Abaphuhlisi basuka kuMars, abalawuli bavela kwiVenus

Iziganeko ezenzeka ngokungacwangciswanga ziyazenzekela, kwaye ngenene zazikwenye iplanethi...

Ndingathanda ukwabelana ngamabali amathathu okuphumelela kunye nokusilela malunga nendlela umphuhlisi we-backend asebenza ngayo kwiqela elinabaphathi.

Ibali lokuqala.
I-studio yewebhu, inani labasebenzi lingabalwa ngesandla esinye. Namhlanje uyi-layout designer, ngomso uyi-backender, kusuku olulandelayo ungu-admin. Kwelinye icala, unokufumana amava amangalisayo. Kwelinye icala, kukho ukunqongophala kobuchule kuzo zonke iinkalo. Ndisakhumbula usuku lokuqala lomsebenzi, ndiseluhlaza, umphathi uthi: "Vula i-putty," kodwa andiyazi ukuba yintoni. Unxibelelwano kunye nabalawuli alubandakanywa, kuba ungu admin wena. Makhe siqwalasele iingenelo neengozi zale meko.

+ Onke amandla asesandleni sakho.
+ Akukho mfuneko yakucenga nabani na ukuba afikelele kumncedisi.
+ Ixesha lokuphendula ngokukhawuleza kuwo onke amacala.
+ Ukuphucula izakhono kakuhle.
+ Yiba nokuqonda okupheleleyo koyilo lwemveliso.

- Uxanduva oluphezulu.
- Umngcipheko wokuqhekeka kwemveliso.
- Kunzima ukuba yingcali elungileyo kuyo yonke imimandla.

Andinamdla, masiqhubele phambili

Ibali lesibini.
Inkampani enkulu, iprojekthi enkulu. Kukho isebe lolawulo elinabasebenzi aba-5-7 kunye namaqela amaninzi ophuhliso. Xa uza kusebenza kwinkampani enjalo, wonke umlawuli ucinga ukuba awuzange uze apha ukuze usebenze kwimveliso, kodwa ukuphula into ethile. I-NDA esayiniweyo okanye ukhetho kudliwano-ndlebe alubonisi nto yimbi. Hayi, le ndoda ize apha nezandla zayo ezincinci ezingcolileyo ukuba zichithe imveliso yethu yokuncamisa. Ke ngoko, nomntu onjalo udinga ubuncinci bonxibelelwano; ubuncinci, unokuphosa isitikha ekuphenduleni. Musa ukuphendula imibuzo malunga noyilo lweprojekthi. Kuyacetyiswa ukuba unganikezeli ukufikelela de umkhokheli weqela ucele. Yaye xa ethe wacela, uya kubanika namalungelo ambalwa kunalawo bebewacelile. Phantse lonke unxibelelwano nabalawuli abanjalo lufunxwa ngumngxuma omnyama phakathi kwesebe lophuhliso kunye nesebe lolawulo. Akunakwenzeka ukusombulula imiba ngokukhawuleza. Kodwa awukwazi ukuza ngobuqu-ii-admins zixakeke kakhulu 24/7. (Wenza ntoni ngalo lonke ixesha?) Ezinye iimpawu zokusebenza:

• I-avareji yexesha lokuthunyelwa kwimveliso yi-4-5 iiyure
• Ixesha eliphezulu lokuthunyelwa kwimveliso iiyure ezili-9
• Kumphuhlisi, isicelo kwimveliso yibhokisi elimnyama, njengeseva yokuvelisa ngokwayo. Zingaphi zizonke?
• Umgangatho ophantsi wokukhutshwa, iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo
• Umphuhlisi akathathi nxaxheba kwinkqubo yokukhupha

Ewe, bendilindele ntoni, ewe, abantu abatsha abavumelekanga ukuba bavelise. Ewe, kulungile, ukuba sinomonde, siqala ukufumana ukuthenjwa ngabanye. Kodwa ngesizathu esithile, izinto azilulanga kangako nge-admins.

Isenzo 1. Umlawuli akabonakali.
Usuku lokukhutshwa, umphuhlisi kunye nomlawuli abanxibelelani. Andinamibuzo admin. Kodwa uyasiqonda isizathu sokuba kamva. UAdmin ngumntu one principled, akanazo nemessanger, akakhuphi ne phone number yakhe nakubani, akana profile kwi social networks. Akukho nefoto yakhe naphi na, unjani mfondini? Sihlala kunye nomphathi onoxanduva malunga nemizuzu eyi-15 sididekile, sizama ukuseka unxibelelwano nale Voyager 1, emva koko umyalezo uvela kwi-imeyile yenkampani ukuba ugqibile. Ngaba siza kubhalelana ngeposi? Ngoba kutheni? Kulula, akunjalo? Ewe, kulungile, masiphole. Inkqubo sele iqhuba, akukho kubuya ngamva. Funda lo myalezo kwakhona. "Ndigibile". Ugqibe ntoni? Phi? Ndikhangele phi? Apha uyaqonda ukuba kutheni iiyure ze-4 zokukhululwa ziqhelekileyo. Sifumana umothuko wophuhliso, kodwa sigqiba ukukhululwa. Akusekho mnqweno wokukhulula.

Isenzo 2. Ayilulo olo guqulelo.
Ukukhutshwa okulandelayo. Ukufumana amava, siqala ukwenza uluhlu lwesoftware eyimfuneko kunye namathala eencwadi omncedisi wabalawuli, ebonisa iinguqulelo zabanye. Njengesiqhelo, sifumana isignali yerediyo ebuthathaka yokuba umlawuli ugqibile into apho. Uvavanyo lokuhlehla luqala, lona ngokwalo luthatha malunga neyure. Yonke into ibonakala isebenza, kodwa kukho i-bug enye ebalulekileyo. Ukusebenza okubalulekileyo akusebenzi. Kwiiyure ezimbalwa ezalandelayo kwakuxhentswa ngeentambula, ukuxela ithamsanqa kumabala ekofu, kunye nophononongo oluneenkcukacha lwekhowudi nganye. Admin uthi wenze yonke into. Isicelo esibhalwe ngabaphuhlisi abagoso asisebenzi, kodwa umncedisi uyasebenza. Nawuphi na umbuzo kuye? Ekupheleni kweyure, sifumana umlawuli ukuba athumele inguqulelo yethala leencwadi kwiseva yemveliso kwingxoxo kunye nebhingo - ayisiyiyo esiyifunayo. Sicela umlawuli ukuba afake inguqu efunekayo, kodwa ekuphenduleni sifumana ukuba akakwazi ukwenza oku ngenxa yokungabikho kolu guqulelo kumphathi wephakheji ye-OS. Apha, ukusuka kwimemori yakhe, umphathi ukhumbula ukuba omnye umlawuli wayesele eyisombulule le ngxaki ngokuhlanganisa inguqulelo efunekayo ngesandla. Kodwa hayi, eyethu ayinakuyenza le nto. Imimiselo iyakwalela. Karl, sihleli apha iiyure ezininzi, lithini ixesha?! Sifumana omnye umothuko kwaye ngandlela thile sigqibe ukukhululwa.

Isenzo sesi-3, mfutshane
Itikiti elingxamisekileyo, ukusebenza okuphambili akusebenzi komnye wabasebenzisi kwimveliso. Sichitha iiyure ezimbalwa sipoqa kwaye sijonga. Kwimeko yophuhliso, yonke into isebenza. Kukho ukuqonda okucacileyo ukuba kuya kuba yinto efanelekileyo ukujonga kwi-php-fpm logs. Kwakungekho iinkqubo zokungena ezifana ne-ELK okanye i-Prometheus kwiprojekthi ngelo xesha. Sivula itikiti kwisebe lolawulo ukuze banike ukufikelela kwiilogi zephp-fpm kumncedisi. Apha kufuneka uqonde ukuba sicela ukufikelela ngesizathu, awukhumbuli malunga nomngxuma omnyama kunye nama-admins ukuba axakekile 24/7? Ukuba ubacela ukuba bajonge iingodo ngokwabo, ke lo ngumsebenzi onokubaluleka "kungekhona kobu bomi". Itikiti lenziwe, safumana impendulo kwangoko kwintloko yesebe lolawulo: "Akufuneki ufune ukufikelela kwiilogi zemveliso, bhala ngaphandle kweempazamo." Umkhusane.

Isenzo sesi-4 nangaphezulu
Sisaqokelela intaphane yeengxaki kwimveliso, ngenxa yeenguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zamathala eencwadi, isoftware engaqwalaselwanga, imithwalo yeseva engekalungiswa, kunye nezinye iingxaki. Ewe kunjalo, kukwakho neebhugi zekhowudi, asiyi kutyhola ii-admins ngazo zonke izono, siza kukhankanya omnye umsebenzi oqhelekileyo wale projekthi. Sasinabasebenzi abaninzi abangasemva abaye baphehlelelwa ngumphathi, kwaye ezinye izikripthi kwafuneka zongezwe kwicron. Maxa wambi aba basebenzi babeyeka ukusebenza. Umthwalo kumncedisi womgca ukhule ngesantya sombane, kwaye abasebenzisi abadabukisayo bajonge umlayishi ojikelezayo. Ukulungisa ngokukhawuleza abasebenzi abanjalo, kwakwanele ukuba baqalise kwakhona, kodwa kwakhona, ngumlawuli kuphela onokwenza oku. Ngoxa kwakusenziwa olo tyando, kwakunokudlula imini yonke. Apha, ngokuqinisekileyo, kuyafaneleka ukuba kuqatshelwe ukuba abadwelisi beprogram abagwenxa kufuneka babhale abasebenzi ukuze bangabikho, kodwa xa bewa, kuya kuba kuhle ukuqonda ukuba kutheni, ngamanye amaxesha akunakwenzeka ngenxa yokungabikho kokufikelela kwimveliso, kunjalo, kwaye ngenxa yoko, ukunqongophala kwelogi kumphuhlisi.

Ukwenziwa kumila kumbi.
Ukunyamezela konke oku ixesha elide, kunye neqela saqala ukubheka kwicala elibe nempumelelo ngakumbi kuthi. Ukushwankathela, ziziphi iingxaki esajamelana nazo?

• Ukunqongophala konxibelelwano olusemgangathweni phakathi kwabaphuhlisi kunye nesebe lolawulo
• Abalawuli, kuvela (!), Abayiqondi kwaphela indlela isicelo esakhiwe ngayo, yintoni exhomekeke kuyo kwaye isebenza njani.
• Abaphuhlisi abaqondi ukuba indawo yokuvelisa isebenza njani kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ayikwazi ukuphendula ngempumelelo kwiingxaki.
• Inkqubo yokusasazwa ithatha ixesha elide kakhulu.
• Ukukhutshwa okungazinzanga.

Senze ntoni?
Kukhupho ngalunye, uluhlu lwamanqaku oKhupho lwenziwa, olubandakanya uluhlu lomsebenzi ekufuneka wenziwe kwiseva ukuze kukhuphozwe okulandelayo ukusebenza. Uluhlu lwalunamacandelo amaninzi, umsebenzi omele wenziwe ngumlawuli, umntu onoxanduva lokukhululwa, kunye nomphuhlisi. Abaphuhlisi bafumana ukufikelela okungenangcambu kuzo zonke iiseva zemveliso, ezikhawuleza uphuhliso ngokubanzi kunye nokusombulula iingxaki ngokukodwa. Abaphuhlisi nabo banokuqonda ukuba imveliso isebenza njani, zeziphi iinkonzo ezahlulwe kuzo, phi kwaye zingakanani iindleko ze-replicas. Eminye yemithwalo yokulwa iye yacaca ngakumbi, leyo ngokungathandabuzekiyo ichaphazela umgangatho wekhowudi. Unxibelelwano ngexesha lenkqubo yokukhululwa lwenzeka kwingxoxo yomnye wabathunywa abakhawulezayo. Okokuqala, sasinelog yazo zonke izenzo, kwaye okwesibini, unxibelelwano lwenzeka kwindawo esondeleyo. Ukuba nembali yezenzo kuye kwavumela abasebenzi abatsha ukuba basombulule iingxaki ngokukhawuleza. Yi-paradox, kodwa oku kuhlala kunceda abalawuli ngokwabo. Andizukwenza ukuthetha ngokuqinisekileyo, kodwa kubonakala ngathi abalawuli sele beqalisile ukuqonda ngakumbi ukuba iprojekthi isebenza njani kwaye ibhalwa njani. Ngamanye amaxesha saside sabelane ngeenkcukacha ezithile. Ixesha eliqhelekileyo lokukhululwa liye lancitshiswa ukuya kwiyure. Ngamanye amaxesha sasisenziwa kwi-30-40 imizuzu. Inani leempazamo lehlile kakhulu, ukuba aliphindanga kalishumi. Ewe kunjalo, ezinye izinto zikwaphembelele ukuncitshiswa kwexesha lokukhululwa, njenge-autotest. Emva kokukhululwa kwethuba ngalinye, sasiqalisa ukwenza izinto ezazisenzeka emva. Ukuze lonke iqela libe nombono wento entsha, yintoni etshintshileyo, kwaye yintoni esusiweyo. Ngelishwa ke admin bebengasoloko besiza kubo, hayi ke, admin baxakekile... Ulwaneliseko lwam lomsebenzi njenge developer ngokungathandabuzekiyo lunyukile. Xa unokusombulula ngokukhawuleza phantse nayiphi na ingxaki ekwindawo yakho yobuchule, uziva uphezulu. Kamva, ndiya kuqonda ukuba kwinqanaba elithile sazisa inkcubeko ye-devops, kungekhona ngokupheleleyo, kunjalo, kodwa kwanokuqala kwenguqu kwakuchukumisa.

Ibali lesithathu
Ukuqala eqala. Umlawuli omnye, isebe lophuhliso oluncinci. Ekufikeni kwam ndinguziro opheleleyo, kuba... Andinakufikelela naphi na ngaphandle kokuphuma kwimeyile. Sibhalela admin ndicela ufike. Ukongeza, kukho ulwazi ukuba uyazi umqeshwa omtsha kunye nesidingo sokukhupha ii-logins/passwords. Banikezela ukufikelela kwindawo yokugcina kunye neVPN. Kutheni ukunika ukufikelela kwi wiki, teamcity, rundesk? Izinto ezingenamsebenzi kumntu obiziweyo ukuba abhale yonke inxalenye ye-backend. Kuphela ekuhambeni kwexesha sifumana ukufikelela kwezinye izixhobo. Ukufika, ngokuqinisekileyo, kwakungathenjwa. Ndizama ukuva kancinci kancinci malunga nendlela isiseko seprojekthi esisebenza ngayo ngeencoko kunye nemibuzo ekhokelayo. Ngokusisiseko andazi nto. Imveliso yibhokisi emnyama efanayo nangaphambili. Kodwa ngaphezu koko, kunye neeseva zesiteji ezisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ibhokisi emnyama. Akukho nto sinokuyenza ngaphandle kokuthumela isebe elisuka eGit apho. Kananjalo asinako ukuqwalasela usetyenziso lwethu njengeefayile ze.env. Ufikelelo kwimisebenzi enjalo aluvunywa. Kufuneka ucenge ukufumana umgca otshintshileyo kuqwalaselo lwesicelo sakho kumncedisi wovavanyo. (Kukho ithiyori yokuba kubalulekile ukuba abalawuli bazive bebalulekile kwiprojekthi; ukuba abacelwa ukuba batshintshe imigca kwi-configs, abayi kufunwa). Ewe, njengesiqhelo, ayilunganga? Oku kukhawuleza kukruqule, emva kwencoko ethe ngqo kunye nomlawuli sifumanisa ukuba abaphuhlisi bazalelwa ukuba babhale ikhowudi embi, ngabantu abangakwaziyo ngokwendalo kwaye kungcono ukubagcina kude nemveliso. Kodwa apha kwakhona ukusuka kwiiseva zovavanyo, ukuba kunokwenzeka. Ungquzulwano lukhula ngokukhawuleza. Akho nxibelelwano na admin. Imeko iba mandundu ngakumbi kuba eyedwa. Oku kulandelayo ngumfanekiso oqhelekileyo. Khulula. Ukusebenza okuthile akusebenzi. Kusithatha ixesha elide ukufumanisa oko kwenzekayo, iingcamango ezahlukeneyo ezivela kubaphuhlisi ziphonswa kwingxoxo, kodwa umlawuli kwimeko enjalo ngokuqhelekileyo ucinga ukuba abaphuhlisi banetyala. Emva koko ubhala kwincoko, linda, ndamlungisa. Xa sicelwa ukuba sishiye ibali ngasemva neenkcukacha malunga nokuba yintoni ingxaki, sifumana izizathu eziyityhefu. Njengokuthi, musa ukuncamathela impumlo yakho apho ingekhoyo. Abaphuhlisi kufuneka babhale ikhowudi. Imeko xa iintshukumo ezininzi zomzimba kwiprojekthi zidlula kumntu omnye kwaye nguye kuphela okwaziyo ukwenza utyando oludingwa ngumntu wonke ilusizi kakhulu. Umntu onjalo ngumqobo ombi. Ukuba izimvo zeDevops zizama ukunciphisa ixesha ukuya kwintengiso, ke abantu abanjalo balolona tshaba lubi lweembono zeDevops. Ngelishwa, umkhusane uyavala apha.

PS Emva kokuthetha kancinci malunga nabaphuhlisi vs admins kwiincoko nabantu, ndadibana nabantu ababelane ngentlungu yam. Kodwa kukho nabo bathi zange badibane nento enje. Kwenye inkomfa yee-devops, ndabuza uAnton Isanin (iBhanki yakwaAlfa) ukuba bayisingatha njani ingxaki yokungaphumeleli kwabo basebenza njengabaphathi, awathi kubo: “Sifake amaqhosha endaweni yawo.” Kunjalo nje ipodcast ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwakhe. Ndingathanda ukukholelwa ukuba zininzi ii-admins ezilungileyo kuneentshaba. Kwaye ewe, umfanekiso ekuqaleni yimbalelwano yokwenyani.

Umthombo: www.habr.com