Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo, ndaye ndagqiba ekubeni ndibuyisele umva injineli ye-firmware ye-router yam usebenzisa i-binwalk.
Ndazithenga . Ayisiyiyo eyona router ilungileyo, kodwa yanele iimfuno zam.
Ngalo lonke ixesha ndithenga i-router entsha, ndiyafaka . Yantoni? Njengomthetho, abavelisi abakhathaleli kakhulu malunga nokuxhasa ii-routers zabo kwaye ngokuhamba kwexesha isoftware iba yidala, ubuthathaka buvela, njalo njalo, ngokubanzi, ufumana umbono. Ke ngoko, ndikhetha i-firmware ye-OpenWRT, exhaswa kakuhle luluntu oluvulelekileyo.
Emva kokukhuphela i-OpenWRT, nam phantsi kweArcher C7 yam entsha evela kwiwebhusayithi esemthethweni kwaye ndagqiba ekubeni ndiyihlalutye. Ngokukodwa ukuzonwabisa kwaye uthethe nge-binwalk.
Yintoni ibinwalk?
sisixhobo somthombo ovulekileyo sokuhlalutya, ukubuyisela umva ubunjineli kunye nokutsalwa komfanekiso we-firmware.
Idalwe ngo-2010 nguCraig Heffner, i-binwalk inokuskena imifanekiso ye-firmware kwaye ifumane iifayile, ichonge kwaye ikhuphe imifanekiso yefayile yefayile, ikhowudi ephunyeziweyo, i-archives ecinezelweyo, i-bootloaders kunye ne-kernels, iifomati zefayile ezifana neJPEG kunye nePDF, kunye nokunye okuninzi.
Ungasebenzisa i-binwalk ukubuyisela umva injineli ye-firmware ukuqonda ukuba isebenza njani. Khangela iifayile zokubini zobuthathaka, ukhuphe iifayile, kwaye ujonge umva okanye izatifikethi zedijithali. Ungafumana kwakhona opcodes ngenxa yeqela le-CPU ezahlukeneyo.
Unako ukukhupha imifanekiso yenkqubo yefayile ukujonga iifayile ezithile zegama lokugqitha (passwd, shadow, etc.) kwaye uzame ukwaphula i-password hash. Unokwenza ulwahlulo lokubini phakathi kweefayile ezimbini nangaphezulu. Unokwenza uhlalutyo lwe-entropy kwidatha ukujonga idatha ecinezelweyo okanye izitshixo ezifihliweyo. Konke oku ngaphandle kwesidingo sokufikelela kwikhowudi yomthombo.
Ngokubanzi, yonke into oyifunayo ikhona :)
Isebenza njani i-binwalk?
Inqaku eliphambili le-binwalk kukusayinwa kwayo. I-Binwalk inokuskena umfanekiso we-firmware ukukhangela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zefayile ezakhelwe ngaphakathi kunye neenkqubo zefayile.
Ngaba uyayazi into eluncedo yomgca womyalelo file?
file /bin/bash
/bin/bash: ELF 64-bit LSB shared object, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, interpreter /lib64/l, for GNU/Linux 3.2.0, BuildID[sha1]=12f73d7a8e226c663034529c8dd20efec22dde54, strippedIqela fileijonga iheader yefayile kwaye ijonge utyikityo (inombolo yomlingo) ukumisela uhlobo lwefayile. Umzekelo, ukuba ifayile iqala ngokulandelelana kwee-bytes 0x89 0x50 0x4E 0x47 0x0D 0x0A 0x1A 0x0A, iyayazi ukuba yifayile yePNG. Vula Kukho uluhlu lweefayile eziqhelekileyo zosayino.
I-Binwalk isebenza ngendlela efanayo. Kodwa endaweni yokujonga imisayino kuphela ekuqaleni kwefayile, i-binwalk iya kuskena yonke ifayile. Ukongezelela, i-binwalk inokukhupha iifayile ezifunyenwe kumfanekiso.
Zixhobo file ΠΈ binwalk sebenzisa ithala leencwadi libmagic ukuchonga imisayino yeefayile. Kodwa binwalk ukongeza ixhasa uluhlu lwemisayino yomlingo yesiko ukukhangela iifayile ezixinzelelweyo/ezivaliweyo, iiheader ze-firmware, ii-Linux kernels, ii-bootloaders, iinkqubo zefayile njalo njalo.
Masiyonwabele?
Ukufakwa kweBinwalk
I-Binwalk ixhaswa kumaqonga amaninzi aquka iLinux, i-OSX, iFreeBSD kunye neWindows.
Ukufakela inguqulelo yamva nje ye-binwalk unako kwaye ulandele okanye , ekhoyo kwiwebhusayithi yeprojekthi.
I-Binwalk ineeparamitha ezininzi ezahlukeneyo:
$ binwalk
Binwalk v2.2.0
Craig Heffner, ReFirmLabs
https://github.com/ReFirmLabs/binwalk
Usage: binwalk [OPTIONS] [FILE1] [FILE2] [FILE3] ...
Signature Scan Options:
-B, --signature Scan target file(s) for common file signatures
-R, --raw=<str> Scan target file(s) for the specified sequence of bytes
-A, --opcodes Scan target file(s) for common executable opcode signatures
-m, --magic=<file> Specify a custom magic file to use
-b, --dumb Disable smart signature keywords
-I, --invalid Show results marked as invalid
-x, --exclude=<str> Exclude results that match <str>
-y, --include=<str> Only show results that match <str>
Extraction Options:
-e, --extract Automatically extract known file types
-D, --dd=<type:ext:cmd> Extract <type> signatures, give the files an extension of <ext>, and execute <cmd>
-M, --matryoshka Recursively scan extracted files
-d, --depth=<int> Limit matryoshka recursion depth (default: 8 levels deep)
-C, --directory=<str> Extract files/folders to a custom directory (default: current working directory)
-j, --size=<int> Limit the size of each extracted file
-n, --count=<int> Limit the number of extracted files
-r, --rm Delete carved files after extraction
-z, --carve Carve data from files, but don't execute extraction utilities
-V, --subdirs Extract into sub-directories named by the offset
Entropy Options:
-E, --entropy Calculate file entropy
-F, --fast Use faster, but less detailed, entropy analysis
-J, --save Save plot as a PNG
-Q, --nlegend Omit the legend from the entropy plot graph
-N, --nplot Do not generate an entropy plot graph
-H, --high=<float> Set the rising edge entropy trigger threshold (default: 0.95)
-L, --low=<float> Set the falling edge entropy trigger threshold (default: 0.85)
Binary Diffing Options:
-W, --hexdump Perform a hexdump / diff of a file or files
-G, --green Only show lines containing bytes that are the same among all files
-i, --red Only show lines containing bytes that are different among all files
-U, --blue Only show lines containing bytes that are different among some files
-u, --similar Only display lines that are the same between all files
-w, --terse Diff all files, but only display a hex dump of the first file
Raw Compression Options:
-X, --deflate Scan for raw deflate compression streams
-Z, --lzma Scan for raw LZMA compression streams
-P, --partial Perform a superficial, but faster, scan
-S, --stop Stop after the first result
General Options:
-l, --length=<int> Number of bytes to scan
-o, --offset=<int> Start scan at this file offset
-O, --base=<int> Add a base address to all printed offsets
-K, --block=<int> Set file block size
-g, --swap=<int> Reverse every n bytes before scanning
-f, --log=<file> Log results to file
-c, --csv Log results to file in CSV format
-t, --term Format output to fit the terminal window
-q, --quiet Suppress output to stdout
-v, --verbose Enable verbose output
-h, --help Show help output
-a, --finclude=<str> Only scan files whose names match this regex
-p, --fexclude=<str> Do not scan files whose names match this regex
-s, --status=<int> Enable the status server on the specified portUkuskena umfanekiso
Masiqale ngokukhangela utyikityo lwefayile ngaphakathi komfanekiso (umfanekiso osuka kwindawo ).
Ukubaleka i-binwalk nge---signature parameter:
$ binwalk --signature --term archer-c7.bin
DECIMAL HEXADECIMAL DESCRIPTION
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
21876 0x5574 U-Boot version string, "U-Boot 1.1.4-g4480d5f9-dirty (May
20 2019 - 18:45:16)"
21940 0x55B4 CRC32 polynomial table, big endian
23232 0x5AC0 uImage header, header size: 64 bytes, header CRC:
0x386C2BD5, created: 2019-05-20 10:45:17, image size:
41162 bytes, Data Address: 0x80010000, Entry Point:
0x80010000, data CRC: 0xC9CD1E38, OS: Linux, CPU: MIPS,
image type: Firmware Image, compression type: lzma, image
name: "u-boot image"
23296 0x5B00 LZMA compressed data, properties: 0x5D, dictionary size:
8388608 bytes, uncompressed size: 97476 bytes
64968 0xFDC8 XML document, version: "1.0"
78448 0x13270 uImage header, header size: 64 bytes, header CRC:
0x78A267FF, created: 2019-07-26 07:46:14, image size:
1088500 bytes, Data Address: 0x80060000, Entry Point:
0x80060000, data CRC: 0xBB9D4F94, OS: Linux, CPU: MIPS,
image type: Multi-File Image, compression type: lzma,
image name: "MIPS OpenWrt Linux-3.3.8"
78520 0x132B8 LZMA compressed data, properties: 0x6D, dictionary size:
8388608 bytes, uncompressed size: 3164228 bytes
1167013 0x11CEA5 Squashfs filesystem, little endian, version 4.0,
compression:xz, size: 14388306 bytes, 2541 inodes,
blocksize: 65536 bytes, created: 2019-07-26 07:51:38
15555328 0xED5B00 gzip compressed data, from Unix, last modified: 2019-07-26
07:51:41Ngoku sinolwazi oluninzi malunga nalo mfanekiso.
Ukusetyenziswa komfanekiso njenge-bootloader (iheader yomfanekiso kwi 0x5AC0 kunye nomfanekiso we-bootloader ocinezelweyo kwi 0x5B00). Ngokusekwe kwi-header ye-uImage kwi-0x13270, siyazi ukuba iprosesa ye-architecture yi-MIPS kunye ne-Linux kernel yinguqulo 3.3.8. Kwaye ngokusekelwe kumfanekiso ofunyenwe kwidilesi 0x11CEA5, siyayibona loo nto rootfs yinkqubo yefayile squashfs.
Ngoku makhe sikhuphe i-bootloader (U-Boot) sisebenzisa umyalelo dd:
$ dd if=archer-c7.bin of=u-boot.bin.lzma bs=1 skip=23296 count=41162
41162+0 records in
41162+0 records out
41162 bytes (41 kB, 40 KiB) copied, 0,0939608 s, 438 kB/sKuba umfanekiso ucinezelwe kusetyenziswa i-LZMA, kufuneka siwucinezele:
$ unlzma u-boot.bin.lzmaNgoku sinomfanekiso we-U-Boot:
$ ls -l u-boot.bin
-rw-rw-r-- 1 sprado sprado 97476 Fev 5 08:48 u-boot.binKunjani ngokufumana ixabiso elimiselweyo le bootargs?
$ strings u-boot.bin | grep bootargs
bootargs
bootargs=console=ttyS0,115200 board=AP152 rootfstype=squashfs init=/etc/preinit mtdparts=spi0.0:128k(factory-uboot),192k(u-boot),64k(ART),1536k(uImage),14464k@0x1e0000(rootfs) mem=128MI-U-Boot Environment Variable bootargs isetyenziselwa ukudlulisa iiparameters kwi Linux kernel. Kwaye ukusuka ngasentla, sinokuqonda ngcono imemori ye-flash yesixhobo.
Kuthekani ngokukhupha umfanekiso we-Linux kernel?
$ dd if=archer-c7.bin of=uImage bs=1 skip=78448 count=1088572
1088572+0 records in
1088572+0 records out
1088572 bytes (1,1 MB, 1,0 MiB) copied, 1,68628 s, 646 kB/sSinokujonga ukuba umfanekiso ukhutshwe ngempumelelo ngokusebenzisa umyalelo file:
$ file uImage
uImage: u-boot legacy uImage, MIPS OpenWrt Linux-3.3.8, Linux/MIPS, Multi-File Image (lzma), 1088500 bytes, Fri Jul 26 07:46:14 2019, Load Address: 0x80060000, Entry Point: 0x80060000, Header CRC: 0x78A267FF, Data CRC: 0xBB9D4F94Ifomathi yefayile ye-uImage ngokusisiseko ngumfanekiso we-Linux kernel enesihloko esongezelelweyo. Masisuse le ntloko ukuze sifumane umfanekiso wokugqibela we-Linux kernel:
$ dd if=uImage of=Image.lzma bs=1 skip=72
1088500+0 records in
1088500+0 records out
1088500 bytes (1,1 MB, 1,0 MiB) copied, 1,65603 s, 657 kB/sUmfanekiso ucinezelekile, ngoko ke masiwukhuphe:
$ unlzma Image.lzmaNgoku sinomfanekiso we-Linux kernel:
$ ls -la Image
-rw-rw-r-- 1 sprado sprado 3164228 Fev 5 10:51 ImageSingenza ntoni ngomfanekiso wekernel? Singenza, umzekelo, ukukhangela umtya emfanekisweni kwaye sifumane inguqulelo ye-Linux kernel kwaye sifunde malunga nokusingqongileyo okusetyenziselwa ukwakha ikernel:
$ strings Image | grep "Linux version"
Linux version 3.3.8 (leo@leo-MS-7529) (gcc version 4.6.3 20120201 (prerelease) (Linaro GCC 4.6-2012.02) ) #1 Mon May 20 18:53:02 CST 2019Nangona i-firmware yakhululwa kulo nyaka uphelileyo (2019), njengoko ndibhala eli nqaku isebenzisa inguqulo yakudala ye-Linux kernel (3.3.8) ekhutshwe ngo-2012, ihlanganiswe nohlobo oludala kakhulu lwe-GCC (4.6) ukususela ngo-2012. !
(approx. transl. ingaba usazithemba iirotha zakho eofisini nasekhaya?)
Ngokhetho --opcodes Sinokusebenzisa i-binwalk ukujonga imiyalelo yomatshini kunye nokumisela iprosesa yoyilo lomfanekiso:
$ binwalk --opcodes Image
DECIMAL HEXADECIMAL DESCRIPTION
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2400 0x960 MIPS instructions, function epilogue
2572 0xA0C MIPS instructions, function epilogue
2828 0xB0C MIPS instructions, function epilogueKuthekani ngenkqubo yefayile yeengcambu? Endaweni yokukhupha umfanekiso ngesandla, masisebenzise ukhetho binwalk --extract:
$ binwalk --extract --quiet archer-c7.binInkqubo yefayile yeengcambu epheleleyo iya kutsalwa kulawulo olusezantsi:
$ cd _archer-c7.bin.extracted/squashfs-root/
$ ls
bin dev etc lib mnt overlay proc rom root sbin sys tmp usr var www
$ cat etc/banner
MM NM MMMMMMM M M
$MMMMM MMMMM MMMMMMMMMMM MMM MMM
MMMMMMMM MM MMMMM. MMMMM:MMMMMM: MMMM MMMMM
MMMM= MMMMMM MMM MMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMMMM MMMM MMMMM'
MMMM= MMMMM MMMM MM MMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMNMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMM, NMMMMMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMMMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMMM MMMMMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM
MMMM$ ,MMMMM MMMMM MMMM MMM MMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMM
MMMMMMM: MMMMMMM M MMMMMMMMMMMM MMMMMMM MMMMMMM
MMMMMM MMMMN M MMMMMMMMM MMMM MMMM
MMMM M MMMMMMM M M
M
---------------------------------------------------------------
For those about to rock... (%C, %R)
---------------------------------------------------------------Ngoku sinokwenza izinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo.
Sinokukhangela iifayile zokumisela, i-password hashes, izitshixo ze-cryptographic kunye nezatifikethi zedijithali. Sinokuhlalutya iifayile zokubini ze kunye nobuthathaka.
Ngo kunceda ΠΈ sinokuqhuba (ukulinganisa) okuphunyeziweyo kumfanekiso:
$ ls
bin dev etc lib mnt overlay proc rom root sbin sys tmp usr var www
$ cp /usr/bin/qemu-mips-static .
$ sudo chroot . ./qemu-mips-static bin/busybox
BusyBox v1.19.4 (2019-05-20 18:13:49 CST) multi-call binary.
Copyright (C) 1998-2011 Erik Andersen, Rob Landley, Denys Vlasenko
and others. Licensed under GPLv2.
See source distribution for full notice.
Usage: busybox [function] [arguments]...
or: busybox --list[-full]
or: function [arguments]...
BusyBox is a multi-call binary that combines many common Unix
utilities into a single executable. Most people will create a
link to busybox for each function they wish to use and BusyBox
will act like whatever it was invoked as.
Currently defined functions:
[, [[, addgroup, adduser, arping, ash, awk, basename, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, clear, cmp, cp, crond, crontab, cut, date, dd, delgroup, deluser, dirname, dmesg, echo, egrep, env, expr, false,
fgrep, find, free, fsync, grep, gunzip, gzip, halt, head, hexdump, hostid, id, ifconfig, init, insmod, kill, killall, klogd, ln, lock, logger, ls, lsmod, mac_addr, md5sum, mkdir, mkfifo, mknod, mktemp,
mount, mv, nice, passwd, pgrep, pidof, ping, ping6, pivot_root, poweroff, printf, ps, pwd, readlink, reboot, reset, rm, rmdir, rmmod, route, sed, seq, sh, sleep, sort, start-stop-daemon, strings,
switch_root, sync, sysctl, tail, tar, tee, telnet, test, tftp, time, top, touch, tr, traceroute, true, udhcpc, umount, uname, uniq, uptime, vconfig, vi, watchdog, wc, wget, which, xargs, yes, zcatKakhulu! Kodwa nceda uqaphele ukuba inguqulo ye-BusyBox yi-1.19.4. Olu luguqulelo oludala kakhulu lweBusyBox, eyakhutshwa ngoAprili 2012.
Ngoko i-TP-Link ikhupha umfanekiso we-firmware kwi-2019 usebenzisa isofthiwe (i-GCC toolchain, i-kernel, i-BusyBox, njl.) ukusuka kwi-2012!
Ngoku uyasiqonda isizathu sokuba ndisoloko ndifaka i-OpenWRT kwiirotha zam?
Akunjalo kuphela
I-Binwalk inokwenza uhlalutyo lwe-entropy, iprinte idatha ye-entropy eluhlaza, kwaye ivelise iigrafu ze-entropy. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-entropy enkulu ijongwa xa ii-bytes emfanekisweni zingakhethi. Oku kunokuthetha ukuba umfanekiso uqulathe uguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo, olucinezelweyo, okanye ifayile efihliweyo. Iqhosha loguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo? Ngoba kutheni.
Sinokusebenzisa ipharamitha --raw ukufumana i-byte ekrwada yolandelelwano kumfanekiso okanye iparameter --hexdump ukwenza i-hex dump ethelekisa ezimbini nangaphezulu iifayile zongeniso.
ingongezwa kwi-binwalk mhlawumbi ngefayile yesiko lotyikityo ekhankanyiweyo kumgca womyalelo usebenzisa iparameter --magic, okanye ngokuzongeza kulawulo $ HOME / .config / binwalk / magic.
Unokufumana ulwazi oluninzi malunga ne-binwalk .
binwalk extension
Kukho ibhinwalk, iphunyezwe njengemodyuli yePython enokuthi isetyenziswe nasiphi na iskripthi sePython ukwenza ngokwenkqubo i-binwalk scan, kwaye usetyenziso lomgca we-binwalk lunokuba luphindwe ngokupheleleyo ngemigca emibini nje yekhowudi yePython!
import binwalk
binwalk.scan()Ukusebenzisa iPython API unokwenza kwakhona ukuqwalasela kunye nokwandisa i-binwalk.
Kukho kwakhona kunye nenguqulo yelifu .
Ke kutheni ungakhupheli umfanekiso we-firmware kwi-Intanethi kwaye uzame i-binwalk? Ndiyathembisa ukuba uya konwaba kakhulu :)
umthombo: www.habr.com