulu kuyo kwaye bayakuvuyela ukubandakanyeka, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha abaqondi ukuba uphando oluvakala lunika umdla ngaphandle lubandakanya umsebenzi onzima ngokwenene. Nangona kunjalo, ndonwabile kakhulu ukusebenzisa yonke le mystique malunga ne-blockchain ukunceda ukutsala abafundi.
Kodwa akuphelelanga apho. Ndikwibhodi yeengcebiso kuqalo oluninzi lwe-blockchain. Abanye babo banokuphumelela, abanye babo abanako, kodwa kuhlala kunomdla kakhulu ukubona izimvo zabo, ukufunda nokucebisa abantu. Eyona nto inika umdla kuxa ulumkisa abantu ukuba bangenzi nto. Izinto ezininzi zibonakala ziyingcamango elungileyo ekuqaleni, kodwa ngaba ngokwenene?
Isiseko soPhando lweBlockchain
Vitaly: Abanye abantu bacinga ukuba ikamva lilele kwi-blockchain kunye ne-algorithms yayo. Kwaye abanye abantu bathi lelinye nje iqamza. Ngaba ungabelana ngoluvo lwakho ngalo mba?
Maurice: Izinto ezininzi ezenzekayo kwihlabathi le-blockchain azilunganga, ezinye bubuqhophololo, zininzi kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, ndicinga ukuba kukho isiseko esiqinileyo sesayensi kwezi zifundo. Inyaniso yokuba ihlabathi le-blockchain ligcwele ukungafani kweengcamango kubonisa inqanaba lolonwabo kunye nokuzinikela. Kwelinye icala, oku akuloncedo lukhethekileyo kuphando lwenzululwazi. Ngoku, ukuba upapasha inqaku elithetha ngeentsilelo ze-algorithm ethile, ukusabela okubangelwayo akusoloko kungokwesayensi ngokupheleleyo. Abantu badla ngokuziphosa ngaphandle iimvakalelo zabo. Ndicinga ukuba olu hlobo lwemincili kule ndawo lunokubonakala lukhangayo kwabanye, kodwa ekupheleni kosuku, kukho imiba yokwenene yesayensi kunye nobunjineli ekufuneka iqwalaselwe. Kukho iSayensi yeKhompyutha eninzi apha.
Vitaly: Ke uzama ukubeka isiseko sophando lwe-blockchain, akunjalo?
UMaurice: Ndizama ukubeka isiseko soqeqesho oluqinileyo, ngokwenzululwazi nangezibalo. Kwaye inxalenye yengxaki kukuba ngamanye amaxesha kufuneka uphikise ezinye zezikhundla eziqatha zabanye abantu kwaye ungazihoyi. Maxa wambi abantu bayandibuza isizathu sokuba ndisebenze kwindawo enabantu abanomdla kuphela ngabanqolobi nabarhwebi beziyobisi. Ukusabela okunjalo akunantsingiselo kanye njengokuziphatha kwabalandeli abaphinda amazwi akho ngobumfama. Ndicinga ukuba inyaniso kwenye indawo phakathi. I-Blockchain iya kuba nempembelelo enkulu kuluntu kunye noqoqosho lwehlabathi. Kodwa oku akunakwenzeka ngenxa yetekhnoloji yanamhlanje. Ubuchwephesha banamhlanje buya kukhula kwaye oko kuya kuthiwa yi-blockchain kwixesha elizayo kuya kuba kubaluleke kakhulu. Isenokungabonakali njengee-blockchains zangoku, ngumbuzo ovulekileyo lowo.
Ukuba abantu baqamba itekhnoloji entsha, baya kuqhubeka ukuyibiza ngokuba yi-blockchain. Ndiyathetha, kanye njengeFortran yanamhlanje ayinanto yakwenza nolwimi lwaseFortran ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1960, kodwa wonke umntu uhlala eyibiza ngokuba yiFortran. Kuyafana nakwi UNIX. Into ebizwa ngokuba yi "blockchain" isaza kwenza i-revolution yayo. Kodwa ndiyathandabuza ukuba le blockchain intsha iya kuba yiyo nantoni na ebonwa ngumntu wonke namhlanje.
Zivela phi iingcamango zokuphumelela? Impembelelo yodumo
U-Alexey: Ngaba ukuthandwa kwe-blockchain kukhokelele kwiziphumo ezitsha kwimbono yesayensi? Ukusebenzisana ngakumbi, abafundi abaninzi, iinkampani ezininzi kwindawo. Ngaba sele kukho naziphi na iziphumo kolu lwando lokuthandwa?
UMaurice: Ndaba nomdla koku xa omnye umntu wandinika iphecana lenkampani eyayisandul’ ukwenza imali eninzi. Yabhala malunga , endiqhelene ngakumbi nayo. Oko kwakubhalwe kwiphecana kwakungachananga ngokucacileyo ngokobugcisa. Abantu ababhale konke oku abazange baqonde imodeli emva kwengxaki ... kwaye le nkampani iqokelele imali eninzi. Emva koko, inkampani ithe cwaka yatshintsha eli phecana ngoguqulelo oluchanekileyo kakhulu - kwaye andizukutsho ukuba lalingubani igama lale nkampani. Basekhona kwaye baqhuba kakuhle kakhulu. Esi siganeko sandiqinisekisa ukuba, okokuqala, i-blockchain yindlela nje yokusabalalisa i-computing. Okwesibini, umda wokungena (ubuncinci ngoko, kwiminyaka emine eyadlulayo) wawuphantsi kakhulu. Abantu abasebenza kweli candelo babenamandla kwaye bekrelekrele, kodwa abazange bafunde amaphepha enzululwazi. Bazama ukubuyisela izinto ezaziwayo baza bazenza kakubi. Namhlanje idrama yehlile.
U-Alexey: Oku kunomdla kakhulu, kuba kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo sasinomkhuba ohlukileyo. Kufana nophuhliso lwangaphambili, xa abaphuhlisi abasekwe kwi-browser-front-end baphinde baphinde bavelise itekhnoloji esele isaziwa ngasemva: iinkqubo zokwakha, ukudityaniswa okuqhubekayo, izinto ezinjalo.
Maurice: Ndiyavuma. Kodwa oku akumangalisi, kuba izimvo zokuphumelela ngokwenene zihlala zivela ngaphandle koluntu olumiselweyo. Abaphandi abasekiweyo, ngakumbi izifundiswa ezisele zimiselwe, akunakwenzeka ukuba benze nantoni na eyenzakalisa ngokwenene. Kulula ukubhala iphepha kwinkomfa elandelayo malunga nendlela ophucule ngayo kancinane iziphumo zomsebenzi wakho wangaphambili. Yiya kwinkomfa, dibana kunye nabahlobo, uthethe ngezinto ezifanayo. Kwaye abantu abathe bagqabhuka ngeembono eziphucukileyo phantse bahlala bevela ngaphandle. Abayazi imigaqo, abalwazi ulwimi, kodwa nangona kunjalo ... Ukuba ungaphakathi koluntu olumiselweyo, ndikucebisa ukuba ubeke ingqalelo kwizinto ezintsha, kwinto engahambelani nomfanekiso jikelele. Ngandlel’ ithile, kunokwenziwa umzamo wokudibanisa uphuhliso lwangaphandle, nolwelo olungakumbi neendlela esele siziqonda. Njengenyathelo lokuqala, zama ukuseka isiseko senzululwazi, uze usitshintshe ukuze sisetyenziswe kwiingcamango ezintsha zokuphumelela. Ndicinga ukuba i-blockchain ilungile ukuba ibe ngumbono omtsha, ophazamisayo.
U-Alexey: Kutheni ucinga ukuba oku kwenzeka? Kuba abantu “bangaphandle” abanayo imiqobo ethile eluntwini?
Maurice: Kuyenzeka apha. Ukuba ufunda imbali ye-impressionists kwimizobo kunye nobugcisa ngokubanzi, ngoko ngaxa lithile amagcisa adumileyo agatya impressionism. Bebesithi bubuntwana. Kwisizukulwana kamva, olu hlobo lobugcisa lwalukhatywa ngaphambili lwaba ngumgangatho. Into endiyibonayo kwintsimi yam: abaqambi be-blockchain babengenamdla kumandla, ekwandiseni iimpapasho kunye nesalathisi sokucaphula, bafuna nje ukwenza into enhle. Kwaye ke bahlala phantsi baza baqalisa ukuyenza. Babeswele ubunzulu obuthile bobugcisa, kodwa oko kuyalungiseka. Kunzima kakhulu ukuza nemibono emitsha yokuyila kunokulungisa nokomeleza abo bakhule ngokwaneleyo. Enkosi kwaba baqambi, ngoku ndinento yokwenza!
U-Alexey: Oku kufana nomahluko phakathi kokuqalisa kunye neeprojekthi zelifa. Sizuza ilifa imida emininzi yokucinga, imiqobo, iimfuno ezikhethekileyo, njalo njalo.
UMaurice: Umzekeliso olungileyo usasazwa ngekhompyutha. Cinga nge-blockchain ngokungathi sisiqalo kunye nokusasazwa kwekhompyuter njengenkampani enkulu, esekiweyo. I-computing esasazwayo ikwinkqubo yokufunyanwa kwaye idibaniswe ne-blockchain.
PhD phantsi kweliso likaBarbara Liskov
Vitaly: Sisenemibuzo emininzi! Besijonge imvelaphi yakho kwaye sadibana nenyani enomdla malunga nesidanga sakho sobugqirha. Ewe, oku kwakukudala, kodwa kubonakala ngathi sisihloko esibalulekileyo. Ufumene iPhD yakho phantsi kwesikhokelo sakho ! UBarbara waziwa kakhulu kuluntu lolwimi lwenkqubo, kwaye ngumntu owaziwa kakhulu ngokubanzi. Kusengqiqweni ukuba uphando lwakho belukwinkalo yeelwimi zokuprograma. Utshintshe njani kwi-parallel computing? Kutheni ugqibe ekubeni utshintshe isihloko?
UMaurice: Ngelo xesha, uBarbara neqela lakhe babejonge kwikhompyutha esasazwayo, nto leyo eyayintsha gqitha. Kukwakho nabo bathi icomputing esasazwayo bubuvuvu kwaye iikhompyutha ezinxibelelana zodwa akuncedi nganto. Omnye wemiba eshukuxwayo kwicomputing esasazwayo eyayahlula kwi-centralized computing kukunyamezela iimpazamo. Emva kophando oluninzi, sigqibe kwelokuba ulwimi lwenkqubo yekhompyuter esasaziweyo lufuna ukuba nento efana nentengiselwano yeathom kuba awunakuze uqiniseke ukuba umnxeba ukude uya kuphumelela. Emva kokuba unentengiselwano, ingxaki yolawulo lwemali yenzeka. Emva koko bekukho umsebenzi omninzi ekufumaneni ulwakhiwo lwedatha yentengiselwano enxusene kakhulu. Emva koko, ukugqiba kwam esikolweni, ndaya kwaye waqala ukukhangela isihloko ekufuneka sisebenze kuso. Kuye kwafika kum ukuba i-computing ihambile ukusuka kwikhompyutha nganye ukuya kwinethiwekhi yeekhompyuter. Ii-Multiprocessors ziya kuba kukuqhubela phambili kwendalo-igama elithi "multi-core" lalingekabikho. Ndacinga: yintoni ukulingana kweentengiselwano ze-athomu kwi-multi-core system? Ngokuqinisekileyo ayilulo utshintshiselwano oluqhelekileyo kuba lukhulu kakhulu kwaye lunzima. Ndenze ngolo hlobo ke icebo kwaye yindlela endize ngayo nalo lonke ulungelelwaniso lokulinda-simahla. Lo ibiyinzame yokuphendula umbuzo wokuba yintoni i-analogue yentengiselwano yeatom yenkqubo yemultiprocessor enenkumbulo ekwabelwana ngayo. Ekuboneni kokuqala, lo msebenzi unokubukeka uhluke ngokupheleleyo, kodwa ngokwenene kukuqhubeka komxholo ofanayo.
Ihlabathi lilindele i-multi-core
Vitaly: Utshilo ukuba ngelo xesha zazimbalwa kakhulu iikhompyuter ezininzi, akunjalo?
Maurice: Bebengekho. Kwakukho izinto ezininzi ezibizwa ngokuba zii-symmetric multiprocessors, ezazidityaniswe ngokusisiseko kwibhasi enye. Oku akuzange kusebenze kakuhle kuba ngalo lonke ixesha inkampani entsha yenza into efanayo, i-Intel yayikhupha iprosesa enye eyayiphezulu kune-multiprocessor.
U-Alexey: Ngaba oku akuthethi ukuba ngaloo maxesha amandulo kwakungaphezulu kwesifundo sethiyori?
UMaurice: Yayingelophononongo lwengcingane, kodwa yayiluphando oluqikelelwayo. Konke oku kwakungekuko ukusebenza ngeethiyori ezininzi; endaweni yoko, sibeka phambili iingcamango malunga noyilo lwezakhiwo olwalungekho ngelo xesha. Le yinto yophando! Akukho nkampani yayinokwenza into enje; yonke yayiyinto evela kwikamva elikude. Ngapha koko, oku kwakunjalo de kwaba ngo-2004, xa kwavela iiprosesa zokwenene ezininzi. Ngenxa yokuba iiprosesa zitshisa kakhulu, unokwenza iprosesa ibe ncinci, kodwa awukwazi ukuyenza ngokukhawuleza. Ngenxa yoku, kwabakho inguqulelo kwizakhiwo ezininzi ezingundoqo. Kwaye ke oko kwakuthetha ukuba ngequbuliso kwabakho ukusetyenziswa kwazo zonke iingqikelelo ebesiziphuhlise ngaphambili.
U-Alexey: Kutheni ucinga ukuba iiprosesa ze-multi-core zavela kuphela kwi-XNUMXs? Ngoko kutheni kuhlwile kangaka?
UMaurice: Oku kungenxa yokusikelwa umda kwehardware. I-Intel, i-AMD kunye nezinye iinkampani zilungile kakhulu ekunyuseni isantya seprosesa. Xa ngaxa lithile iiprosesa zaba zincinci ngokwaneleyo ukuba zingasenakunyusa isantya sewotshi kuba iiprosesa ziya kuqala ukutshisa. Ungabenza bancinci, kodwa bangakhawulezi. Yintoni esemandleni abo - endaweni yeprosesa encinci kakhulu, banokufaka iiprosesa ezisibhozo, ezilishumi elinesithandathu okanye ezingamashumi amathathu anesibini kumthamo ofanayo wecala, apho ngaphambili yayinokungena enye kuphela. Ngoku unonxibelelwano oluninzi kunye nonxibelelwano olukhawulezayo phakathi kwabo kuba babelana ngee-cache. Kodwa awukwazi ukubanyanzela ukuba babaleke ngokukhawuleza - kukho umda okhethekileyo wesantya. Bayaqhubeka nokuphucula kancinci kancinci, kodwa hayi kangako. Imithetho yefiziksi yema kwindlela yokuphucula.
Ihlabathi elitsha lizisa iingxaki ezintsha. I-NUMA, i-NVM kunye ne-architecture hacking
UAlexey: Ivakala isengqiqweni. Ngeeprosesa ezintsha ezininzi ezingundoqo zeza iingxaki ezintsha. Ngaba wena noogxa bakho nizilindele ezi ngxaki? Ngaba uye wazifunda kwangaphambili? Kuphononongo lwethiyori kaninzi akulula kakhulu ukuqikelela izinto ezinjalo. Xa iingxaki zithe zenzeka, zahlangabezana njani nezinto ozilindeleyo kunye nabalingane bakho? Okanye ngaba bezintsha ngokupheleleyo, kwaye wena nabalingane bakho kuye kwafuneka nichithe ixesha elininzi nisombulula iingxaki njengoko bezivela?
Vitaly: Ndiza kwongeza kumbuzo ka-Alexey: ngaba uqikelele ngokuchanekileyo iprosesa ye-architecture ngelixa ufunda i-theory?
Maurice: Hayi 100%. Kodwa ndicinga ukuba oogxa bam kunye nam senze umsebenzi olungileyo wokuqikelela i-multi-cores ngememori ekwabelwana ngayo. Ndicinga ukuba siqikelele ngokuchanekileyo ubunzima ekuphuhliseni izakhiwo zedatha ezihambelanayo ezisebenza ngaphandle kwezitshixo. Ulwakhiwo lwedatha olunjalo lubalulekile kwizicelo ezininzi, nangona ingezizo zonke, kodwa kaninzi eyona nto uyidingayo sisakhiwo sedatha esingavaliyo. Xa sasiyiqulunqa, abaninzi babephikisa ngelithi oku kububudenge, ukuba yonke into yayisebenza kakuhle ngamaqhaga. Siqikelele kakuhle ukuba kuya kubakho izisombululo esele zenziwe kwiingxaki ezininzi zokucwangcisa kunye nengxaki yokwakheka kwedatha. Kwakhona kwakukho iingxaki ezinzima ngakumbi, ezifana – ukufikelela okungalinganiyo kwimemori. Ngapha koko, azizange ziqwalaselwe de kwaveliswa iiprosesa ezininzi ezingundoqo kuba zazithe ngqo kakhulu. Uluntu lophando lwalusebenza kwimibuzo eyayiqikeleleka ngokubanzi. Ezinye iingxaki ze-hardware ezinxulumene nezakhiwo ezithile kwafuneka zilinde emaphikweni - ngokwenene, ukubonakala kwezi zakhiwo. Umzekelo, akukho mntu wasebenza ngokwenyani kwi-GPU-idatha yedatha ethile kuba ii-GPU zazingekho ngelo xesha. Nangona mninzi umsebenzi owenziweyo , ezi algorithms zilungele ukusetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza ukuba izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zifumaneka. Nangona kunjalo, akunakwenzeka ukubona yonke into kwangaphambili.
U-Alexey: Ukuba ndiyaqonda ngokuchanekileyo, i-NUMA luhlobo lokulungelelanisa phakathi kweendleko, ukusebenza kunye nezinye izinto. Naziphi na izimvo zokuba kutheni i-NUMA iphume kade kangaka?
UMaurice: Ndicinga ukuba i-NUMA ikhona ngenxa yeengxaki zehardware ezisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa inkumbulo: okukhona izinto zikude kakhulu, kokukhona kucotha ukufikelela kuzo. Kwelinye icala, ixabiso lesibini lale nto yokutsalwa kukufana kwenkumbulo. Ke enye yeempawu zekhompyuter ezinxuseneyo kukuba zonke izinto ezithathwayo zophukile kancinci. Ukuba ufikelelo belufana ngokugqibeleleyo, yonke imemori iya kufana, kodwa oku kuqoqosho, kwaye mhlawumbi nasemzimbeni, akunakwenzeka. Ngoko ke olu ngquzulwano luvela. Ukuba ubhala udweliso lwenkqubo yakho ngokungathi inkumbulo iyafana, ngoko iya kuba ichanekile. Ngengqiqo yokuba ayiyi kunikela iimpendulo eziphosakeleyo. Kodwa ukusebenza kwakhe akuyi kubamba iinkwenkwezi esibhakabhakeni. Ngokufanayo, ukuba ubhala Ngaphandle kokuqonda i-cache hierarchy, ukuvinjelwa ngokwayo kuya kuchaneka, kodwa unokulibala malunga nokusebenza. Ngandlela ithile, kuya kufuneka ubhale iinkqubo ezihlala ngaphezulu kokutsalwa ngokulula, kodwa kuya kufuneka ubavelele abantu abakunike oko kuthatyathwe: kuya kufuneka wazi ukuba ngaphantsi kokutsalwa kukho uluhlu lwenkumbulo, ukuba kukho. ibhasi phakathi kwakho nale nkumbulo, njalo njalo. Ke, kukho ungquzulwano phakathi kokutsalwa okuluncedo komntu ngamnye, okusikhokelela kwiingxaki zekhonkrithi kunye nepragmatic.
Vitaly: Kuthekani ngekamva? Ngaba unokuqikelela ukuba abaqhubekekisi baya kuphuhlisa njani ngokulandelayo? Kukho ingcamango yokuba enye yeempendulo yimemori yentengiselwano. Mhlawumbi unenye into esitokhweni.
UMaurice: Kukho iingxaki ezinkulu ezimbalwa eziseza. Enye yeyokuba inkumbulo ehambelanayo yinto entle kakhulu, kodwa iqala ukuqhekeka kwiimeko ezikhethekileyo. Ke, umzekelo, i-NUMA ngumzekelo ophilayo wento apho unokuqhubeka nokwenza ngathi inkumbulo efanayo ikhona. Ngokwenene hayi, imveliso iya kukukhalisa. Ngexesha elithile, abakhi bezakhiwo kuya kufuneka balahle umbono woyilo lwenkumbulo enye; awukwazi ukuzenzisa ngonaphakade. Iimodeli ezintsha zenkqubo ziya kufuneka ekulula ngokwaneleyo ukuzisebenzisa kwaye zinamandla ngokwaneleyo ukwenza i-hardware esezantsi isebenze kakuhle. Oku kunzima kakhulu, kuba ukuba ubonisa abadwelisi boyilo olusetyenziswa ngokwenene kwi-hardware, baya kuphambana. Inzima kakhulu kwaye ayiphatheki. Ukuba ubonisa ujongano olulula kakhulu, ukusebenza kuya kuba mbi. Ke ngoko, urhwebo oluninzi olunzima kakhulu luya kufuneka lwenziwe ukubonelela ngeemodeli zenkqubo eziluncedo ezisebenza kwiiprosesa ezinkulu ezingundoqo. Andiqinisekanga ukuba nabani na ngaphandle kwengcali uyakwazi ukwenza inkqubo kwikhompyuter ye-2000-core. Kwaye ngaphandle kokuba wenza i-specialized okanye i-science computing okanye i-cryptography okanye into enjalo-ayikacaci ukuba yenziwe njani ngokuchanekileyo.
Omnye ummandla ofanayo luyilo olukhethekileyo. I-accelerators ye-Graphics sele ikhona ixesha elide, kodwa ibe yinto yomzekelo weklasi wendlela ongathatha ngayo uhlobo olukhethekileyo lwekhompyutha kwaye uluqhube kwi-chip ezinikeleyo. Oku kongeza imingeni yayo: indlela onxibelelana ngayo nesixhobo esinjalo, usicwangcisa njani. Kutshanje ndiye ndalungisa iingxaki kule ndawo . Uthatha iprosesa encinci kwaye uyincamathelise kwisiqwenga esikhulu sememori ukuze imemori ibaleke ngesantya se-L1 cache kwaye emva koko inxibelelane nesixhobo esinje. -Iprosesa ixakekile ilayisha imisebenzi emitsha kumbindi wememori yakho. Ukuyila izakhiwo zedatha kunye neeprothokholi zonxibelelwano zolu hlobo lwento ngomnye umzekelo onomdla. Ke iiprosesa zesiko kunye nehardware ziya kuqhubeka nokubona uphuculo kangangexesha elithile.
UAlexey: Kuthekani ngenkumbulo engaguqukiyo ()?
UMaurice: Owo ngomnye umzekelo omhle lowo! I-NVM iya kutshintsha kakhulu indlela esijonga ngayo izinto ezifana nezakhiwo zedatha. Inkumbulo engaguquguqukiyo, ngandlela ithile, ithembisa ukukhawulezisa izinto. Kodwa ayizukwenza ubomi bube lula kuba uninzi lweeprosesa, iicache, kunye neerejista zisaguquguquka. Xa uqala emva kontlitheko, imeko yakho kunye nemeko yenkumbulo yakho ayisayi kufana ncam nangaphambi kokuwa. Ndinombulelo kakhulu kubantu abasebenza kwi-NVM - kuya kubakho ininzi yabaphandi ukuba benze ixesha elide bezama ukufumana iimeko ezichanekileyo. Izibalo zichanekile ukuba ziyakwazi ukusinda kwingozi apho imixholo ye-cache kunye neerejista zilahlekile, kodwa imemori ephambili ihlala injalo.
Abaqulunqi vs abaqhubekekisi, RISC vs CISC, inkumbulo ekwabelwana ngayo vs ukudlula komyalezo
Vladimir: Ucinga ntoni malunga "necompilers vs. processors" ingxaki ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga iseti yomyalelo? Makhe ndicacisele abo bangaziyo: ukuba siya kwimemori egwenxa okanye into efanayo, sinokusebenzisa isethi yemiyalelo elula kwaye sicele umqambi ukuba enze ikhowudi enzima enokuthi ithathe inzuzo entsha. Okanye singahamba ngenye indlela: sebenzisa imiyalelo entsonkothileyo kwaye ucele iprosesa ukuba iodole kwakhona imiyalelo kwaye enze ezinye izinto ezikhohlisayo ngazo. Ucinga ntoni ngayo?
Maurice: Andinayo impendulo yalo mbuzo. Le ngxoxo ineminyaka engamashumi amane. Kwakukho ixesha apho phakathi iseti yemiyalelo kunye iimfazwe zamakhaya zazisiliwa ngeqela lemiyalelo. Ngexesha elithile, abantu be-RISC baphumelele, kodwa emva koko i-Intel yakha kwakhona iinjini zabo ukwenzela ukuba isethi yemiyalelo encitshisiweyo isetyenziswe ngaphakathi, kwaye isethi epheleleyo yathunyelwa ngaphandle. Esi mhlawumbi sisihloko apho isizukulwana esitsha ngasinye kufuneka sifumane ulungelelwano lwaso kwaye sizenzele izigqibo zaso. Kunzima kakhulu ukuqikelela ukuba yeyiphi kwezi zinto eya kuba ngcono. Ke nayiphi na ingqikelelo endiyenzayo iya kuba yinyani kangangexesha elithile, kwaye emva koko ibe bubuxoki kwakhona okwethutyana, emva koko ibe yinyani kwakhona.
U-Alexey: Kuxhaphake kangakanani kwishishini ukuba ezinye iimbono ziphumelele amashumi eminyaka kwaye ziphulukene nelandelayo? Ngaba ikho eminye imizekelo yolo tshintsho lwamaxesha athile?
UMaurice: Kumbandela wokusasazwa kwekhompyutha, kukho abantu abakholelwa kuyo kunye nabantu abakholwayo . Ekuqaleni, kwi-computing esasazwayo, i-parallel computing ithetha ukudlula komyalezo. Emva koko umntu wafumanisa ukuba kulula kakhulu ukwenza inkqubo ngememori ekwabelwanayo ngayo. Icala elichaseneyo lathi inkumbulo ekwabelwana ngayo inzima kakhulu, kuba ifuna izitshixo nokunye okunjalo, kufanelekile ukufudukela kwiilwimi apho kungekho nto ngaphandle komyalezo odlulayo. Omnye umntu wajonga into ephumileyo kule nto wathi, "Wow, oku kuphunyezwa kwemiyalezo kujongeka kufana nememori ekwabelwanayo ngayo, kuba udala ezininzi kunye nezi modyuli zincinci, zithumela imiyalezo komnye nomnye, kwaye zonke. "Masenze idatabase yememori ekwabelwana ngayo ngcono!" Konke oku kuphindaphindwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo, kwaye akunakwenzeka ukuthetha ukuba elinye lamaqela ngokuqinisekileyo lilungile. Elinye lamacala liya kusoloko lilawula kuba kamsinya nje elinye lalo liphantse laphumelela, abantu baphinda bayila iindlela zokuphucula omnye.
UbuGcisa bokuBhala i-Brittle Multithreaded Code
U-Alexey: Oku kunomdla kakhulu. Umzekelo, xa sibhala ikhowudi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba luluphi ulwimi lweprogram, ngokuqhelekileyo kufuneka senze izinto ezithathayo ezifana neeseli ezinokufundwa kwaye zibhalwe. Kodwa eneneni, kwinqanaba elithile lomzimba, oku kunokubonakala ngathi ukuthumela umyalezo ngebhasi yehardware phakathi kweekhompyuter ezahlukeneyo kunye nezinye izixhobo. Kuyavela ukuba umsebenzi uyenzeka kuwo omabini amanqanaba okuthatha ixesha elinye.
UMaurice: Kuyinyani ukuba inkumbulo ekwabelwana ngayo yakhelwe ekugqithiseni umyalezo- iibhasi, iicache, njalo njalo. Kodwa kunzima ukubhala iinkqubo usebenzisa ukudlulisa umyalezo, ngoko ke i-hardware ixoka ngabom, yenza ngathi unohlobo oluthile lwememori efanayo. Oku kuya kwenza kube lula kuwe ukuba ubhale iinkqubo ezilula, ezichanekileyo phambi kokuba ukusebenza kuqalise ukuwohloka. Emva koko uya kuthi: kubonakala ngathi lixesha lokwenza abahlobo kunye ne-cache. Kwaye ke uqala ukukhathazeka malunga nendawo ye-cache, kwaye ukusuka apho iya khona. Ngandlel 'ithile, uqhekeza i-abstraction: uyazi ukuba ayisiyonto nje ecaba, inkumbulo efanayo, kwaye uya kusebenzisa olo lwazi ukubhala iinkqubo ezilungele i-cache. Oku kuya kufuneka wenze kwiingxaki zokwenyani. Olu ngquzulwano phakathi kwento emnandi, elula, emnandi oyinikiweyo kunye nokuphunyezwa okuntsonkothileyo okuntsonkothileyo kwezixhobo ezisisiseko kulapho wonke umntu eya kwenza eyakhe ivumelwano. Ndinencwadi malunga neeprosesa ezininzi kunye nongqamaniso, kwaye ngaxesha lithile bendiza kubhala isahluko kulwakhiwo lwedatha kwi. java.util.concurrent. Ukuba ujonga kubo, izinto ezifana Le yimisebenzi yobugcisa emangalisayo. (Inqaku lomhleli: Abo baqhelene nolwimi lweJava kufuneka bajonge ukuphunyezwa ConcurrentSkipListMap, ungajonga amakhonkco kwi и ). Kodwa ngokokubona kwam, kuya kuba kukungakhathali ukubabonisa abafundi, kuba ulwakhiwo lwedatha olunjalo lufana nomfana osekisini obaleka ngentambo phezu komngxuma webhere. Ukuba utshintsha inkcukacha enye encinci, isakhiwo sonke siya kudilika. Le khowudi ikhawuleza kakhulu kwaye intle ngenxa yokuba ibhalwe ngokugqibeleleyo, kodwa utshintsho oluncinci luya kukhokelela ekusileleni ngokupheleleyo. Ukuba ndinika le khowudi njengomzekelo kubafundi, baya kuthi ngokukhawuleza: Ndingayenza loo nto nam! Kwaye ke enye inqwelomoya iya kuntlitheka okanye isixhobo senyukliya sigqabhuke, kwaye ndiya kuba netyala lokubanika ulwazi oluninzi ngexesha elingalunganga.
U-Alexey: Xa ndandimncinci, amaxesha amaninzi ndazama ukufunda ikhowudi yomthombo kaDoug Lee, umzekelo, java.util.concurrent, kuba umthombo ovulekileyo, kulula kakhulu ukuyifumana kwaye uzame ukuqonda okwenzekayo apho. Akukhange kuhambe kakuhle kakhulu: rhoqo, akucaci ukuba kutheni uDoug egqibe ukwenza into ngale ndlela xa wonke umntu eyenza ngokwahlukileyo. Uzicacisa njani ezi zinto kubafundi bakho? Ngaba kukho indlela ethile echanekileyo yokuchaza iinkcukacha ezithile ze-algorithm enzima, umzekelo? Uyenza njani le nto?
UMaurice: Ootitshala abazoba i-cliché bakhumbula kuqala: ukuba ufuna ukuzoba njengoPicasso, kufuneka uqale ufunde indlela yokuzoba imifanekiso elula eyinyani, kwaye kuphela xa uyayazi imithetho ungaqala ukuyiphula. Ukuba uqala ngokwaphula imithetho ngoko nangoko, uphelela ebugxwayibeni. Okokuqala, ndifundisa abafundi indlela yokubhala ikhowudi elula, echanekileyo ngaphandle kokukhathazeka malunga nokusebenza. Into endiyithethayo kukuba, kukho imiba yexesha elintsonkothileyo ehleli apha, ke ungakhathazeki malunga neecache, ungakhathazeki ngeemodeli zememori, qiniseka ukuba yonke into isebenza ngokuchanekileyo. Oku sele kunzima ngokwaneleyo: inkqubo yanamhlanje ayilula ngokwayo, ngakumbi kubafundi abatsha. Kwaye xa bene-intuition malunga nendlela yokubhala iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo, ndithi: jonga ezi zimbini zokusetyenziswa kwe-spinlock: enye icotha kakhulu, kwaye eyesibini nayo ayikho kakhulu, kodwa ingcono. Nangona kunjalo, ngokwezibalo ii-algorithms zimbini ziyafana. Ngapha koko, enye yazo isebenzisa indawo ye-cache. Enye yazo isebenza kwidatha egcinwe kwindawo, kwaye enye iphindaphinda ukwenza imisebenzi kuyo yonke ibhasi. Awukwazi ukubhala ikhowudi esebenzayo ukuba awuyiqondi ukuba yintoni na, kwaye awukwazi ukuphula i-abstraction kwaye ujonge isakhiwo esisezantsi. Kodwa awuyi kukwazi ukuqalisa ukwenza oku kwangoko. Kukho abantu abaqala ukwenza oku kwangoko kwaye bakholelwa kwingqondo yabo, ngokuqhelekileyo iphetha kakubi ngenxa yokuba abayiqondi imigaqo. Akukho mntu uzoba njengoPicasso okanye ubhala iinkqubo ezifana noDoug Lee ephuma ekholejini kwiveki yakhe yokuqala. Kuthatha iminyaka ukufikelela kweli nqanaba lolwazi.
U-Alexey: Kuvela ukuba uhlula ingxaki ibe ngamacandelo amabini: eyokuqala ichanekile, eyesibini yintsebenzo?
UMaurice: Injalo. Kwaye, kanye ngolo hlobo. Inxalenye yengxaki kukuba abafundi abatsha abaqondi ukuba ukuchaneka kunzima ukufezekisa. Ekuboneni kokuqala bathi: oku kuchanekile ngokucacileyo, konke okuseleyo kukukhawulezisa. Ke ngamanye amaxesha ndiye ndibaxelele malunga ne-algorithm engachanekanga ekuqaleni ngokungathi ichanekile.
Ubafundisa njani abafundi ukubhala ikhowudi enemisonto emininzi
U-Alexey: Ukubona nje ukuba bayakuva ukubamba?
UMaurice: Ndihlala ndilumkisa kwangaphambili ukuba ngamanye amaxesha ndiza kucebisa ii-algorithms ezingachanekanga. Akufunekanga ulahlekise abantu. Ndicebisa ukuba bathathe ulwazi ngengqolowa yetyuwa. Ukuba ndixelela into ethile kwaye ndithi: "Khangela, oku kuchanekile ngokucacileyo" - oku kubonisa ukuba kwindawo ethile bazama ukukukhohlisa, kwaye kufuneka uqale ukubuza imibuzo. Emva koko, ndizama ukukhuthaza abafundi ukuba baqhubeke bebuza imibuzo, ndize ke ndicebise, “Kuya kwenzeka ntoni ukuba sishiya izinto zinjengoko zinjalo?” Kwaye bayibona kwangoko impazamo. Kodwa ukukholisa abafundi ukuba kufuneka babe nexhala malunga nokuchaneka kunzima kakhulu kunokuba kubonakala ekuqaleni. Uninzi lwaba bafundi beza namava eprogram kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, abanye bafumene imisebenzi kwaye benze nenkqubo apho, kwaye bonke bagcwele ngokuzithemba. Le yinto efana nomkhosi: kufuneka uqale utshintshe isimo sabo sengqondo ukuze ubaqinisekise ukuba basondele ngomonde ekusombululeni iingxaki ezivelayo. Okanye mhlawumbi kufana neemonki zamaBuddha: okokuqala bafunda ukuqiqa malunga nokuchaneka, kwaye xa beqonda iindlela zokuqiqa malunga nokuchaneka, bavunyelwe ukuba baye kwinqanaba elilandelayo kwaye baqale ukukhathazeka malunga nokusebenza.
U-Alexey: Oko kukuthi, ngamanye amaxesha ubonisa abafundi imizekelo engasebenziyo, ngenxa yokuba ufumana impendulo ebonisa ukuba bayayiqonda ingundoqo yengxaki, nokuba banokufumana ikhowudi engafanelekanga kunye nesiphumo esingalunganga. Ke, ngaba abafundi bahlala bekwenza wonwabe okanye ube lusizi?
UMaurice: Abafundi basoloko beyibona impazamo ekugqibeleni. Ukuba bakhangela ngokukhawuleza, ndibuza imibuzo ekhokelayo, kwaye apha kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba ukuba awuzange ubakhohlise, baya kuqala ukuqonda ngokungenangqondo amazwi akho njengenyaniso yokugqibela. Emva koko baya kuba nesithukuthezi kwaye baqale ukulala ngelixa befunda uFacebook kwilaptop yabo ngexesha leklasi. Kodwa xa ubaxelela kwangaphambili ukuba baza kuqhathwa, yaye baya kukhangeleka beziziyatha ukuba abaliva iqhinga, baye balumke ngakumbi. Oku kuhle ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ndingathanda ukuba abafundi bangathandabuzi nje ukuqonda kwabo umba, kodwa babuze negunya likatitshala. Ingcamango kukuba umfundi unokuphakamisa isandla sakhe nangaliphi na ixesha kwaye athi: Ndicinga ukuba le nto uyithethileyo ayilunganga. Sisixhobo sokufunda esibalulekileyo. Andifuni ukuba nawuphi na wabafundi bahlale kwaye bathule bacinge ngokwabo: konke oku kubonakala kungenangqondo okupheleleyo, kodwa ukuphakamisa isandla sakho kuyoyikeka kakhulu, kwaye kunjalo, unguprofesa, ngoko yonke into ayithethayo iyinyani. Ngoko ke, ukuba balunyukiswe kwangaphambili ukuba asiyiyo yonke into ethethwayo ngokuyimfuneko, baba nentshukumisa yokunikela ingqalelo engakumbi kumbandela. Ndiyenza icace ukuba kulungile ukuphakamisa isandla ubuze imibuzo. Umbuzo wakho unokuvakala usisidenge okanye ungenangqondo, kodwa le yeyona mibuzo ilungileyo iphakamayo.
U-Alexey: Unomdla kakhulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo abantu banohlobo oluthile lwesithintelo sengqondo esingabavumeli ukuba babuze umbuzo kunjingalwazi. Ngokukodwa ukuba kukho abantu abaninzi kwigumbi, kwaye wonke umntu uyesaba ukuba ukuxoxa ngombuzo wakho obudenge kuya kuthatha lonke ixesha laba bantu. Ngaba kukho nawaphi na amaqhinga okujongana nale nto?
UMaurice: Ndidla ngokuma ndibuze imibuzo eqhelekileyo. Nokuba ingxelo iya kuchaneka, okanye baya kuyicombulula njani na ingxaki ekuxoxwa ngayo. Esi sisenzo esiphambili, ngakumbi ekuqaleni kwesifundo xa abantu beneentloni ukuthetha neyona nto incinci. Ubuza abafundi umbuzo kwaye ungathethi nto. Kukho ukuthula, wonke umntu ufumana ixesha elincinci, uxinzelelo lukhula, ngoko ngokukhawuleza umntu akakwazi ukuma, aphule kwaye athi impendulo. Nantsi indlela oyijika ngayo imeko: ukuqhubeka uthule kuba nzima kwaye kuphazamise kunokuphendula! Eli liqhinga lokufundisa eliqhelekileyo. Wonke utitshala emhlabeni kufuneka azi ukuba kwenziwa njani oku.
U-Alexey: Ngoku sinesihloko esibalaseleyo kolu dliwano-ndlebe: "Kulula ukuphendula kunokuhlala uthe cwaka."
Vitaly: Khawuphinde ndibuze. Usebenza ngobungqina benzululwazi ngendalo. Ungene njani kule nto, kuba i-computing esasaziweyo kunye ne-topology zizinto ezahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo!
UMaurice: Kukho unxibelelwano olufihlakeleyo apho. Xa ndandifunda imathematika, ndandifunda imathematika esulungekileyo. Ndandingenamdla wokwenyani kwiikhompyutha de zafikelela esiphelweni izifundo zam ndazibona ndijongene nesidingo esicinezelayo sokukhangela umsebenzi. Njengomfundi ndafunda i-algebraic topology. Kwiminyaka emininzi kamva, ngelixa esebenza kwingxaki ebizwa , ndasebenzisa iigrafu ukulinganisa ingxaki kwaye, njengoko kwakubonakala ngelo xesha, ndifumene isisombululo. Kwakufuneka nje uhlale phantsi kwaye ujikeleze ukubala. Zama ukufumana impendulo efanelekileyo kule grafu. Kodwa i-algorithm yam ayizange isebenze: kwavela ukuba uya kugijima kwizangqa ngonaphakade. Ngelishwa, konke oku akukwazanga ukucaciswa ngolwimi olusesikweni lwethiyori yegrafu-leyo izazinzulu zekhompyutha ziyazi. Kwaye ke ndakhumbula ukuba kwiminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo, emva kwiiklasi ze-topology, sasisebenzisa ingqikelelo , oluludweliso lweegrafu kwimilinganiselo ephezulu. Emva koko ndazibuza: kuya kwenzeka ntoni ukuba silungisa ingxaki kwakhona ngokweendlela ezilula? Lo yaba ngumzuzu ophambili. Ngokusebenzisa i-formalism enamandla ngakumbi, ingxaki ngokukhawuleza iba lula kakhulu. Abantu balwa nalo ixesha elide, besebenzisa iigrafu, kodwa akukho nto banokuyenza. Kwaye nangoku abanako - impendulo echanekileyo yajika yaba algorithm, kodwa ubungqina bokungenakwenzeka kokusombulula ingxaki. Oko kukuthi, i-algorithm enjalo ayikho nje. Kodwa ezisekelwe kwizinto ezilula okanye kwizinto abantu abazenza ngathi abazigqali ngezinto ezilula. Ngenxa yokuba ubiza into entsha ngegama, ayiphulukani nondoqo wayo.
Vitaly: Kuyavela ukuba ube nethamsanqa nje?
UMaurice: Ngaphandle kwethamsanqa, kunjalo ukuvuma. Oku kuthetha ukuba akufanele uzilibale izinto "ezingenamsebenzi" oye wazifunda ngaphambili. Okukhona ufunda izinto ezingento yanto, kokukhona unokukhupha iimbono ezininzi xa ujongene nengxaki entsha. Olu hlobo lokulinganisa ipateni enembile lubalulekile kuba... Masenze oku, le yityathanga: ekuqaleni ndafumanisa ukuba iigrafu azizange zisebenze okanye zingasebenzi kwaphela, zindikhumbuza into evela kwiziganeko zesibhozo. kwiminyaka eyadlulayo nakwiminyaka yam yokufunda, xa sasifunda zonke ezi zakhiwo zilula . Oku kwandivumela ukuba ndifumane incwadi yam endala ye-topology kwaye ndiyilayishe kwakhona entlokweni yam. Kodwa ukuba bekungelulo olo lwazi ludala, ngendingazange ndenze inkqubela ekusombululeni ingxaki yokuqala.
Ushicilelo olutsha lwencwadi ethi “Ubugcisa beNkqubo yokuLungisa iiProjekthi ezininzi”
U-Alexey: Uthethe amagama ambalwa malunga nencwadi yakho. Ayisiyiyo eyona mfihlo imbi kakhulu ukuba ubhale eyona ncwadi idumileyo kwihlabathi ngokufunda okuninzi, . Sele imalunga ne-11 leminyaka ubudala kwaye ukususela ngoko ikhutshwe kuphela . Ngaba kuya kubakho uhlelo lwesibini?
Maurice: Kuhle ukuba ubuzile! Kuya kuba kungekudala kakhulu, kwiinyanga ezintathu okanye njalo. Kukho ababhali ababini, songeze izinto ezininzi, siphucule icandelo kwifolokhwe/join parallelism, sabhala icandelo kwiMapReduce, songeza izinto ezininzi ezintsha kwaye salahla izinto ezingeyomfuneko-into eyayinomdla kakhulu ngexesha lokubhala. uhlelo lokuqala, kodwa alusekho namhlanje. Umphumo waba yincwadi ehlaziywe ngokunzulu.
UAlexey: Yonke into sele yenziwe, konke okuseleyo kukukhulula?
UMaurice: Izahluko ezimbalwa zisafuna umsebenzi. Umshicileli wethu (endicinga ukuba sele esithiyile) usazama ukudlulisa umyalezo wokuba kufuneka sisebenze ngokukhawuleza. Sisemva kakhulu kwishedyuli. Ngokwethiyori, ngesenze le ncwadi kwiminyaka embalwa ngaphambili.
UAlexey: Naliphi na ithuba lokufumana inguqulelo entsha yencwadi ngaphambi kweKrisimesi?
UMaurice: Lusukelo lwethu olu! Kodwa ndiye ndaqikelela uloyiso amaxesha amaninzi kangangokuba akukho mntu undikholelwayo. Mhlawumbi akufanelanga undithembe kakhulu nakulo mba.
U-Alexey: Nangona kunjalo, ezi ziindaba ezimnandi. Ndiluthande kakhulu uhlelo lokuqala lwencwadi. Unokuthi ndingumlandeli.
UMaurice: Ndiyathemba ukuba olu hlelo lutsha luza kuwufanele ulangazelelo lwakho, enkosi!
Yasungulwa njani iMemori yeNtengiselwano
Vitaly: Umbuzo olandelayo umalunga nememori yentengiselwano. Ngokokuqonda kwam, unguvulindlela kule nkalo, uyiqambe ngexesha apho kwakungekho mntu ucinga ngezinto ezinjalo. Kwakutheni ukuze wenze isigqibo sokufudukela kweli candelo? Kutheni intengiselwano ibonakala ibalulekile kuwe? Ngaba ucinga ukuba ngenye imini ziya kuphunyezwa kwi-hardware?
UMaurice: Ndiyazi malunga neentengiselwano ukusukela kwiintsuku zam zophando.
Vitaly: Ewe, kodwa ezi ziintengiselwano ezahlukeneyo!
UMaurice: Ndisebenze noElliott Moss ekuqokeleleni inkunkuma ngaphandle kokuvala. Ingxaki yethu yayikukuba sifuna ukutshintsha amagama ambalwa kwimemori yeathom kwaye emva koko i-algorithms iya kuba lula kakhulu, kwaye ubuncinci ezinye zazo ziya kusebenza ngakumbi. Ukusebenzisa kuba kubonelelwe ngolwakhiwo olunxuseneyo, kuyenzeka ukuba wenze into, kodwa ayisebenzi kwaye imbi kuba kuya kufuneka ujongane neengqimba zokungakhombisi indlela. Ndifuna ukutshintsha amagama enkumbulo kwaye kufuneka nditshintshe kuba ndingatshintsha isalathi esinye kuphela, ngoko ke kufuneka akhombe kuhlobo oluthile lolwakhiwo olufana nolawulo. Sathetha ngendlela ekuya kuba kuhle ngayo ukuba sinokutshintsha i-hardware ukuze ikwazi ukwenza ukurekhoda ngaxeshanye. U-Elliott ubonakala eqaphele oku: ukuba ujonga i-cache coherency protocols, sele ibonelela ngobuninzi bomsebenzi ofunekayo. Kwintengiselwano enethemba, i-cache coherency protocol iya kuqaphela ukuba kukho ungquzulwano lwexesha kwaye i-cache iya kuba. . Kwenzeka ntoni ukuba uqhuba intengiselwano ngentelekelelo kwi-cache yakho kwaye usebenzise iindlela zeprotocol ezihambelanayo ukubona iingxabano? Ubume bezinto eziqikelelwayo bekulula ukuyilwa. Sayibhala ke leyo malunga nememori yentengiselwano. Kwangelo xesha, inkampani endandiyisebenzela, iDigital Equipment Corporation, yayisenza inkqubo entsha ye-64-bit ebizwa ngokuba yi-Alpha. Ndiye ndahamba ndenza intetho kwiqela lophuhliso lwe-Alpha malunga nenkumbulo yethu emangalisayo yentengiselwano kwaye babuza: Ingakanani ingeniso eyongezelelweyo enokuthi ifunyenwe yinkampani yethu ukuba songeze yonke le nto ngokuthe ngqo kwiprosesa? Kwaye andizange ndiphendule ngokupheleleyo kule nto, kuba ndiyi-teknoloji, andiyiyo ingcali yokuthengisa. Inene ndandingenanto yokuphendula. Abazange bachukumiseke kakhulu kukuba ndingazi nto.
Vitaly: Iibhiliyoni! Khawutsho nje iibhiliyoni!
Maurice: Ewe, bekufanele ndithethe loo nto. Ngoku, kwiminyaka yokuqalisa kunye nayo yonke into, ndiyazi indlela yokubhala isicwangciso soshishino. Ukuba unokuxoka kancinci malunga nobungakanani bengeniso yakho enokwenzeka. Kodwa ngezo ntsuku kwakubonakala kungamampunge, ngoko ndathi, “Andazi.” Ukuba ujonga kwimbali yopapasho kwimemori yentengiselwano, uya kuphawula ukuba emva konyaka kukho iimbekiselo ezininzi kuyo, kwaye malunga neminyaka elishumi akukho mntu ukhankanyiweyo kweli phepha. Iingcaphuno zavela malunga no-2004, xa kwavela ii-multi-cores. Xa abantu bafumanisa ukuba ukubhala ikhowudi efanayo kunokwenza imali, uphando olutsha lwaqala. Ravi Rajwar , ethe ngandlel 'ithile yazisa ingcamango yememori yentengiselwano kwindawo eqhelekileyo. (Inqaku lomhleli: Kukho inguqulelo yesibini yeli nqaku, eyakhutshwa ngo-2010 kwaye ifumaneka simahla. ). Ngequbuliso abantu baqonda ngqo ukuba yonke le nto ingasetyenziswa njani, ukuba i-algorithms yemveli enezitshixo inokukhawuleziswa njani. Umzekelo omhle wento eyathi kwixesha elidlulileyo ibonakala ngathi yingxaki yemfundo enomdla. Kwaye ewe, ukuba ubundibuze ngelo xesha ukuba ndicinga ukuba konke oku kuya kubaluleka kwixesha elizayo, bendiya kuthi: kunjalo, kodwa xa ngokuchanekileyo akucaci. Mhlawumbi kwiminyaka engama-50? Enyanisweni, oku kwavela kuphela ishumi leminyaka. Kumnandi kakhulu xa usenza into kwaye emva kweminyaka elishumi nje abantu bayayibona.
Kutheni kufanelekile ukwenza uphando kwinkalo yokusasazwa kwekhompyuter
Vitaly: Ukuba sithetha ngophando olutsha, ungacebisa ntoni abafundi - ikhompyuter esasazwayo okanye i-multi-core kwaye ngoba?
UMaurice: Kwezi ntsuku kulula ukufumana iprosesa ye-multi-core, kodwa kunzima ukuseta inkqubo yokusasazwa yokwenyani. Ndaqala ukusebenza kuzo kuba ndandifuna ukwenza into eyahlukileyo kwithisisi yam yePhD. Eli licebiso endihlala ndilinika abafundi abatsha: ungabhali ukuqhubela phambili kwe-dissertation yakho-zama ukuya kwicala elitsha. Kwaye kwakhona, ukwenza imisonto emininzi kulula. Ndingazama eyam ifolokhwe esebenza kwilaptop yam ngaphandle kokuphuma ebhedini. Kodwa ukuba ngokukhawuleza ndifuna ukudala inkqubo yokusasazwa kwangempela, kuya kufuneka ndenze umsebenzi omningi, ukutsala abafundi, njalo njalo. Ndingumntu owonqenayo kwaye ndingathanda ukusebenza kwi-multi-core. Ukuvavanya kwiinkqubo ezininzi ezingundoqo kwakhona kulula kunokwenza imifuniselo kwiinkqubo ezisasazwayo, kuba nakwinkqubo esasazwa ngobudenge kukho izinto ezininzi ezifuna ukulawulwa.
Vitaly: Wenzani ngoku, uphanda nge-blockchain? Ngawaphi amanqaku ofanele unikele ingqalelo kuwo kuqala?
UMaurice: Ndisandul’ ukuvela , endayibhala kunye nomfundi wam, uVikram Saraf, ngokukodwa kwintetho eParis kwiiveki ezintathu ezidlulileyo. Eli nqaku malunga neenkqubo eziphathekayo ezisasazwayo, apho siphakamisa khona ukwenza i-Ethereum i-multi-threaded. Okwangoku, iikontraki ezihlakaniphile (ikhowudi esebenza kwi-blockchain) iqhutywe ngokulandelelana. Sabhala inqaku ngaphambili elithetha ngendlela yokusebenzisa iintengiselwano eziqikelelwayo ukukhawulezisa inkqubo. Sathatha iingcamango ezininzi kwimemori ye-software kwaye sathi ukuba wenza ezi ngcamango zibe yinxalenye yomatshini we-Etherium, ngoko yonke into iya kusebenza ngokukhawuleza. Kodwa ngenxa yoko kuyimfuneko ukuba akukho zingxabano zedatha kwiikhontrakthi. Kwaye ke sacinga ukuba kubomi bokwenyani akukho zingxabano ezinjalo. Kodwa sasingenayo indlela yokufumanisa. Emva koko kwenzeka kuthi malunga neminyaka elishumi yembali yekhontrakthi yokwenyani ezandleni zethu, ngoko salahla i-blockchain ye-Ethereum kwaye sazibuza: kuya kwenzeka ntoni ukuba ezi rekhodi zembali zenziwa ngokufanayo? Sifumene ukwanda okukhulu kwesantya. Ngeentsuku zokuqala ze-Ethereum, isantya sanda kakhulu, kodwa namhlanje yonke into inzima ngakumbi, kuba kukho izivumelwano ezimbalwa kunye nokubakho kweengxabano malunga nedatha efuna ukulandelelana kuye kwaba phezulu. Kodwa konke oku kungumsebenzi wovavanyo kunye nedatha yembali yokwenyani. Into emnandi malunga ne-blockchain kukuba ikhumbula yonke into ngonaphakade, ngoko ke sinokubuyela emva kwaye sifunde oko bekuya kwenzeka ukuba besisebenzise iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa ikhowudi. Abantu bamandulo babeya kuyithanda njani ingcamango yethu entsha? Uphando olunjalo lulula kakhulu kwaye luyonwabisa ngakumbi ukwenza, kuba kukho into ebeka iliso kuyo yonke into kwaye irekhode yonke into. Le nto sele iyinto efana nesociology kunokuphuhliswa kwe-algorithms.
Ngaba uphuhliso lwe-algorithms luyekile kunye nendlela yokuqhubela phambili?
Vitaly: Ixesha lombuzo wokugqibela wethiyori! Ngaba kuvakala ngathi inkqubela kwiziseko zedatha ekhuphisanayo iyancipha minyaka le? Ngaba ucinga ukuba sifikelele kwithafa ekuqondeni kwethu izakhiwo zedatha okanye kuya kubakho uphuculo olukhulu? Mhlawumbi kukho ezinye iingcamango ezikrelekrele ezinokutshintsha ngokupheleleyo yonke into?
UMaurice: Kusenokwenzeka ukuba sifikelele kwithafa ledatha yezakhiwo zemveli. Kodwa ulwakhiwo lwedatha lwezakhiwo ezitsha luseyindawo ethembisa kakhulu. Ukuba ufuna ukwenza izakhiwo zedatha, yithi, i-accelerators ye-hardware, ngoko izakhiwo zedatha ye-GPU zihluke kakhulu kwizakhiwo zedatha ye-CPU. Xa uphuhlisa izakhiwo zedatha ye-blockchains, kufuneka ube neengcezu zedatha kwaye uzibeke kwinto enje , ukuthintela ukwenziwa komgunyathi. Kutshanje uye wanda umsebenzi kulo mmandla, abaninzi benza umsebenzi omhle kakhulu. Kodwa ndicinga ukuba kuya kwenzeka ntoni ukuba izakhiwo ezintsha kunye nezicelo ezintsha ziya kukhokelela kwizakhiwo ezintsha zedatha. Usetyenziso lwelifa kunye nolwakhiwo lwemveli-kusenokungabikho ndawo ingako yokuhlola kwakhona. Kodwa ukuba usuka kwindlela ebethiweyo kwaye ujonge ngaphaya kwemida, uya kubona izinto eziphambeneyo ezingathabathi nzulu kakhulu - kulapho zonke izinto ezinomdla zenzeka khona.
Vitaly: Ke ngoko, ukuze ndibe ngumphandi odumileyo, kuye kwafuneka ndizenzele eyam i-architecture :)
UMaurice: Unako "ukweba" i-architecture entsha yomnye umntu - kubonakala kulula kakhulu!
Usebenza kwiYunivesithi yaseBrown
Vitaly: Ngaba ungasixelela ngakumbi malunga Ingaba usebenzaphi? Akukho nto ingako eyaziwayo ngaye kumxholo wetekhnoloji yolwazi. Ngaphantsi kwe-MIT, umzekelo.
UMaurice: IYunivesithi yaseBrown yenye yezona yunivesithi zindala eUnited States. Ndicinga ukuba nguHarvard kuphela mdala. UBrown yinxalenye yento ebizwa , eyingqokelela yeeyunivesithi ezisibhozo ezindala. Harvard, Brown, Cornell, Yale, Columbia, Dartmouth, Pennsylvania, Princeton. Luhlobo lweyunivesithi endala, encinci kunye nencinci ye-aristocratic. Olona gxininiso lujolise kwimfundo yobugcisa obukhululekileyo. Ayizami ukufana neMIT, iMIT ikhethekileyo kwaye inobuchule. UBrown yindawo entle yokufunda uNcwadi lwesiRashiya okanye isiGrike samandulo, kwaye kunjalo, iNzululwazi yeKhompyutha. Igxininisa kwimfundo ebanzi. Uninzi lwabafundi bethu baya kuFacebook, Apple, Google - ke ndicinga ukuba abafundi bethu abanangxaki yokufumana umsebenzi kweli shishini. Ndiye ndasebenza eBrown kuba bendikhe ndasebenza kwiDigital Equipment Corporation eBoston. Le yayiyinkampani eyaqulunqa izinto ezininzi ezinomdla, kodwa yakukhanyela ukubaluleka kweekhompyuter zobuqu. Inkampani enekamva elinzima, abasunguli bayo babekhe bangabavukeli abancinci, abazange bafunde nto kwaye balibale nto, kwaye ke bajika basuka kwi-revolutionary ukuya kwi-reactioners kwisithuba seminyaka elishumi elinesibini. Babethanda ukuqhula ukuba iikhompyuter zabo zezegaraji—igaraji eshiyiweyo, kakade. Kucacile ukuba zatshatyalaliswa ziinkampani ezibhetyebhetye ngakumbi. Xa kwacaca ukuba inkampani isengxakini, ndafowunela umhlobo wam oseBrown, omalunga neyure ngaphandle kweBoston. Ndandingafuni ukumka eBoston ngelo xesha kuba kwakungekho mathuba amaninzi kwezinye iiyunivesithi. Eli yayilixesha apho kwakungekho misebenzi mininzi kwiNzululwazi yeKhompyutha njengangoku. Kwaye uBrown wayenokuvulwa, akunyanzelekanga ukuba ndifudukele ikhaya lam, akunyanzelekanga ukuba ndihambise usapho lwam, kwaye ndikuthanda nyani ukuhlala eBoston! Ndaye ndagqiba kanjalo ke ukuya eBrown. Ndiyayithanda. Abafundi bahle, ngoko andizange ndizame nokuya kwenye indawo. Ngexesha lam lesabatha, ndasebenza eMicrosoft unyaka, ndaya eTechnion eHaifa unyaka, kwaye ngoku ndiza kuba seAlgorand. Ndinoogxa bam abaninzi kuyo yonke indawo kwaye ke indawo ekhoyo yamagumbi ethu okufundela ayibalulekanga kangako. Kodwa eyona nto ibalulekileyo ngabafundi, ngabona babalaseleyo apha. Andizange ndizame ukuya kwenye indawo kuba ndonwabile apha.
Nangona kunjalo, nangona udumo lukaBrown e-United States, akaziwa ngokumangalisayo phesheya. Njengoko ubona, ngoku ndenza konke okusemandleni ukulungisa le meko.
Umahluko phakathi kophando eyunivesithi nakwishishini
Vitaly: Kulungile, umbuzo olandelayo malunga neDigital Equipment. Ubulapho njengomphandi. Uthini umahluko phakathi kokusebenza kwisebe leR&D lenkampani enkulu nokusebenza eyunivesithi? Ziziphi izinto eziluncedo nezingeloncedo?
UMaurice: Kangangamashumi amabini eminyaka ndisebenza kwaMicrosoft, ndisebenza ngokusondeleyo nabasebenzi baseSun Microsystems, Oracle, Facebook, kwaye ngoku iAlgorand. Ngokusekwe kuko konke oku, ndifuna ukuthetha ukuba kunokwenzeka ukwenza uphando lodidi lokuqala kwiinkampani nakwiiyunivesithi. Umahluko obalulekileyo kukuba kwinkampani usebenza noogxa bakho. Ukuba ngequbuliso ndinombono weprojekthi engekabikho, kufuneka ndiqinisekise oontanga bam ukuba lo ngumbono olungileyo. Ukuba ndiseBrown, ngoko ndingaxelela abafundi bam: masisebenze kwi-antigravity! Baya kushiya omnye umntu okanye bathathe iprojekthi. Ewe, ndiza kufuna ukufumana inkxaso-mali, kuya kufuneka ndibhale isicelo sesibonelelo, njalo njalo. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, kuya kuhlala kukho abafundi abaninzi, kwaye uya kukwazi ukwenza izigqibo unilaterally. Kodwa eyunivesithi awusayi kusebenza nabantu benqanaba lakho. Ehlabathini lophando lwemizi-mveliso, kufuneka uqale uqinisekise wonke umntu ukuba iprojekthi yakho ikufanele ukuba uyithathe. Andikwazi kuodola nto nakubani na. Kwaye zombini ezi ndlela zokusebenza zixabisekile, kuba ukuba usebenza kwinto ephambeneyo kwaye oogxa bakho kunzima ukukholisa, kulula ukukholisa abafundi abaphumeleleyo - ngakumbi ukuba uyabahlawula. Ukuba usebenza kwinto efuna amava amaninzi kunye nobuchule obunzulu, ngoko ufuna oogxa abanokuthi "hayi, kwenzeka nje ukuba ndiqonde kule ndawo kwaye ingcamango yakho imbi, ayiyi kusebenza." Oku kuluncedo kakhulu malunga nokuchitha ixesha. Kwakhona, ukuba kwiilabhoratri zoshishino uchitha ixesha elininzi ubhala iingxelo, ngoko eyunivesithi uchitha eli xesha uzama ukufumana imali. Ukuba ndifuna ukuba abafundi bakwazi ukuya kwenye indawo, kufuneka ndiyifumane imali yayo kwenye indawo. Kwaye okukhona sibaluleke kakhulu isikhundla sakho eyunivesithi, kokukhona kufuneka uchithe ixesha elininzi unyusa imali. Ke ngoku uyayazi into endiyisebenzelayo - umngqibi oqeqeshiweyo! Njengomnye wezo monki ohambahamba ephethe isitya somnikelo. Ngokubanzi, le misebenzi mibini iyaphelelisana. Yiyo loo nto ndizama ukuphila kwaye ndigcine iinyawo zam emhlabeni kuwo omabini la mazwe.
Vitaly: Kubonakala ngathi ukukholisa inkampani kunzima ngakumbi kunokweyisela abanye oososayensi.
UMaurice: Kunzima ngakumbi, nokunye okuninzi. Ngaphezu koko, kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kuyahluka: abanye benza uphando olupheleleyo, ngelixa abanye begxila kwisihloko sabo. Ukuba ndiye kuMicrosoft okanye kuFacebook ndathi: masenze i-anti-gravity, abayi kuyixabisa kakhulu. Kodwa ukuba ndithethe into efanayo kubafundi bam abaphumeleleyo, banokuqala ukusebenza ngoko nangoko, nangona ngoku ndiza kuba neengxaki - emva kwayo yonke loo nto, kufuneka ndifumane imali yoku. Kodwa ukuba nje ufuna ukwenza into ehambelana neenjongo zenkampani, loo nkampani inokuba yindawo entle kakhulu yokwenza uphando.
IHydra kunye ne-SPTDC
Vitaly: Imibuzo yam iya esiphelweni, ngoko makhe sithethe kancinci ngohambo oluzayo oluya eRashiya.
UMaurice: Ewe, ndikhangele phambili ekubuyeleni eSt.
U-Alexey: Ndivuyiswe ukuba nawe kulo nyaka. Eli lixesha lakho lesibini eSt. Petersburg, akunjalo?
UMaurice: Sele ngowesithathu!
UAlexey: Ndiyaqonda, kodwa - ngokuqinisekileyo eyesibini. Okokugqibela kwabizwa isikolo , ngoku siye satshintsha unobumba omnye (C ukuya ku-D, Ngokungqinelanayo ukuya kuSasazo) ukuze sigxininise ukuba kukho imimandla engakumbi enxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nokusasazwa kwekhompyutha kulo nyaka. Ngaba unokuthetha amagama ambalwa malunga neengxelo zakho kwiSikolo kunye ?
UMaurice: ESikolweni ndifuna sithethe ngezinto ezisisiseko ze-blockchain kunye nento onokuyenza ngayo. Ndingathanda ukubonisa ukuba i-blockchains ifana kakhulu neprogram ye-multi-threaded esiyaziyo, kodwa ngee-nuances zabo, kwaye lo mahluko ubalulekile ukuqonda. Ukuba wenza impazamo kwisicelo sewebhu esiqhelekileyo, kuyacaphukisa. Ukuba ubhala ikhowudi ye-buggy kwisicelo sezemali, umntu ngokuqinisekileyo uya kuba yonke imali yakho. Lawa ngamanqanaba ahluke ngokupheleleyo oxanduva kunye neziphumo. Ndiza kuthetha kancinci malunga nobungqina bomsebenzi, malunga nezivumelwano ezihlakaniphile, malunga nokuthengiselana phakathi kweebhloko ezahlukeneyo.
Kuzakubakho nezinye izithethi ezisebenza apha ecaleni kwam nazo zinento yokuthetha nge blockchain, savumelana ukuba sizosebenzisana ukuze amabali ethu adibane kakuhle. Kodwa kwingxelo yobunjineli, ndifuna ukuxelela abaphulaphuli ababanzi ingcaciso eqondakalayo yokuba kutheni ungakholelwa kuyo yonke into oyivayo malunga ne-blockchains, kutheni i-blockchains iyintsimi enkulu, ingena njani kunye nezinye iimbono ezaziwayo, kwaye kutheni kufuneka sijonge ngesibindi. kwikamva.
U-Alexey: Ukongeza, ndifuna ukuthetha ukuba oku akuyi kwenzeka kwifomathi yokuhlangana okanye iqela labasebenzisi, njengoko bekunjalo kwiminyaka emibini edlulileyo. Sagqiba kwelokuba sibambe inkomfa encinci kufutshane nesikolo. Isizathu kukuba emva kokunxibelelana noPeter Kuznetsov, saqonda ukuba isikolo silinganiselwe kuphela kwikhulu, mhlawumbi abantu abayi-120. Kwangelo xesha, zininzi iinjineli ezifuna ukunxibelelana nawe, ukuya kwimiboniso, kwaye ngokubanzi banomdla kwisihloko. Ngesi sizathu senze inkomfa entsha . Ngendlela, naziphi na izimvo kutheni Hydra?
Maurice: Kungenxa yokuba kuza kubakho izithethi ezisixhenxe? Kwaye iintloko zabo zinokunqunyulwa, kwaye izithethi ezitsha ziya kukhula endaweni yazo?
U-Alexey: Ingcamango enkulu yokukhulisa izithethi ezitsha. Kodwa enyanisweni, kukho ibali apha. Khumbula intsomi yaseOdysseus, apho kwafuneka ahambe ngesikhephe phakathi ? IHydra yinto efana neCharybdis. Ibali lelokuba ndake ndathetha kwinkomfa kwaye ndathetha malunga ne-multithreading. Bekukho imikhondo emibini kuphela kule nkomfa. Ekuqaleni kwengxelo, ndaxelela abaphulaphuli eholweni ukuba ngoku banokukhetha phakathi kukaScylla noCharybdis. Isilwanyana sam somoya yiCharybdis kuba iCharybdis ineentloko ezininzi kwaye umxholo wam unemisonto emininzi. Le yindlela avela ngayo amagama eenkomfa.
Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, siphelelwe yimibuzo kunye nexesha. Ke, enkosi, bahlobo, ngodliwanondlebe olukhulu, kwaye ndikubone kwisikolo se-SPTDC kunye neHydra 2019!
Unokuqhubeka nencoko yakho noMaurice kwinkomfa ye-Hydra 2019, eya kubanjwa ngoJulayi 11-12, 2019 eSt. Uya kuza nengxelo . Amatikiti angathengwa .
umthombo: www.habr.com