Isikhokelo semitha yombane ehlakaniphile eRashiya (yeenjineli zamandla kunye nabathengi)

I-Smart Accounting Guide iquka onke awona macandelo abaluleke kakhulu ale nkqubo - ezomthetho, ezobugcisa, ezombutho kunye nezoqoqosho.

Ndisebenzela inkampani yamandla engingqi, kwaye ngexesha lam lokukhululeka ndinomdla kwimbali yoshishino lwamandla ombane kunye nethiyori yeemarike zamandla.

Usenokuba uvile ukuba inguqu ukuya Ukulinganisa amandla ahlakaniphile. Sonke singabasebenzisi bombane - ekhaya okanye emsebenzini, kwaye imitha yinto ebalulekileyo yokusetyenziswa kwamandla ethu (ukufundwa kwayo kwandiswe ngentlawulo yintlawulo yethu, into ekufuneka siyihlawule). Ndiyathemba ukuba iSikhokelo sam se-Smart Metering siya kukunceda uqonde ukuba yintoni, isebenza njani, kwaye iyakwenzeka nini ekhayeni lakho, kwiofisi, okanye kwishishini.

1. Yintoni i-smart accounting?

Okokuqala, makhe sichaze iikhonsepthi. Kukho ikhawunta eqhelekileyo (Okulandelayo siza kuthetha ngeemitha zombane, ekubeni umthetho ubonelela ngokuziswa ngobuninzi bemitha yombane ohlakaniphile kuphela ngoku, kunye nezinye izibonelelo - amanzi, ubushushu, igesi - akukho siqiniseko okwangoku). Ikhawunta yarhoqo:

• ithatha amandla kuphela njengetotali eyongezelekayo (kukwakho neenkqubo ezininzi zoluhlu lweerhafu ezibala itotali eyongezelekayo kwiizowuni ezimbini okanye ezintathu zemini - imini, ubusuku, isiqingatha sencopho);
• Kufuneka uthathe ukufundwa kwisiboniso sayo kanye ngenyanga kwaye uyithumele kumthengisi (okanye iinkampani zamandla zithumela abalawuli ukuba bathathe ukufundwa);
• ayikuvumeli ukuba ulawule ukusetyenziswa kwamandla (umzekelo, cima umntu ongagqibekanga).

ILifehack yokusasaza ufundo lwemitha
Ngendlela, malunga nokudlulisa ukufundwa kwiimitha eziqhelekileyo: abaninzi ababoneleli bane-akhawunti yobuqu kwiwebhusayithi yabo kunye nesicelo esiphathwayo apho unokuthumela ukufundwa ngokukhawuleza nangokulula, ufumane i-invoyisi ye-elektroniki kwaye uyihlawule - khangela! Vele uchwetheze ukukhangela igama lomboneleli wakho (lithathe kwityala lakho lombane) kunye namagama athi "iakhawunti yakho", "isicelo seselula".

Ngokusasazeka kunye nokunciphisa iindleko ze-microprocessors kwi-90 - 2000s, kuye kwenzeka ukuba udibanise i-electronics kwimitha. Eyona ndlela ilula ukuyidibanisa kwimitha yombane - emva kwayo yonke loo nto, inamandla aqhubekayo avela kumnatha kunye necala elikhulu ngokufanelekileyo. Babonakala ngolu hlobo "Iimitha ezihlakaniphile" kunye neenkqubo zokubala- ASKUE, AISKUE (ezi zishunqulelo zithetha inkqubo yokulinganisa amandla orhwebo oluzenzekelayo). Iimpawu eziphambili ze-AISKUE:

• imitha enjalo ayithathi ingqalelo kuphela amandla, kodwa nayo amandla, asebenzayo kwaye asebenzayo, kwaye unokwenza oku ngaphakathi ngeyure nakwisigaba ngasinye, esele inika iqhinga lokuqala le-BIG DATA kwicandelo lamandla;
• ikhawuntara enjalo uyakhumbula kwimemori eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi funda iimpawu kunye ithumela ngokuzenzekelayo ufundo kumncedisi (ngokuhambelanayo, ukufundwa kunokujongwa kwi-built-in okanye i-remote display);
• imitha smart ingaba isilayidi esakhelwe ngaphakathi, ukusikelwa umda ngomyalelo ovela kumncedisi womthengi ongagqibekangaa;
• oku kuqhelekile iinkqubo ezimbini okanye ezintathu: Imitha (inqanaba lokuqala) ithumela idatha ngokuthe ngqo kumncedisi okanye kwisixhobo sokuqokelela (inqanaba lesibini), esidibanisa idatha kwaye siyithumele kumncedisi (inqanaba lesithathu).

E-Russia, inkqubo ye-AIIS KUE (enzima kakhulu kwaye ibiza kakhulu) ifunwa ukuba ifumaneke ngabo bathenga kwaye bathengise umbane kwi-Wholesale Electricity and Capacity Market (WEC) (le marike yaqala ukusebenza ngokulinganiselweyo ngo-2005, ixesha apho uhlaziyo lweshishini lamandla ombane lwaqala, kwaye lukhona ngoku Uninzi lwamandla avelisiweyo ayathengwa kwaye ayathengiswa). Ukongeza, abathengi abakwintengiso yombane enomthamo ongaphezulu kwe-670 kW kufuneka babonelele ngemitha yeyure (oko kukuthi, ngendlela enye okanye enye ye-AISKUE) kwisekethe yabo yosetyenziso. Aba ngamakhulu abasebenzisi kwingingqi nganye.

Kodwa ngaphezu kwe-90% yabo bonke abasebenzisi bombane, kubandakanywa amakhaya kunye namashishini amancinci, kude kube kutshanje umrhumo oyintloko wawuluhlu lweerhafu zomlinganiselo omnye okanye intlawulo esekelwe kwiizowuni zemini (imini-ubusuku), kwaye imitha yayiyisiqhelo, kungekhona. “ehlakaniphile”.

Inethiwekhi yomntu ngamnye, ukuthengisa amandla kunye neenkampani zolawulo ziphunyezwe iinkqubo zokuxhobisa abathengi nge-smart metering, kodwa konke oku kubalela ipesenti encinci yabo bonke abathengi.

Kodwa kutshanje ingcamango ivele kumthetho "isixhobo sokulinganisa i-smart" и "inkqubo ye-accounting ekrelekrele". Ngaba oku kwahluke njani kwi-"smart meter" kunye ne-ASKUE? Into ngoku ebizwa ngokuba "yingqondi" sisixhobo esinjalo okanye inkqubo yokubala ithobela iseti yeemfuno zobugcisa ezichazwe ngokusemthethweni, "ubuncinci bokusebenza kweenkqubo zokulinganisa amandla akrelekrele (amandla)".

Ukuba imitha okanye inkqubo ayihambelani nabo, kodwa ikuvumela ukuba uqokelele ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye udlulisele idatha kumncedisi, sisabiza loo mitha "smart" kunye nenkqubo ye-accounting - AISKUE.

Makhe sibone ukuba luhlobo luni lweemfuno zokulawula ukuzaliseka okwenza imitha (inkqubo yokulinganisa) ibe nengqondo?

2. Yiyiphi imimiselo ye-Russian Federation imisela imigaqo kunye neemfuno ze-accounting ehlakaniphile?

Kuze kube ngoku, iindleko zokuthenga imitha yombane zithwalwa ngumthengi. Oku akuzange kufane nabantu abaninzi, kuba

"Umthengi akayi emarikeni ngezikali zakhe, umthengisi kufuneka abe nezikali"?..

Kodwa ekuqaleni kohlaziyo lombane, i-legislative yagqiba ukuba intlawulo iya kucinywa kwiindleko zemitha, ukuba ukufakela imitha kuyinkonzo ehlawulweyo eyahlukileyo, kwaye umthengi, ehlawula imitha ngokufakela, unelungelo lokukhetha: faka imitha yexabiso eliphantsi, okanye imitha ebiza kakhulu evumela ukubalwa ngokwezowuni zosuku okanye nangeyure, kwaye ukhethe enye kwiintlobo ezi-3 zoluhlu lweerhafu kwimenyu yomrhumo (abemi) okanye ukuya kuthi ga kwi-4-6 iindidi zamaxabiso. (ubume bezomthetho).

FZ (Federal Law) No. 522 "Kubalo oluhlakaniphile..." wenze utshintsho kwi Federal Law No. 35, echaza iimfuno ezisisiseko kwishishini lombane ngokubhekiselele kwi-accounting.

Enyanisweni, kukho iinguqu ezi-3 eziphambili:

(1) Ukuqala nge-1 kaJulayi, 2020, uxanduva lokufakela umlinganiso wokulinganisa udlula kumsebenzisi-nkonzo ukuya:

• iinkampani zenethiwekhi - ngokumalunga nabo bonke abathengi abaqhagamshelwe kwiinethiwekhi zabo, ngaphandle kwezakhiwo zokuhlala) kunye
• ababoneleli abaqinisekisayo (ezi ziinkampani zokuthengisa amandla ezibonelela ngamandla kunye nokukhupha amatyala) - ekungeneni kwisakhiwo sezindlu kunye nangaphakathi kwezakhiwo zokuhlala, i.e. amagumbi kunye neendawo ezingezizo zokuhlala eziqhagamshelwe kuthungelwano lombane lwangaphakathi;

Ngamanye amazwi, iindleko zemitha ngoku ziya kuthwalwa ngumthengi kungekhona ngokuthe ngqo kwaye ngexesha, ngexesha lokufakwa kwesixhobo, kodwa ngokungathanga ngqo - ziya kufakwa kwintlawulo yokuqinisekisa ababoneleli kunye neenkampani zenethiwekhi (funda malunga nokuba oku kuya kuyichaphazela njani intlawulo engezantsi).

(2) Ukususela ngoJanuwari 1, 2022, zonke izixhobo zokulinganisa iimitha ezifakiweyo kufuneka zibe smart (oko kukuthi, hambelana "umsebenzi omncinci" ochazwe nguMyalelo kaRhulumente No. 890), kwaye umthengi onesixhobo esinjalo esifakelwe uya kuba nokufikelela ekufundeni kwayo (njani kwaye wenze ntoni ngayo - jonga ngezantsi).

Oko kukuthi, ukusuka nge-1 kaJulayi 2020 ukuya kuDisemba 31, 2021, izixhobo zemitha eziqhelekileyo ziya kufakwa ngeendleko zemithombo yerhafu yeenkampani zamandla (kodwa kwezinye iingingqi apho iimali zokulinganisa i-smart metering zibandakanyiwe kwirhafu kwangaphambili, izixhobo ezihlakaniphile ziya kufakwa. efakwe ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokuyinxenye), kwaye kuphela ukusuka ngo-1 NgoJanuwari 2022, iimitha ezihlakaniphile ziya kuqalisa ukufakwa kwilizwe lonke (kodwa hayi ngoko nangoko - bona "Ndiza kuyifumana nini iimitha ehlakaniphile kwaye iya kubiza malini?").

(3) Ukususela ngomhla woku-1 kuJanuwari, 2021, bonke abaphuhlisi abagunyazisa izakhiwo eziqeshisayo kufuneka bazixhobise ngeemitha ezibukhali., nikezela ezi zixhobo kumthengisi oqinisekisayo, kwaye umboneleli oqinisekisayo uya kuzidibanisa kwinkqubo yakhe yokulinganisa i-smart metering kwaye anike ukufikelela kufundo lwazo kubanini bamagumbi kunye neendawo ezingahlaliyo.

Makhe sishwankathele. 3 imihla ebekiweyo ichaziwe:

• Nge-1 kaJulayi, 2020 - ukusukela ngoku ukuya phambili zonke izixhobo zokulinganisa ezisanda kufakwa endaweni yezo zingasebenziyo, ezilahlekileyo, okanye ezinesithuba sokulinganisa esiphelelweyo. (ngaphandle kwezo zifakwe ngabaphuhlisi kwizindlu ezisakhiwayo) - ngeendleko zeenkampani zenethiwekhi kunye nabanikezeli abaqinisekisayo (kwizakhiwo zezindlu), nangona kunjalo, kungekhona zonke ezo zixhobo ziya kuba zihlakaniphile;
• NgoJanuwari 1, 2021 - ukususela ngoku, zonke izakhiwo ezisanda kukhutshwa kufuneka zixhotyiswe ngeemitha ezihlakaniphile;
• NgoJanuwari 1, 2022 - ukususela ngoku, zonke iimitha ezitsha kufuneka zibe zihlakaniphile, kwaye umthengi onomitha onjalo kufuneka anikwe ukufikelela okukude ekufundeni kwayo.

3. Yenza ntoni imitha ehlakaniphile?

Ukuba uyavula PP No. 890 yomhla we-19.06.2020/XNUMX/XNUMX, uya kubona uluhlu olude, olunamaphepha amaninzi eempawu zobugcisa zemitha ehlakaniphile. Ke, injani inguqulelo encinci yemitha ehlakaniphile ijongeka njani kwaye yenza ntoni? Nasi isishwankathelo esikhawulezayo:

• Ngaphandle kubonakala ngathi ikhawunta eqhelekileyomhlawumbi i-eriyali encinci kuphela ingabonisa ukuba imitha ihlakaniphile;
• Inokwakhelwe ngaphakathi bonisa apho unokubona kakhulu iiparamitha ezininzi kuneqhelekileyo, okanye isiboniso esikude (ezinye iimitha zifakwe kwipali, kwaye umthengi ufumana isixhobo esinomboniso oqhagamshelwe kwinethiwekhi, "enxibelelana" nemitha, ngokuqhelekileyo ngenethiwekhi yombane - Itekhnoloji ye-PLC);
• Ibhokisi ye-terminal (ibandakanya i-2 iingcingo "isigaba" kunye ne "zero", kwaye i-2 iphuma ukuba imitha inesigaba esisodwa) kunye nomzimba wemitha utywinwe. isitywina se-elektroniki - xa zivulwa, ukungena kwenziwa kwilog yesiganeko (kwaye i icon yokuvula ibonakala kwiscreen), kwaye ilog ikwinkumbulo engaguquguqukiyo kwaye ayicinywa xa umbane ucinyiwe. Ilogi iphinda irekhode ukwenzeka kweengxaki kwi-hardware kunye nesofthiwe yesixhobo, ukuqhawulwa kwinethiwekhi kunye nokudibanisa kwinethiwekhi, utshintsho olubalulekileyo kwiiparitha zomgangatho. Iinkalo zemagneti nazo zibekwe esweni - umzekelo, ukuba ubukhulu be-magnetic induction vector budlula i-150 mT, oku kubhalwa njengesiganeko esinomhla kunye nexesha elirekhodiweyo;
  Imagnethi kunye nekhawuntari
  Ungaze ubeke umazibuthe kufutshane nemitha ekrelekrele - ayiqhelekanga ukuyenzakalisa, kodwa uya kuhlawuliswa ngokuphazamisa imitha!

• Ukufikelela kwiiparameters zesixhobo (ukuqhagamshela kwisixhobo ngokuthe ngqo nge-optical port, RS-485 okanye kwiseva), uya kuyidinga. ukuchongwa kunye nokuqinisekiswa (oko kukuthi, ngena ngemvume kunye negama lokugqitha);
• Imitha ilinganisa amandla kungekuphela nje ukwamkela, kodwa nokubuyisela. Ngelo xesha, siyaqaphela ukuba eRashiya ngoku kuvunyelwe ngokusemthethweni ukufaka i-windmill okanye ibhetri yelanga kunye namandla ukuya kwi-15 kW kwindlu nganye. Imitha ehlakaniphile iya kubala iyure nganye ukuba uchithe kangakanani kwaye ungakanani na ofake kwinethiwekhi;
• Ikhawuntara ibala amandla ngeyure - ewe, iiyure ezingama-24 ngosuku (kunye nokugcinwa ubuncinane iintsuku ezingama-90), ngelixa libala zombini amandla asebenzayo (owo umthengi ahlawula ngokwenene) kunye namandla asebenzayo (eli candelo lamandla apheleleyo adalwe, umzekelo, kwiimoto zombane , kwaye "uhamba" ngenethiwekhi, ukuphazamisa iiparitha kunye nokudala ilahleko). Ukulinganisa amandla kunokwenzeka nangomzuzu ngamnye (nangona imemori ekhoyo iya kusetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza). Iklasi yokuchaneka kuluntu kunye namashishini amancinci yi-1.0 yamandla asebenzayo (oko kukuthi, impazamo yokulinganisa ingaphakathi kwe-1%, oku kumaxesha angama-2 angaphantsi kwempazamo kunokuba kunjalo ngoku iimitha eziqhelekileyo) kunye ne-2.0 yamandla asebenzayo;
• Kwisigaba ngasinye kubalwa I-voltage yesigaba, inqanaba langoku, elisebenzayo, elisebenzayo kunye namandla abonakalayo kwinqanaba, ukungalingani kwangoku phakathi kwesigaba kunye neengcingo ezingathathi hlangothi (kwisigaba esinye), ukuphindaphinda kwenethiwekhi. Inkqubo ekrelekrele urekhoda amaxesha okuphulwa kwemilinganiselo yomgangatho kunye ne-10-minute interval: ngoko ke, utshintsho olucothayo lombane kwisithuba semizuzu ye-10 kufuneka lube ngaphakathi kwe-± 10% (207-253V), kunye nokugqithisa kuvunyelwe ukuya kuthi ga kwi-20%, okanye i-276V evela kwezinye. I-GOST 29322-2014 (IEC 60038: 2009) "Ii-voltages eziqhelekileyo" 230 Volt. Oku kuguqula imitha ibe yindawo yokubeka iliso kwimeko yenethiwekhi kunye neeparameters zayo (iindlela) zokusebenza, kwaye amashumi kunye namakhulu amawaka ezixhobo ezinjalo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zothungelwano zidala umlambo obalulekileyo weDATHA malunga nobume bamandla. inkqubo.
• Ikhawuntara ine iwotshi eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi enempazamo engekho ngaphezulu kwe-5 sec/ngosuku, unikezelo lwamandla olwakhiweyo kubo (oko kukuthi, ixesha alitshintshi xa umbane ucinyiwe), kunye nokuvumelanisa kunye nomthombo wangaphandle wezibonakaliso zexesha;
• Icandelo elibalulekileyo lemitha ehlakaniphile yindlela unxulumano nezinye izinto zenkqubo yocwangciso-mali ekrelekrele (ezinye izixhobo, ukuqokelela idatha kunye nezixhobo zokuhambisa - i-USPD, izikhululo zesiseko, iseva). Ezi ndlela zilandelayo zisetyenzisiweyo (ukufumana iinkcukacha ezithe kratya, jonga ngezantsi - Zeziphi iinkqubo zokulinganisa ezihlakaniphile ezikhoyo?): unxibelelwano ngomqhubi we-low-voltage (isibini esijijekileyo, RS-485), unxibelelwano ngenethiwekhi yamandla (Itekhnoloji ye-PLC), unxibelelwano ngejelo likanomathotholo (okanye unxibelelwano oluzinikele rhoqo kunye nesikhululo esisisiseko, okanye eyakhelwe ngaphakathi GPRS-imodem enekhadi leSIM, iWiFi ayifane isetyenziswe);
• Ekugqibeleni, omnye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu isixhobo sokutshintsha esakhelwe-ngaphakathi sokunciphisa/ukuphelisa ukusetyenziswa. Yenza umda (ukunciphisa amandla okanye ukuvalwa ngokupheleleyo, ngokuxhomekeke kwisixhobo) xa ufumana isignali kwiseva. Ezi zisenokuba zizithintelo ezicwangcisiweyo okanye izithintelo zokungahlawuli. Kodwa imitha inokucwangciswa ukuba icime xa iiparameters ezichaziweyo kwinethiwekhi, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, okanye umzamo wokufikelela okungagunyaziswanga ugqithisiwe. Ukulungiswa kwindawo ethi "cima" kunye "no"kuvuliwe" kuyenzeka kwakhona kumzimba wesixhobo. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukuba imitha i-transformer-ixhunyiwe, ayikwazi ukuquka i-relay enjalo;
• ngoko ke isithuba phakathi kweziqinisekiso esi sixhobo sintsokothileyo sihlala siphantse sifane neso sesixhobo sokulinganisa iimitha eziqhelekileyo: Ubuncinci iminyaka eli-16 kwisigaba esinye kwaye ubuncinci iminyaka eli-10 kwizigaba ezithathu. (Ukuqinisekiswa kukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwezixhobo zokulinganisa ezineempawu ze-metrological, eziqhutywe kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezikhethekileyo).

Masishwankathele: imitha ehlakaniphile ngumthombo onamandla wedatha kubo bobabini umthengi, umthengisi, kunye nenkqubo yonke yamandla kwindawo yenethiwekhi apho idityaniswe khona. Kodwa oku akusiyo imitha yokulinganisa, kodwa yinto esebenzayo: inokwenza umda kwaye inike umqondiso malunga nokuphazamiseka emsebenzini wayo.

4. Zeziphi iintlobo zenkqubo yokulinganisa i-smart metering ezikhoyo?

Zonke iisistim ze-smart metering systems (MIS) zinokwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezininzi.

Ngoyilo lwezakhiwo:

(1) I-MIS equlethe ubuncinane benani lamanqanaba - amabini (isilinganisi-manzi ngokwaso kunye nomncedisi kugcinwa kuwo ukufundwa, kunye nokufikelela kwidatha yakhe umsebenzisi ngokusebenzisa iimitha zakhe);

(2) I-MIS enamanqanaba aphakathi - ubuncinane elinye - eli linqanaba lokuqokelelwa kwedatha ukusuka kwiimitha ukuya kwisixhobo sokuqokelela idatha kunye nokuhanjiswa kwedatha (DCT) okanye kwisikhululo esisisiseko. I-USPD idla ngokudityaniswa ngenethiwekhi yamandla (iteknoloji ye-PLC, i-Power line yonxibelelwano - ukuhanjiswa kwedatha ngenethiwekhi yamandla kwiifrikhwensi eziphezulu). Isikhululo esisisiseko sisebenzisa amaza onomathotholo kwi-spectrum engagunyaziswanga: 2,4 GHz, 868/915 MHz, 433 MHz, 169 MHz enoluhlu oluya kuthi ga kwi-10 km kumgca wokubona. Kwinqanaba le-USPD, isikhululo sesiseko, idatha iqokelelwa kwiimitha (i-poll yemitha), idatha ithunyelwa kumncedisi (ngokuqhelekileyo ngemodem ye-GPRS), kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe kumncedisi kwaye luthunyelwa kwiimitha. . Ukongeza, ngamanye amaxesha izixhobo ngokwazo zinokuthumela umqondiso omnye komnye ngakumbi kwinethiwekhi. Abancedisi ngokwabo banokuba yinkqubo yemigangatho emininzi.

Ngokwendlela (iteknoloji) yonxibelelwano, i-IMS inokusebenzisa obu buchwepheshe bulandelayo:

(1) Ukuhanjiswa kwedatha nge-low-voltage non-power network (isibini esijijekileyo, esibekwe kwiibhokisi ezikhethekileyo kwizakhiwo zokuhlala, iiofisi, amashishini okanye RS-485, ukuqhagamshela kwi-USPD ekufutshane). Inzuzo yale ndlela ngamanye amaxesha ixabiso layo eliphantsi (ukuba bekukho iibhokisi ezikhululekileyo okanye isibini esijijekileyo sibekwe ngaphambili). I-Didvantage - i-twisted pair cable xa isetyenziswe kwisikali esikhulu (iimitha ezingama-40-200 kwisakhiwo ngasinye seflethi) iya kuba phantsi kweentsilelo ezininzi ngokulinganayo kunye nokuphulwa ngenjongo, okuya kwandisa iindleko zokugcinwa ngokungafaniyo.

(2) Ukuhanjiswa kwedatha ngenethiwekhi yamandla (Itekhnoloji ye-PLC) ukusuka kwiimitha ukuya kwi-USPD. Okulandelayo - imodem yeGPRS kwiseva.
Le teknoloji yandisa iindleko zemitha eyahlukileyo, indleko ye-USPD enemodem, efakwe kwi-20 - 40 - 100 yeemitha kwindlu, iphinda inyuse iindleko zenkqubo nge-10-20% kwindawo yokulinganisa. Kunokubakho ingxolo yempembelelo kwinethiwekhi (umzekelo, ukusuka kwisixhobo esidala), enokunciphisa ukuthembeka kwaye ifune ukwanda kwenani lokuvota. Ukufakela i-USPD ngemodem, kufuneka ube nesixhobo sokungena esitshixwayo (ikhabhinethi) kwisakhiwo esineflethi, indawo ekuyo, okanye uthenge kwaye uxhonywe eludongeni ibhokisi yentsimbi ekhuselekileyo, etshixwayo, enganyangekiyo ekuqhekezeni.

Nangona kunjalo, itekhnoloji ye-PLC-USPD isetyenziswa ngokubanzi; sele iluhlobo "lomgangatho osisiseko" kwiinkqubo ezikrelekrele zemitha, apho ezinye izisombululo zivavanywa khona.

(3) Ukuhanjiswa kwedatha ngejelo lonomathotholo (I-LPWAN – iiteknoloji zeLoRaWAN), ngelixa iimitha zinemodyuli ekhethekileyo yerediyo kunye ne-eriyali, kwaye kwiindawo ezinabantu abaninzi kwiindawo eziphakamileyo, izikhululo zesiseko okanye ii-hubs zifakwe ezifumana iimpawu ezivela kwiimitha ezininzi kunye nezinye izixhobo ze-smart home. Izinto eziluncedo zezi nkqubo zezi:

• I-radius enkulu yokugubungela - ukuya kwi-10-15 km kumgca ochanekileyo ngokungabikho kwemiqobo;
• Ukukwazi ukudibanisa izixhobo ezininzi (iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeemitha, izixhobo zekhaya ezihlakaniphile) ngaphakathi kwendawo yokwamkela isikhululo sesiseko;
• Iindleko zesikhululo esisisiseko, ukufakwa kunye nokugcinwa kwaso kwindawo nganye yokulinganisa iimitha kwezinye iimeko kunokuba ngaphantsi kweendleko zesixhobo sokufumana idatha kwindawo nganye.

Izinto ezingeloncedo kwi-LPWAN – iinkqubo ze-LoRaWAN:

• Ukungabikho kwemigangatho efanayo, into entsha yenkqubo;
• Imfuneko yokuyila uthungelwano lwezikhululo ezisisiseko ezibonelela ngokhuseleko oluqinisekisiweyo lokuhlaliswa komntu ngamnye - uyilo, izibalo kunye neemvavanyo emhlabeni ziyafuneka;
• Isidingo sokurenta indawo (izivumelwano nabanini, imibutho yolawulo) yezakhiwo ezinde ukuze kuhlaliswe isikhululo esisisiseko, i-eriyali, unikezelo lwamandla ombane - oku kuntsonkotha ucwangciso xa kuthelekiswa nokufaka i-USPD, efuna indawo encinci kwisixhobo sokufaka okanye ukutshixwa okwahlukileyo. ibhokisi eludongeni;
• Isantya esisezantsi sothumelo (nangona kunjalo, esi sithintelo asibalulekanga kwiinkqubo zokulinganisa iimitha, apho uvoto lwemitha kufuneka lwenzeke nokuba kube kanye ngemini kumanqaku okulinganisa ngaphezu kwe-150 kW, okanye kanye ngeveki kuye wonke umntu: inani labemi kunye namaqumrhu asemthethweni angaphantsi kwe-150 kW, ukubala ukuya kuthi ga kwi-80-90% onke amanqaku);
• Xa udlula eludongeni, ukugqithwa kwesignali kuyancipha, kwaye ezinye izixhobo ezinonxibelelwano olungazinzanga zingavela (kuya kufuneka uhambise i-antenna yesixhobo kwindawo "enokubanjwa" ngakumbi;
• Kwiindawo zokuhlala ezincinci, apho kukho amawaka kwingingqi nganye yeRashiya yaseYurophu (ukusuka kwelinye ukuya kwi-10 indawo yokulinganisa i-metering nganye), esi sisombululo siya kuba yindleko engavumelekanga kwi-metering point;
• Okokugqibela, esinye sezithintelo zomthetho yimfuneko yePP 890: inani leemitha ezinomsebenzi ocuthayo olawulwa sisikhululo esinjalo kufuneka lingadluli kuma-750. Oko kukuthi, endaweni yokusasazwa kweendleko zesikhululo esinjalo kumawaka okanye amashumi amawaka ezixhobo kuluhlu, kufuneka sibhalise ngaphezu kwe-750 yeemitha zokudibanisa ngokuthe ngqo kuyo).
  Kutheni bebekelwa imiqathango enjalo?
  Esi sithintelo saziswa ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokuba umhlaseli, efumene ukufikelela kweso sixhobo, unokuqhawula amandla ngaxeshanye kwinani elikhulu labathengi...

(4) Izixhobo zokulinganisa ezinemodem ye-GPRS eyakhelweyo. Esi sisisombululo sokuxhobisa amanqaku amancinci, kunye nalawo manqaku kwizakhiwo zokuhlala kunye nezinye izakhiwo ezingenakufikelelwa yinkqubo yokuhanjiswa kwedatha okanye isikhululo sesiseko. Ukuba i-IMS esixekweni yakhiwe ngesiseko se-USPD, ngoko ke kwizindlu ezincinci ezine-2-4-10 amagumbi e-USPD inokujika ibe yindleko enkulu kwi-metering point ngaphezu kwesixhobo esinemodem ye-GPRS eyakhelweyo. Kodwa ukungonakali kweemitha kunye nemodem ye-GPRS eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi lixabiso eliphezulu kunye neendleko zokusebenza (kufuneka uhlawule i-SIM khadi yenyanga nganye kwisixhobo esinjalo kwiiseshoni zonxibelelwano ezininzi ngenyanga). Ukongeza, inani elikhulu lezixhobo ezithumela idatha kumncedisi ziya kufuna umjelo obanzi wokufumana imiyalezo enjalo: yinto enye ukuvotela amawaka aliqela ezikhululo zedatha kunye nezikhululo ezisisiseko kwingingqi, kwaye enye into ukuvota amakhulu amawaka izixhobo zokulinganisa iimitha zomntu ngamnye. Ngenxa yale njongo, inqanaba eliphakathi lenziwe kwi-USPD kunye (okanye) kwizitishi ezisisiseko.

Ngokudibana (ubunikazi)

Iisistim ezikrelekrele zokubala zinokuba zezi:

• Kwiinkampani zenethiwekhi, ezi zizo zonke iindawo zokulinganisa, ngaphandle kwezo zithatha inxaxheba kwimarike ye-wholesale, kunye nezakhiwo zokuhlala. Kusenokubakho imibutho emininzi yothungelwano kummandla: omnye omkhulu, inxalenye ye-PJSC Rosseti, kunye neqela elincinci labanini abohlukeneyo kunye noomasipala. Bamele baseke utshintshiselwano lwedatha yasimahla kwindawo echaphazela izixhobo zemitha kumda wothungelwano lwabo kunye nabathengi abaqhagamshelwe kuthungelwano lwabanini abaliqela;
• Ababoneleli besiqinisekiso (le yinkampani yokuthengisa amandla ethengisa amandla kwaye ikhupha ii-invoyisi kubathengi kummandla wayo). Ezi ziinkqubo ezigubungela ukulinganisa iimitha kumagalelo kwizakhiwo zokuhlala kunye neemitha ngaphakathi kwindlu, kubandakanywa oosomashishini abakwimigangatho yokuqala, kwiindawo ezisezantsi, nakwizakhiwo ezingezizo zokuhlala, ukuba ziqhagamshelwe kuthungelwano lwe-intra-building. Ukuba igumbi elinjalo linikwe amandla ngegalelo elihlukeneyo, ke imitha yalo ingokwe-IMS ephethwe yinkampani yenethiwekhi - yile ndlela umgaqo-mthetho uzimisele ngayo. Kwangaxeshanye, ababoneleli abaqinisekisayo kunye nemibutho yenethiwekhi batshintshiselana ngedatha ye-MIS simahla - ukuze umthengi angajongi ukuba ngubani onedatha yezixhobo zakhe kwiakhawunti yakhe okanye kwisicelo seselula;
• Kubaphuhlisi - ezo zixhobo zokulinganisa iimitha ezihlakaniphile ziya kufakwa ngabaphuhlisi ezindlwini zihlala ziyipropathi yabo; uwiso-mthetho uthetha kuphela ngokugqithiselwa ukuba zisebenze kubaboneleli abaqinisekisayo.
• Kukwakho neenkqubo ze-AISKUE ezingenangqondo (oko kukuthi, azihlangabezani nezona mfuno zisezantsi zePP 890), ezingabanini abahlukeneyo - imibutho yolawulo kwizakhiwo zokuhlala kunye nezakhiwo zeofisi, ilizwe kunye nemibutho yegadi, amashishini amashishini, abathathi-nxaxheba kwimarike yombane othe xhaxhe.

Kukho elinye icandelo layo nayiphi na i-MIS - iimfuno zokhuseleko, kubandakanywa iiprothokholi zokudlulisa idatha. Ezi mfuno (ezibizwa ngokuba “yimodeli yongenelelo”, kunye neenkcukacha zeprotocol) azikavunywa; UMphathiswa wezaMandla kunye neSebe lezoNxibelelwano bayalelwe ukuba baziphuhlise kwaye bazivume nge-1 kaJanuwari 2021. Kwaye ngaphambi komhla woku-1 kuJulayi, 2021 iya kuphunyezwa ukukhowudwa okufanayo kwazo zonke iindawo zokubala - nayiphi na idatha evela kuyo nayiphi na i-metering device iya kudibaniswa nekhowudi ekhethekileyo ukuya kwinqanaba lomnatha apho ifowuni ifakwe khona (ngoku umnini ngamnye wenkqubo yokulinganisa usebenzisa ikhowudi yakhe). Oku, kuthathela ingqalelo ukutshintshiselana okukhulu kunye nokukhululeka kwedatha yemitha ehlakaniphile phakathi kweenkampani zamandla, kuya kwenza kube lula ukwenza i-database esasazwayo kunye nokuchongwa okucacileyo. Ngexesha elifanayo, idatha yomthengi ngamnye ikhuselwe iimfuno zokukhusela idatha yomntu.

Ukushwankathela: iinkqubo zokulinganisa i-smart metering zinokusekelwe kwizisombululo ezahlukeneyo zokwakha, sebenzisa itekhnoloji yokuhanjiswa kwedatha eyahlukeneyo, ingabanini abahlukeneyo, kodwa bonke kufuneka banike ubuncinci bedatha, imisebenzi, izenzo ezichazwe kwi-PP 890.

5. Ndiza kuyifumana nini i-smart metering kwaye iya kubiza malini?

Okokuqala, makhe sicace: iimitha eziqhelekileyo kunye nezihlakaniphile ngeendleko zeenkampani zenethiwekhi kunye nabanikezeli abaqinisekisayo abayi kufakwa ngumntu wonke ofuna, kwaye ukusuka nge-1 kaJulayi 2020 kuphela kwabo bathi:

1. Isilinganisi-manzi silahlekile okanye silahlekile;
2. Isixhobo sokulinganisa iimitha siphelelwe ngamandla;
3. Ubomi benkonzo yesixhobo buphelile (yi-25-30 iminyaka);
4. Isixhobo asihambelani neklasi yokuchaneka (i-2.0 kubathengi bendlu - oko kukuthi, impazamo yayo ilele kuluhlu lwe-2%. Iimitha ezidala kunye neklasi ye-2.5 kufuneka zikhutshelwe ngaphandle kwenkonzo. iphaneli yangaphambili yesixhobo);
5. Ixesha eliphakathi kweziqinisekiso liphelelwe lixesha - eli sithuba lihlala liyiminyaka eli-16 kwizixhobo zekhaya.
   

   Kodwa, ngokunxulumene nemilinganiselo yokulwa ne-coronavirus, ukufundwa kweemitha ezinexesha eliphelelwe lixesha lokulinganisa ukusuka kubathengi basekhaya kuya kwamkelwa kude kube nguJanuwari 1, 2020;

6. Ngexesha lokuqhagamshelwa kwezobuchwepheshe kwinethiwekhi, ngexesha lokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zokuhlala ngumphuhlisi.

Kukho enye inqaku elibalulekileyo elichazwe ngumthetho:

• Ukususela ngomhla we-1 kaJulayi, i-2020 ukuya kwi-31 kaDisemba, i-2021, iinkampani zenethiwekhi kunye nabanikezeli abaqinisekisayo banokufaka iimitha eziqhelekileyo (kodwa ukuba zabelwe iimali zeemitha ezihlakaniphile kwi-tariff, ziya kufaka i-smart smart);
• Kodwa ukususela ngoJanuwari 1, 2022, iinkampani zenethiwekhi kunye nabanikezeli abaqinisekisayo bafaka zonke iimitha ezintsha kunye nokusebenza okuhlakaniphile kwaye banikeze ukufikelela kwiinkqubo zabo ukwenzela ukuba umthengi abone ukude yonke idatha eqokelelwe yile mitha: nge-akhawunti yobuqu kwiwebhusayithi okanye isicelo esiphathwayo. Ukungena kuya kuba ngegama lakho lomsebenzisi kunye negama lokugqitha, kwaye uya kubona kuphela iimitha zakho ezihlakaniphile.
• Enye inqaku elingakumbi: ukuba ungumnini welizwe okanye indlu yegadi, igaraji kwintsebenziswano yegaraji, iofisi kwisakhiwo seofisi, ukuba kwintsebenziswano yakho okanye kwidolophana inethiwekhi ye-intra-village ayiyona nayiphi na inkampani yenethiwekhi. kummandla (inokuba yeyabo bonke abanini kwizabelo ezithile, okanye ibe yeyofelandawonye), ngoko ke akukho nkampani yenethiwekhi okanye umboneleli oqinisekisayo unembopheleleko yokufaka iimitha zasimahla kwiindawo ezinjalo (ngaphandle kwendawo ekungeneni kuyo. ukuya kwidolophana, intsebenziswano, iofisi, apho umda wenkampani yenethiwekhi uqala khona - umbutho womnatha uyifaka apho). Lilungelo lenu, njengabanini, ukuba nidibane kwaye nithathe isigqibo malunga nokuba luhlobo luni lwe-accounting oya kuluhlohla - lwengqondo okanye oluqhelekileyo, oluncinci. Ngokufanayo, ngaphakathi kwemida yefektri okanye indawo yokuthenga, ukuba akukho intanethi kuyo nayiphi na inkampani yenethiwekhi apho, ngoko abanini beeworkshops kunye neendawo bafaka i-accounting ngeendleko zabo.

Ke, ukuba wena, njengomthengi wekhaya, uphelelwe lixesha lokulinganisa, ungathumela ufundo ukusuka kumitha kude kube nguJanuwari 1.01.2020, XNUMX, kwaye ziya kwamkelwa.

Ukuba imitha yakho ayisebenzi okanye ilahlekile (kwaye kukho ithuba lokuyifaka), ngoko uqhagamshelane kumbutho wothungelwano (ukuba unendlu yomntu okanye ezinye iindawo ezingaqhagamshelwanga kuthungelwano lwangaphakathi lwendlu yesakhiwo).

Ukuba unayo ifulethi kwisakhiwo esinenethiwekhi eqhelekileyo okanye indawo engeyiyo yokuhlala kwisakhiwo esiqhagamshelwe kuthungelwano lwe-intra-building, emva koko uqhagamshelane nomthengisi oqinisekisayo. Umda woxanduva lokuseka i-metering kwicala lomboneleli oqinisekisayo awubandakanyi izindlu ezivaliweyo kunye nezindlu zasedolophini ezinamagalelo ahlukeneyo - lo ngumda woxanduva lombutho womnatha.

Ingaba imitha iya kuhanjiswa ngokukhawuleza kangakanani kuwe? Inombolo yePP 442 ichaza ixesha leenyanga ezi-6 ukusuka kumhla wokufaka isicelo. Kuyafuneka ukuba uqonde ukuba uninzi lwabanini bamagumbi kunye nezindlu abangxamanga ukuba batshintshe isixhobo sokulinganisa ngeendleko zabo ngaphambi komhla we-1 kaJulayi, 2020; ukuba badibana kunye nabo basilela isixhobo emva kwe-1 kaJulayi, baya kudala umgca omkhulu. ukutshintshwa (inani leengcali, izixhobo zokutshintshwa kweemitha azikwazi ukunyuka ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngokuphawulekayo). Ukuba ungumsebenzisi ongakhange akhawuleze ukutshintshela isixhobo sakho phambi komhla woku-1 kaJulayi, ufumana intlawulo ngokomgangatho, mhlawumbi wenze oku kuba umgangatho ubunenzuzo enkulu kuwe kunokuba ubala usekwe kusetyenziso lokwenene? Oko kukuthi, kufuneka ulungele ukuba ukutshintshwa simahla kwemitha kuya kukhokelela kwinto yokuba eyona mali ihlawuliweyo esekwe kufundo lokwenyani iya kwanda (okanye kuya kufuneka uqalise ukonga amandla kwindlu yakho okanye kwindlu yakho), nakwizinto ezingezizo. intlawulo imitha iyakucima nangaphandle kokundwendwela iqela.

Kodwa kwenzeka ntoni ukuba imitha yam iyasilela kwaye andiqhagamshelani nomnatha okanye umthengisi oqinisekisiweyo (kwisakhiwo sezindlu)? Kungekudala okanye kamva (ngokukhawuleza ukuba umgca wokutshintshwa uyancipha), umbutho wenethiwekhi okanye umboneleli oqinisekisayo uya kuqhagamshelana nawe ngokwakhe kwaye anikele ngokufaka isixhobo. Kuya kufuneka uvumelane ngendawo yofakelo (okanye ukutshintshwa, ukuba isixhobo besikhona ngaphambili).

Abanye abathengi abafuni ukulinda kwaye balungele ukuhlawula ukufakwa kwesixhobo esihlakaniphile ngokwabo, ukufumana nje imitha "ngaphandle kokujika", ngaphandle kokulinda ixesha elikhoyo lokulinganisa ukuba liphelelwe, okanye ngaphandle kokulinda ngoJanuwari 1, 2022. . Umthetho awukuthinteli ukufakelwa kwezixhobo zemitha kubasebenzisi abanjalo ngentlawulo. Oku, ngendlela, kunciphisa umthwalo kwiirhafu kubo bonke abathengi.

Kodwa lithini ixabiso le-smart metering? Masenze izibalo. Ngaphambili, umthengi wekhaya uhlawule ukutshintshwa kunye nokufakelwa kwemitha yesiqhelo ukusuka kwi-1 ukuya kwi-2 eyiwaka lee-ruble (kuxhomekeke ekubeni wayefuna imitha enye okanye ezimbini) ngokomyinge kanye kwiminyaka eyi-1, oko kukuthi, ngokomyinge we-16 - 5,2 iiruble. ngenyanga yokusetyenziswa.

Iindleko zesixhobo esihlakaniphile, ngokuqwalasela inkqubo ye-USPD okanye izikhululo zesiseko, iiseva kunye nesofthiwe, kumthengi ngamnye wendlu, ngokuqwalasela ukufakwa kunye nokusekwa, kulindeleke ukuba ibe malunga ne-7-10 eyiwaka elingange-ruble. - kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwenkqubo, ukuxinana kwabathengi kwaye, ngokubalulekileyo, kuxhomekeke kwi-dynamics yamaxabiso kwiimarike zezixhobo ezihlakaniphile. Oku, ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-16, malunga ne-36,5 - 52,1 ruble. ngenyanga okanye i-5-10% yentlawulo yombane yenyanga yabasebenzisi abaninzi.

Ngaba oku kuthetha ukuba umrhumo wabemi uya kunyuka nge-5-10% ngenxa yemitha ehlakaniphile? Lo ayingomcimbi ulula kangako, njengoko irhafu yendawo yokuhlala ixhaswa ngokunqamlezayo ngabathengi bamandla ombane aphezulu, ingakumbi ishishini elikhulu. Kwaye umrhumo wabemi ngokwawo ufakwe kwisalathiso ngonyaka ngesixa esingekho phezulu kunomlinganiselo osemthethweni wokunyuka kwamaxabiso - oku kubandakanya kuphela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kwiindleko. Ke ngoko, impendulo kumbuzo malunga nokunyuswa kweerhafu zabemi yile: Kulindeleke ukuba izinga lokukhula komrhumo wabemi lingagqibi kwixabiso lentengo, oko kukuthi, uninzi lweendleko zokulinganisa i-smart metering kwinxalenye yabemi ziya kuwela kubathengi-amaziko asemthethweni, isabelo sabo ekusetyenzisweni malunga ne-80%. Kwabaninzi babo, oku kuya kuba kukunyuka okungabonakaliyo (ukuguquka kwexabiso kwimarike ye-wholesale kunemida ebanzi kakhulu), kodwa kwi-aggregate, ngokuqinisekileyo, ukulinganisa okuhlakaniphile kungumthwalo obonakalayo kwintlawulo. Ngaphezu koko, ekubeni bebaninzi abemi abangazange bakhawuleze ukutshintsha isixhobo sokulinganisa imali, lo mthwalo uya kuba mkhulu kwiminyaka yokuqala. Kwaye inkqubo ngokwayo yokutshintsha i-metering nge-smart metering iya kuhlala iminyaka eyi-16 - kude kube lixesha lokulinganisa izixhobo eziqhelekileyo ezifakwe kwisiqingatha sokuqala sika-2020.

Indlela yokunciphisa kunye nokwandisa umthwalo werhafu ukusuka ekuqalisweni kwemitha ehlakaniphile? Into yokuqala ebonisa ngokwayo kukubeka ixabiso lexabiso lezixhobo ezinjalo. Kodwa esi sisisombululo esingasebenziyo kakhulu-ukunciphisa ixabiso, ngokuhambelana namava ethu kwiminyaka engama-30 eyadlulayo, kuya kukhokelela ngokukhawuleza ekunqongophelweni kwezixhobo kwimarike. Kwaye akukho mntu wasusa uxanduva lofakelo kunye nezohlwayo zokungafakeli ukuqinisekiswa kwababoneleli kunye nemibutho yenethiwekhi.

Thina, icandelo lamandla, sisenethemba lokuba ukhuphiswano phakathi kwabavelisi bezixhobo ezihlakaniphile kunye neenkqubo luya kukhokelela kwiminyaka ezayo ekwehleni okukhulu kwamaxabiso (ngokwembali, amaxabiso azo zonke izinto zombane athanda ukuhla, ngakumbi ezo zixhobo zombane ezingasebenzisi owona msebenzi uphezulu. amalungu) .

Kodwa kukho enye indlela yokunciphisa iindleko zokuphumeza i-smart metering. Oku izixhobo ezibanzi zezakhiwo zokuhlala ezinocwangciso-mali. Ingaba isebenza kanjani? Ngoku umthetho uthi: ezo ngongoma apho isixhobo silahlekile, siphelelwe ngumyalelo, silahlekile, siphelelwe lixesha, okanye ixesha eliphakathi kokuqinisekiswa kwezixhobo zemitha liphelelwe lixesha lixhomekeke kwimitha yasimahla. Kodwa ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sezindlu, oku kuthetha ukuba ukutshintsha izixhobo zokulinganisa iimitha kunye nezikrelekrele ziya kuba "zivuzayo" - apha zatshintshwa, kodwa apha ukutshintshwa kuya kuba kuphela ngo-2027, kwaye apha ngo-2036 ... Kwaye iqela liya kufuneka lihambe. ukusuka kwindlu ngendlu ngenxa ye-1-2- 3 izixhobo ezivela kwi-40-100 amanqaku emitha. Ixesha, i-petroli, umvuzo ... Kwaye ukwenzela ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukuba ukususela kwi-2022 zonke ezo zixhobo zibonelelwa ngokufikelela kwinkqubo ehlakaniphile (umncedisi), kuya kufuneka sifake i-USPD kuzo zonke izindlu, okanye sivale zonke izixeko ezinenethiwekhi yesiseko. izikhululo... Ngokoqobo ngonyaka! Ngenxa yoko, ixabiso lendawo yokulinganisa ngemitha kwiminyaka yokuqala liza kunyuka kakhulu; iya kuba yinto engasebenziyo ngokugqithisileyo, indawo nge-automation engayi kunika nayiphi na isiphumo kubahlali, imibutho yolawulo, okanye iinjineli zamandla.

Indlela yokuphuma kule meko izixhobo ezibanzi zezakhiwo zokuhlala. Kwinqanaba lommandla, iphuhliswa kwaye ivunyiwe inkqubo yezixhobo ze-IMS yeminyaka emininzi, kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba ingakanani intlawulo enokuthi "itsale". Le nkqubo ikhankanya izindlu ezithile ekufanele ukuba zixhotyiswe nge-100% ngonyaka othile. Okokuqala, le nkqubo iya kubandakanya izindlu ezinelahleko eziphezulu ze-intra-house, ezibeka iindleko ezongezelelweyo kubahlali kunye neenkampani zolawulo, izindlu ezinenethiwekhi ezilungele i-PLC, izindlu ezibekwe ngokudibeneyo kufuphi nesikhululo sesiseko. Iqela liza kusebenza kwindlu enye ukususela ekuqaleni de kube ixhotywe ngokupheleleyo, eya kunciphisa kakhulu iindleko zokufakela.

Kodwa ukwamkela inkqubo ebanzi enjalo yokuxhobisa ngemitha ehlakaniphile, kuyimfuneko ukwenza utshintsho kumthetho okhoyo, oya kuvumela ummandla ukuba uthathe isigqibo malunga nendlela, ngeliphi ixesha kunye nokuba yeyiphi itekhnoloji esebenzayo ngakumbi ukuyiphumeza. imitha smart.

Makhe sishwankathele ngokufutshane: umthetho okhoyo ufuna izixhobo "zendawo" zezakhiwo zokuhlala ezine-accounting ekrelekrele, kwaye ezo zixhobo zinokuthatha iminyaka eyi-16. Iimali ezinkulu kufuneka zityalwe kwiminyaka yokuqala, kwaye emva koko kancinci ngexesha. Oku akusebenzi ngokugqithisileyo kwaye kuyabiza, kwaye akuyi kuba nasiphumo.

Indlela ecetywayo yeyokwenza ukuba ummandla uqulunqe inkqubo ebanzi kuthathelwa ingqalelo okunokwenzeka koluhlu lweerhafu ixesha elide. Le nkqubo iya kubonisa izindlu ezithile eziphantsi kwe-100% yezixhobo kunyaka onikiweyo. Oku kuya kukuvumela ukuba ungatshizi imali, kodwa ufumane ulawulo kwinkcitho yabo: emva koko, ukujonga ukuba kukho inkqubo kwizakhiwo ze-400 zezindlu ezimele zixhotyiswe kulo nyaka kulula kunokuba isixhobo sifakwe kwi-40 amanqaku ahlakazekileyo. kuzo zonke izindlu ezingama-000 ?

6. Ndiza kundinika ntoni ukulinganisa ngobuchule (umthengi, ishishini)?

Okokuqala, isixhobo smart ikhulula umthengi kwisidingo sokuthatha kunye nokuhambisa ubungqina bakhe, kunye nokuthengiswa kwamandla kunye nothungelwano iindleko zokuba abahloli badlule ziyancipha (nangona zingapheli ngokupheleleyo - emva kwayo yonke loo nto, iimitha ezihlakaniphile zikwafuna ukugcinwa kwamaxesha athile kunye nokusombulula ingxaki kwisiza).

Umsebenzi obalulekileyo ngu ingxelo ngeyure, eya kuvumela nayiphi na iqumrhu elisemthethweni lomthengi kunye nomrhwebi ngamnye, nokuba ne-ice cream stand, nangaliphi na ixesha tshintshela kumlinganiselo weyure, kunye nezibalo ezisekelwe kumandla kunye namandla amaxabiso ahambelana namaxabiso kwimarike ye-wholesale (ezi ziindidi zexabiso le-3 - 6 kwimenyu yeentlawulo). Umthengi wekhaya unokukhetha enye yeerhafu ezi-3 - ireyithi enye, "imini-ebusuku" kunye "nencopho-isiqingatha-incopho-ebusuku". Kwaye kungekhona nje ukukhetha, kodwa ngokusekelwe kwi-dynamics yokusetyenziswa kweyure inkqubo yobukrelekrele ngokwayo iya kubonisa ukuba yeyiphi intlawulo enengeniso ethe chatha, nini kwaye kangakanani. Kwaye ngokulandela iingcebiso zokulinganisa ishedyuli yomthwalo ngaphakathi kwentlawulo ekhoyo, udidi lwamaxabiso, kunye neengcebiso zokonga amandla, umthengi uya kuba nakho. ukunciphisa ngakumbi ityala lakho lamandla, ngelixa i-smart metering iya kukunceda uqonde apho kwaye ingancitshiswa kangakanani. Ndiyabulela kwiiparitha ezininzi eziqwalaselwa sisixhobo esihlakaniphile, kunokwenzeka ukuba ungene uluhlu lwamaxabiso olubanzi, ukunika amathuba nangakumbi okukhetha owona maxabiso uphezulu.

Ngokufakela isixhobo esihlakaniphile, umthengi (okwangoku kuphela iqumrhu elisemthethweni) unethuba lokuthatha inxaxheba imarike yolawulo lwemfuno -fumana intlawulo yokuba umthengi uye wadlulisela ukusetyenziswa ukusuka kwiiyure eziphakamileyo ukuya kwezo yure apho umthwalo kwinkqubo yamandla iphantsi. Oku kuya kuvumela ukunciphisa amaxabiso amandla kwimarike yehoseyile, ukunciphisa umthwalo kunye nentlawulo yokugcina amandla ezikhululo ezibiza kakhulu, ezingasebenzi kakuhle kwaye zihlala "zimdaka" kunye neeyunithi zamandla. Le yimarike ethembisa kakhulu - inkonzo yeNjineli yaMandla oyiNtloko kwishishini, ngenxa yokuthatha inxaxheba ekulawuleni imfuno, iyayeka ukuba ngumthombo weendleko kuphela, kwaye iqala ukubonelela ngengeniso enokuthi ihlawule ukugcinwa kwayo.

Enkosi ngokulinganisa ngobuchule kwizakhiwo zokuhlala ilahleko yendlu ngokubanzi iya kuncipha kakhulu, eya kunciphisa imirhumo yabahlali kunye nokuphelisa iindleko zeenkampani zokulawula ukuhlawula ilahleko engaphezulu kwendlu, ukukhulula imali yokulungiswa kwesiqhelo kunye nokuphuculwa kwendlu kunye nommandla ojikelezayo.

Idatha yokulinganisa i-Smart, xa isetyenziswe ngokufanelekileyo, yenza ishishini kunye neshishini "likrelekrele" kancinci ngokwetekhnoloji, kuba bonke ubuqili benkqubo yobuchwepheshe bubonakala ngokuguquguquka kusetyenziso lwamandla asebenzayo nasebenzayo., kunye nokubhalwa kweekhowudi, kubandakanywa. echanekileyo kumzuzu, anganika umthombo owongezelelweyo wedatha ukulungiselela iinkqubo zokusebenza kwezixhobo.

Kuba isixhobo esihlakaniphile sibala amandla kokubini eyokwamkela nokupha, ngoko umthengi kwindlu yangasese unethuba lokufaka i-windmill okanye iipaneli zelanga ezinomthamo ukuya kwi-15 kW (oku kuya kufuna ukutshintsha imimiselo yoxhumo lobugcisa kwintlangano yenethiwekhi), faka isivumelwano kunye nomthengisi wesiqinisekiso. ukukhonza wena unikezelo lwe-surplus kuthungelwano kumaxabiso angekho phezulu kunamaxabiso emarike ye-wholesale (oku kubandakanya i-VAT kumndilili malunga ne-3 ruble / kWh), ngelixa ixabiso lokuhambisa liya kuxhomekeka kwiyure - lincinci ebusuku!

Ngombulelo kwinkqubo esasaziweyo yamashumi kunye namakhulu amawaka ezixhobo zokulinganisa iimitha ezilinganisa ngeyure kunye nomzuzu-ngomzuzu wegrafu zamandla asebenzayo, amandla ombane kunye neeparamitha zangoku, inkqubo yamandla ifumana. umthombo wedatha oxabisekileyo wokwenza iindlela zakho zokusebenza, ukuchonga oovimba kunye nokunqongophala kwamandla ophukileyo kwindawo nganye, i-feeder, i-substation, ukunciphisa ilahleko kunye nokuchonga ukudibanisa okungekho mthethweni, ukuchonga amanqaku kuthungelwano apho imbuyekezo yamandla esebenzayo, isizukulwana sendawo, kubandakanywa. kwimithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo, ukugcinwa kwamandla ukuze kugudiswe iincopho kunye nokulinganisa iiparamitha kwinethiwekhi. Ukuthathela ingqalelo idatha entsha, iinkqubo zotyalo-mali zokuvelisa kunye nothungelwano, okukhokelela ekunyukeni kweerhafu, zinokuhlaziywa kwaye ziphuculwe.

Makhe sishwankathele: ngokucwangcisiweyo, kwiminyaka elishumi ezayo, emva kokuba izixhobo zokulinganisa i-smart metering zisasazekile, i-smart metering iya kuguqula icandelo lamandla, iyenze isebenze ngakumbi, kwaye ke ifikeleleke ngakumbi kumthengi wokugqibela, kwaye iya kubonelela ngamathuba amaninzi kumthengi ukwandisa amatyala abo amandla, amandla, ukuthatha inxaxheba kulawulo lweemfuno, kuya kuvumela ukuphunyezwa kweemenyu ezisebenzayo zamaxabiso. Oku ekugqibeleni kuya kuhlawula iindleko ezongezelelweyo ezithatyathwe kwi-akhawunti kwi-tariff, evumela ukuba inciphise ukukhula kwayo kwixesha elide, nangona kunjalo, kwiminyaka yokuqala, ukuqwalasela iinkqubo ezinjalo kwi-tariff kunokubonelela ngeepesenti ezininzi ezongezelelweyo zokukhula.

Ukuthomalalisa oku kukhula, njengoko sichazile ngasentla, kuya kuvumela ukwamkelwa kwenkqubo ebanzi yokuxhobisa ngemitha yokulinganisa, ebonisa izakhiwo ezithile zezindlu ezine-100% ezixhotyiswe kunyaka ngamnye wenkqubo.

7. Yintoni elandelayo?

Inkqubo yokuxhotyiswa ngemitha eyi-smart metering iya kuhlala iminyaka eli-16 - kude kube ngumzuzu apho onke amanqaku aya kuba nemitha enjalo. Iminyaka eyi-16 lixesha de izixhobo zokugqibela ezifakelwe ngo-2020-2021 zifikelele kwixesha labo lokulinganisa. Eli xesha linokuncitshiswa libe yiminyaka eyi-10 ngokwamkela iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zezixhobo zengingqi (ziya kwenza ukuba kube lula ukukhulula intlawulo kwiminyaka yokuqala yofakelo, kwaye ufumane imithombo yokwandisa umthamo womsebenzi kwiminyaka emi-5-7).

Inkqubo yokuxhobisa ngemitha yombane ehlakaniphile iya kukhuthaza ukufakwa kwezixhobo ezihlakaniphile kwezinye izixhobo - amanzi ashushu kunye abandayo, igesi kunye nobushushu. Emva kokufumana isixhobo sokulinganisa i-smart metering ukuba sisebenze, abanini abaninzi bamagumbi kunye nezindlu baya kuba nomdla kwezinye iinkqubo zasekhaya ezihlakaniphile - izinzwa ezahlukeneyo kunye nabalawuli (imibhobho egqabhukileyo, ukuvuza kwegesi, ukuphuka kweefestile, ukuvula iifestile kunye neengcango, iinkqubo zokujonga ividiyo, ulawulo lwamakhethini, umculo, ulawulo lwemozulu kunye nokukhanya ...)

Imitha yombane ekrelekrele nayo inendawo yokukhula. Umsebenzi ochaziweyo ngoku ubizwa ngokuba encinci. Kwixesha elizayo imitha inokuba "ihabhu ehlakaniphile" ukugxininisa ulwazi oluvela kuzo zonke izixhobo zendlu ehlakaniphile okanye indlu, izixhobo ezifakwe ekungeneni, iimitha zezinye izixhobo. Imitha ehlakaniphile inokurekhoda utshintsho oluncinci kwi-voltage kunye nangoku, amandla asebenzayo, kwaye uqonde ukuba zeziphi izixhobo ezivuliwe kwaye zivaliwe - kungekhona kuphela ekhaya, kodwa nakwiofisi nakwimveliso. Oku kuya kukuvumela ukuba uqonde ukuba zeziphi izixhobo kunye nezixhobo ezisebenzayo, ngawaphi amaxesha, indlela esebenza ngayo - ukuququzelela ulawulo lwamandla olusebenzayo, phantsi kolawulo "lwengqondo yobukrelekrele", emelwe zizigidi zezixhobo ezihlakaniphile, izixhobo ezinkulu zokucwangcisa idatha, izibalo, isiseko. ezona ndlela zingcono zokukhetha nokulawula iindlela zaso nasiphi na isixhobo.

Iimitha ze-Smart ziya kutshintsha ubomi bethu ngendlela efanayo nonxibelelwano oluphathwayo, i-Intanethi, kunye ne-Intanethi yeselula zitshintshile. Sisemngceleni wexesha elizayo apho zonke izixhobo zombane ziya kuba yinto enye ephilayo, i-self-organizeng, ukukhonza lula, induduzo kunye nomsebenzi osebenzayo womntu.

PS Ubalo-mali olukrelekrele sisihloko esibanzi kakhulu kwaye sineenkalo ezininzi. Ukuba unemibuzo malunga nombutho, uqoqosho, i-logistics, ndiya kuzama ukuphendula kumazwana.

umthombo: www.habr.com