Molo
Ukuba uyakholelwa kwithiyori ka-Einstein yokulula, esona salathisi sokuqonda isifundo kukukwazi ukusichaza ngokulula kangangoko, ngoko kule posi ndiza kuzama ukuchaza ngokulula nangokucokisekileyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka isiphumo senkcukacha enye nje entsha. umgangatho, ngenxa yesizathu esithile nokuba i-Wi-Fi Alliance ibona ukuba ayifanelekanga ukukhankanywa kwi-infographic malunga neempawu ezintsha ze-Wi-Fi 6, nangona, njengoko siza kubona ngokukhawuleza kunye, kubaluleke kakhulu kwaye kuyaphawuleka. Ayisiyiyo yonke into elapha inzulu ngokwaneleyo kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo ayibanzi (kuba indlovu enjalo kunzima ukuyidla nakwiinxalenye), kodwa ndiyathemba ukuba sonke siya kufunda into entsha kunye nenomdla kuthi kwizenzo zam zomlomo.
Kwaloo 802.11ax efanayo, ebesiyilindele yonke imihla ubuncinci unyaka wesibini, izisa izinto ezininzi ezintsha nezimangalisayo. Nabani na ofuna ukuxelela into ngaye usoloko enokukhetha: nokuba enze ugqatso lwangoku phezu kweentloko, ekhankanya ibhakethi lezifinyezo kunye nezifinyezo, ezama ukungaxinaniswa kwiindlela ezintsonkothileyo phantsi kwehood nganye yazo, okanye usonge. phezulu ingxelo yeyure malunga nento enye, ekholisa kakhulu umbhali. Ndizakuzibeka emngciphekweni wokuya nangakumbi: uninzi lwenqaku lam liza kunikezelwa kwinto engeyonto intsha!
Ke, ngaphezulu kweminyaka engamashumi amabini ngoku, ezinye zeenethiwekhi zedatha ezingenazingcingo ziye zakhiwa ngokweqela lemigangatho yosapho lwe-802.11, kwaye, njengaso nasiphi na isithethi esizihloniphayo, kuya kufuneka ndibuyisele kancinane umda wexesha walo lonke ikhonkco. yeziganeko ezanika ihlabathi iibhiliyoni zezixhobo ezisebenzisanayo - kodwa, njengombhali ohlonipha umfundi, ndisesemngciphekweni wokungakwenzi oku. Noko ke, kufuneka sikhumbuzane ngento ethile.
Zonke iiterations ze-Wi-Fi zibeke phambili ukuthembeka kunokwandisa umthamo. Oku kulandela indlela yofikelelo oluphakathi (CSMA/CA), engeyiyo eyona ilungileyo ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga ukucudisa iikhilobhithi zokugqibela ngomzuzwana ukusuka kwindawo yothumelo (unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokungafezeki kwehlabathi ngokubanzi kunye noWi -Fi ngokukodwa kwinqaku ngugxa wam wangaphambili ), kodwa yomelele ngokumangalisayo phantse kuyo nayiphi na imeko. Ngapha koko, unokwaphula phantse zonke iziseko zoyilo lwenethiwekhi ye-Wi-Fi - kwaye inethwekhi enjalo isatshintshiselana ngedatha! Iyonke indlela abaxhamli benethiwekhi ye-Wi-Fi abakwazi ngayo ukusasaza kunye/okanye ukufumana izahlulo zabo zedatha ijolise ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ngesiNgesi kuthiwa ligama elinobunzima bokuguqulela ngobuchwephesha, ukomelela. Lonke umaleko wokumodareyitha uyenyuka, udityaniso lwezakhelo ezinedatha (hayi ncam ngolo hlobo, kodwa makube njalo!) I-smeared phezulu iyaqhubeka nokusebenza emva kwemigaqo emibini ephambili ye-802.11, enika oku kuthembeka okungenakuthelekiswa nanto:
- “Ngoxa omnye ethetha, abanye bathi cwaka”;
- "Yonke into ngaphandle kwedatha ithethwa kancinci kwaye ngokucacileyo."
Inqaku lesibini libangela umonakalo omkhulu kumnatha womnatha we-bandwidth kunokuba unokubonakala ekuqaleni. Nanku umfanekiso opholileyo obonisa iqhekeza ledatha elithunyelwe kuthungelwano lwe-Wi-Fi:
Makhe sibone ukuba kuthetha ukuthini kubantu abaqhelekileyo abangazi ukuba mangaphi amaphepha akhoyo kumgangatho we-802.11-2016. Isantya sokudlulisa idatha esibhalwa yinkqubo kwiipropati zenethiwekhi engenazintambo kwaye abathengisi abavela kunoma yimuphi umenzi badonsa kwiibhokisi zokufikelela (kakuhle, mhlawumbi ubonile - 1,7 Gb / s! 2,4 Gb / s! 9000 Gb / s!) , ayisiyiyo kuphela incopho kunye neyona nto iphezulu kwi-100% yexesha elithathwe ngokudluliselwa, kodwa kwakhona isantya apho kuphela inxalenye eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kule grafu intle iya kuthunyelwa. Yonke enye into iya kuthunyelwa ngesantya esibizwa ngokuba yinqanaba lolawulo ngesiNgesi (kwaye ngesiRashiya kwakhona, kuba ukuguqulelwa kwamagama anjalo kusongela ukungaqondani ngakumbi phakathi kweenjineli), kwaye esezantsi kungekuphela nje ngamaxesha amaninzi, kodwa ngenxa AMAKHULU Kanye. Ngokomzekelo, ngaphandle kwezicwangciso ezongezelelweyo, inethiwekhi ye-802.11ac, enokusebenza kunye nabathengi ngesantya sesiteshi se-1300 Mb / s, idlulisela yonke ingcaciso yenkonzo (yonke into engabonakaliyo kwigrafu yethu eyoyikekayo) kwizinga lokulawula i-6. Mb/s Ngaphantsi kwamakhulu amabini ukucotha!
Umbuzo onengqondo ngowokuba-yintoni, ndixolele, yeyiphi inyanga apho umbono wokonakaliswa onjalo unokuthi ube yinxalenye yomgangatho apho iibhiliyoni zezixhobo zisebenza kwihlabathi liphela? Impendulo enengqiqo kukuhambelana, ukuhambelana, ukuhambelana! Inethiwekhi kwindawo entsha yokufikelela kufuneka inike amandla okusebenzela izixhobo ezineminyaka elishumi kunye neshumi elinesihlanu ubudala, kwaye ikuzo zonke ezi ziqwenga "ezingekho luhlaza" apho ulwazi lubhabha ukuba izixhobo ezicothayo ziya kuva, ziqonde ngokuchanekileyo kwaye ayizukuzama ukuthumela ngexesha lamaqhekeza edata aphezulu kakhulu. Ukomelela kufuna ukuzincama!
Ngoku ndikulungele ukunika wonke umntu onomdla isixhobo esibalulekileyo sokothuswa zii-megabits ezinokusasazwa ezilahlekileyo ngokungenanjongo kwi-Wi-Fi yanamhlanje- oku sele kunyanzelekile ukuba kufundwe kwizangqa zobunjineli ezibandakanyekayo. I-WiFi AirTime Calculator nguNorwegian 802.11 umthandi uGjermund Raaen. Iyafumaneka e - isiphumo somsebenzi wakhe sijongeka ngolu hlobo:
Umgca woku-1 lixesha elichithwe ukuhambisa ipakethe yedatha ye-1512 byte ngesixhobo se-802.11n kwi-20 MHz ububanzi besiteshi.
Umgca we-2 lixesha elichithwe ukuhambisa ipakethi efanayo ngesixhobo esinefomula ye-eriyali efanayo, kodwa sele isebenza ngokwemigangatho ye-802.11ac kwitshaneli ye-80 MHz.
Inokwenzeka njani le nto-ixesha eline-airtime eliphindwe kane "lonakalisiwe", ukumodareyitha okuphezulu kuye kwanzima kakhulu ukusuka kwi-64QAM ukuya kwi-256QAM, isantya sesiteshi siphezulu NTANDATHU amaxesha (433 Mb / s endaweni ye-72 Mb / s), kodwa uninzi lwe-25% yexesha lomoya lifunyenwe?
Ukuhambelana kunye nemigaqo emibini ye-802.11, khumbula?
Ewe, singalungisa njani okungekho sikweni kunye nokumosha - siyazibuza, njengoko lonke iqela elisebenzayo le-IEEE elaqala ukwenza umgangatho mhlawumbi lazibuza? Iindlela ezininzi ezinengqondo ziza engqondweni:
- Ukukhawulezisa ukudluliselwa kwedatha kwisiqwenga "esiluhlaza" segrafu. Oku kwenziwa xa umgangatho ngamnye ukhutshwa, kuba amanani amakhulu akhangeleka kakuhle kwiibhokisi. Ngokwenza, njengoko sibonile nje, kunika ukwanda okulinganiselweyo - nokuba sikhawulezisa isantya setshaneli ukuya kwikhulu lamawaka ezigidi zeegigabhithi kwi-nanosecond nganye, zonke ezinye iindawo zegrafu aziyi kuhamba. Yingakho ndincoma ukuba kuwo onke amabali malunga nayo yonke imigangatho emitsha ye-802.11, weqa imihlathi ekhankanya i-megabits ngomzuzwana.
- Khawuleza zonke ezinye iindawo zegrafu. Ewe, ukuba siphinda kabini isantya apho yonke into "engekho luhlaza" ihanjiswa (kakuhle, okanye "engekho luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka", ukuba usajonge umfanekiso odlulileyo), ngoko siya kufumana ngaphantsi kwe-50. % ukwanda kwi-output yokwenyani - nangona kunjalo, ngokuphulukana nokuhambelana nezixhobo kunye nenani lezinye iinuances oza kufunda ngazo xa usiya kulungiselela uviwo lwesihloko esizingcayo seCWNA :) Spoiler: awuyi kuhlala ukwazi yenza oku, emva kokucinga nzulu nokuqonda okuya kukhokelela kuko. Enyanisweni, oku kukwaphulwa komnye wemigaqo emibini ye-802.11, ngoko kufuneka uqaphele kakhulu!
- Dibanisa iifreyimu ezininzi ngolu hlobo kunye namalungu aluhlaza kunye. Inxalenye eluhlaza ixesha elide, kokukhona ukwanda okusebenzayo kwisantya sesiteshi. Ewe, esi sisicwangciso esisebenzayo ngokupheleleyo, esivele emva kwi-802.11n kwaye yenye yeembombo ezininzi zendalo yayo yoguquko. Ingxaki kuphela kukuba, okokuqala, inani lezicelo alizange linikezele malunga nokudityaniswa okunjalo (umzekelo, kwaloo Lizwi linxanelwe igazi phezu kwe-Wi-Fi), okwesibini, inani lezixhobo nazo azizange zinike i-damn malunga nayo. (ngandlela ithile ndigqibe kwelokuba ndiyibambe nangona bekuya kubakho izakhelo ezininzi ezidityanisiweyo kuthungelwano lokwenyani lwenkampani endiyisebenzelayo, kodwa kwi >500k "izakhelo" eziqokelelweyo, bekukho kanye izakhelo ezidityanisiweyo eziziro. Okunokwenzeka, ingxaki kukuba kwindlela yam yokuqokelela idatha, kodwa ndikulungele ukuyixoxa nabani na naphina. ngaxesha lithile kwincoko yobuqu!).
- Yaphula eyokuqala kwimigaqo emibini ka-802.11 ngokuqalisa ukuthetha xa omnye umntu ethetha. Kwaye kulapho i-802.11ax isiza khona ngokwenene.
Kumnandi ukuba ekugqibeleni ndiye ndafika kwi-Wi-Fi 6 ngokwayo kwibali lam malunga ne-Wi-Fi 6! Ukuba usafunda le, mhlawumbi kufuneka ngenxa yesizathu esithile okanye unomdla ngokwenene. Ngoko ke, nangona i-802.11ax izuza njengelifa inxalenye enkulu yophuhliso lwangaphambili lwentsapho yonke ye-802.11 (kwaye kungekhona nje, ngendlela - ezinye izinto ezipholileyo zavela kwi-802.16, aka WiMAX), into ekuyo isentsha kunye neyokuqala. Ngesiqhelo la magama akhatshwa ngumfanekiso ofana nalo, ofumaneka kwiwebhusayithi yeWi-Fi Alliance:
Njengoko ndenze ugcino kwasekuqaleni, ngaphakathi kwemida yenqaku elifundekayo siya kukwazi ukuqwalasela enye yezi ngongoma ziphambili, okanye kunoko, akukho nanye kwezo ziboniswe emfanekisweni (enjani yona into emangalisayo!). Ndiqinisekile ukuba sele ufunde isigidi seenkcazo ezikhawulezayo nganye kwezi zinto zisibhozo zibalulekileyo, kodwa ndiza kuqhubeka nebali lam elide elidikayo malunga nokulandelayo ukusuka kwi-OFDMA - ulawulo lokufikelela kwimidiya emininzi (ulawulo lofikelelo lwe-MU), oluthi, njengoko siyabona, andizange ndiyifumane i-infographic kwaphela. Kodwa lilize ngokupheleleyo!
Ufikelelo oluninzi yinto ngaphandle kokwahlula itshaneli kwi-subcarriers akunangqiqo konke konke. Kutheni uzama ukujonga iziqwenga ezahlukeneyo ze-spectrum ukuba akukho ndlela inokunyanzela abathengi benethiwekhi entsha ye-Wi-Fi 6 ukuba baphule omnye wemithetho engekaguquguquki ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kwaye baqale ukuthetha ngaxeshanye? Kwaye, ewe, isixhobo esinjalo kwafuneka sivele- kwaye sinciphise impembelelo yengxaki "ende" xa kuthelekiswa nedatha yolwazi lobunikazi. Njani? Ewe, ilula kakhulu: vumela inxalenye yenkonzo "ecothayo" ithunyelwe ngendlela efanayo nangaphambili, kodwa siya kuthumela inxalenye "ekhawulezayo", apho idatha ithunyelwa ngokuthe ngqo, ngaxeshanye ukusuka kwizixhobo ezininzi (okanye ezininzi) umyalelo! Ijongeka ngolu hlobo:
Kubonakala kuyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa ngokwenene kulula ukuyichaza: indawo yokufikelela, usebenzisa isakhelo esikhethekileyo esiqondakala kubo bonke (kungekhona i-Wi-Fi 6!) izixhobo, ixela ukuba ikulungele ukuthumela idatha ngaxeshanye kwi-STA1 kunye I-STA2. Ekubeni "i-header" yesi sikhokelo iqondakala ngokupheleleyo nakwabathengi abadala kakhulu, benza isigqibo esichanekileyo sokuba amaza omoya aya kuxakeka ngexesha elithile ehambisa ulwazi kwabanye abathengi bothungelwano, kwaye aqale ukubala ixesha. kude kube sekupheleni kweli xesha (enyanisweni, njengesiqhelo kwi-Wi-Fi). Kodwa izixhobo ze-STA1 kunye ne-STA2 ziyaqonda ukuba ngoku idatha iya kuhanjiswa kubo ngendlela entsha, ngaxeshanye, nganye kwisiqwenga sabo setshaneli, kwaye basabela kwindawo yokufikelela ngexesha elinye, kwaye ke kwakhona baqinisekisa ulwamkelo lwe-synchronously. isakhelo (nganye inesahlulo sayo sedatha!), kunye nokusingqongileyo kukhululwe kwakhona. "Ezantsi-phezulu" isebenza ngendlela efanayo:
Umahluko ophambili kunye obalaseleyo kukuba indawo yokufikelela kule meko ixelela izikhululo ezikwazi ukuthetha ngexesha elifanayo xa ziqala ukuhambisa, usebenzisa isakhelo esikhethekileyo esibizwa ngokuba yi-Trigger. Oku, ngokwenene, "i-trigger" entsha yendlela yonke yokufikelela ngaxeshanye kwi-medium, oko kukuthi, ngokombono wam othobekileyo, enye yezinto ezintsha ezibaluleke kakhulu "phantsi kwe-hood" yomgangatho omtsha. Kuyo apho abathengi bafumana "ishedyuli" malunga nendlela yokwahlula ijelo elinye lamaza phakathi kwabo; kulapha apho abathengi ngaxeshanye bazisa indawo yofikelelo ukuba bafumene izahlulo zabo zedatha kwaye bakwazi ukuzicalula. Kuyo, indawo yokufikelela yazisa wonke umntu onokuthi "uthethe" ngexesha elifanayo malunga nokuqala kokuhanjiswa kwedatha - kuyo, indawo yokufikelela iqala ukuyithumela idatha efunekayo. Indlela entsha yesakhelo se-Trigger, enyanisweni, ikuvumela ukuba unciphise ukusetyenziswa kwe-airtime ngokungekho ngqiqweni- kwaye ngempumelelo njengoko uninzi lwabathengi banokuyisebenzisa kwaye bayiqonde ngokuchanekileyo!
Ngoku masiqulunqe iithisisi eziphambili ezilandelayo kulo lonke ibali elide kwaye ufanelekele i-TL; DR:
- Amanqaku okufikelela omgangatho omtsha we-802.11ax, nokuba uxhomekeke kwinto enye yezinto ezininzi ezintsha, ziya kuqalisa ukunyusa umthamo opheleleyo wenethiwekhi esele isuka. yesibini isixhobo umxhasi ehambelanayo! Kamsinya nje ukuba kukho abaxhasi ababini abanokuthetha ngaxeshanye, ke, zonke ezinye izinto ziyalingana (andinasizathu sokucinga ukuba abaqhubi beemodyuli zerediyo zabathengi baya kubhalwa ngcono kunangaphambili, okuthetha ukuba udibaniso lwe iindawo “eziluncedo” zezakhelo, kunye neminye imisebenzi emininzi exhomekeke kumxhasi ayisayi kusebenza “kwi-avareji kumyezo wezilwanyana”) IYA KUSELE inyuse umndilili wokuphuma. Ke ukuba ucinga ngenethiwekhi entsha ye-Wi-Fi, kuyavakala ukuba uqwalasele ngokukhawuleza ezona ndawo zintsha nezingcono kakhulu zokufikelela, kuba nokuba kusekho abathengi abambalwa kubo ngoku, imeko ayiyi kuhlala inje ixesha elide.
- Onke amaqhinga kunye namaqhinga akwi-arsenal yenjineli elungileyo engenazingcingo namhlanje aya kuhlala efanelekile ixesha elide-nangona indlela yokufikelela kwindawo ephakathi ihlaziywe, ityeshela imigaqo yembombo ethathe ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-20, isagciniwe. ukuhambelana phambili. Kusafuneka unqumle amaxabiso olawulo "ocothayo" (kwaye kusafuneka uqonde ukuba kutheni kwaye nini), kusafuneka ucwangcise umaleko womzimba ngokuchanekileyo, kuba akukho matshini kwinqanaba lekhonkco ledatha liya kusebenza ukuba kukho iingxaki emzimbeni. inqanaba. Kwavela ithuba lokwenza kanangcono.
- Phantse zonke izigqibo kwi-Wi-Fi 6 zenziwa yindawo yokufikelela. Njengoko sibona, ilawula ukufikelela komxhasi kokusingqongileyo ngokuhlanganisa izixhobo zibe "ngamaxesha" okusebenza ngaxeshanye. Ukuhamba kancinci ukuya kwicala, umsebenzi we-TWT nawo uphelele emagxeni okufikelela kwindawo. Ngoku i-AP ayifanele "isasaze inethiwekhi" kwaye igcine i-traffic kwimigca, kodwa iphinde igcine iirekhodi zabo bonke abathengi, icwangcisa indlela yokudibanisa inzuzo kunye nomnye ngokusekelwe kwi-bandwidth kunye neemfuno zabo zendlela, iibhetri zabo kunye nokunye okuninzi. . — Le nkqubo ndiyibiza ngokuba “yiokhestra.” I-algorithms apho indawo yokufikelela iya kwenza zonke ezi zigqibo azilawulwa, oku kuthetha ukuba umgangatho wangempela kunye nendlela yesakhiwo sabavelisi iya kubonakaliswa ngokuchanekileyo ekuphuhliseni i-algorithms ye-orchestration. Ngokuchaneka ngakumbi amanqaku axela kwangaphambili iimfuno zabathengi, ngcono kwaye ngokufana ngakumbi baya kukwazi ukudibanisa kumaqela amaninzi okufikelela - ke ngoko, ngokukhona ingqiqo izibonelelo ze-airtime ziya kusetyenziswa kwaye iphezulu isiphumo sokugqibela saloo ndawo yofikelelo. iya kuba. I-algorithm ngumda wokugqibela!
- Utshintsho ukusuka kwi-Wi-Fi 5 ukuya kwi-Wi-Fi 6 luguquguqukayo kwindalo kunye nokubaluleka njengotshintsho ukusuka kwi-802.11g ukuya kwi-802.11n. Emva koko siye safumana imisonto emininzi kunye "nomthwalo wokuhlawula" - ngoku sifumana ukufikelela ngaxeshanye kwindawo ephakathi kwaye ekugqibeleni sisebenze iMU-MIMO kunye neBeamforming (okokuqala, njengoko sisazi, ezi ziphantse zibe yinto enye; okwesibini, ingxoxo " kutheni i-MU- I-MIMO yaqanjwa ngo-802.11ac, kodwa ayinakwenziwa ukuba isebenze” sisihloko senqaku elide elahlukileyo :) Zombini i-802.11n kunye ne-Wi-Fi 6 zisebenza kuzo zombini iibhendi (2,4 GHz kunye ne-5 GHz), ngokungafaniyo nabanduleli babo "abaphakathi" - ngokwenene, "isithandathu sisine esitsha"!
Kancinci malunga nemvelaphi yeli nqaku
Eli nqaku libhalelwe ukhuphiswano olwalubanjwe nguHuawei (eyapapashwa ekuqaleni ). Xa ndibhala, ndandithembele kakhulu kwingxelo yam kwinkomfa "Bezprovodov", eyayibanjwe ngo-2019 eSt. , gcina nje engqondweni - isandi apho, ukuthetha ngokunyanisekileyo, akukuhle, nangona imvelaphi yaseSt. Petersburg yevidiyo!).
umthombo: www.habr.com