Ngasekupheleni kwamashumi amathathu eminyaka edlulileyo, umqambi we-slat, uGustav Lachmann, ucebise ukuxhobisa i-tailless ngephiko elijikelezayo elikhululekile elibekwe phambi kwephiko. Eli phiko lixhotyiswe nge-servo-rudder, ngoncedo apho amandla ayo okuphakamisa alawulwayo. Isebenze ukuhlawulela umzuzu owongezelelweyo wokuntywila wephiko owenzeka xa i-flap ikhululiwe. Ekubeni uLachmann wayengumqeshwa wenkampani ye-Handley-Page, yayingumnikazi welungelo lobunikazi kwesi sisombululo sobugcisa kwaye phantsi kolu phawu ingcamango ikhankanywe kwiincwadi zobugcisa. Kodwa akukabikho ukuphunyezwa okusebenzayo kwalo mbono! Siyintoni isizathu?
Ukulinganisa ilahleko
Iphiko lenqwelomoya, elenza ukunyuswa, lihamba kunye, omnye unokuthi, imveliso engalunganga ngendlela yomzuzu wokuntywila odla ngokufaka inqwelomoya kwi-diving. Ukuthintela ukuntywila kwendiza, kukho iphiko elincinci kumsila walo - i-stabilizer, ethintela le dive, idale ukuhla, oko kukuthi, i-negative, amandla okuphakamisa. Olu lungelelwaniso lwe-aerodynamic lwenqwelomoya lubizwa ngokuba "luqhelekileyo". Ekubeni inqwelo-moya iphakamisa umxhuzulane, iphiko limele liphakame ngaphezu komxhuzulane.
Umahluko phakathi kwala mandla ubizwa ngokuba yilahleko yokulinganisa, enokufikelela kwi-20%.
Kodwa indiza yokuqala yokubhabha ye-Wright Brothers yayingenayo ilahleko enjalo, kuba iphiko elincinci - i-destabilizer ethintela ukuntywila - ayifakwanga emva kwephiko, kodwa phambi kwayo. Olu yilo lwe-aerodynamic lwenqwelomoya lubizwa ngokuba yi "canard". Kwaye ukuze kuthintelwe inqwelomoya ukuba ingantywili, i-destabilizer kufuneka idale phezulu, oko kukuthi, okulungileyo, amandla okuphakamisa. Yongezwa ekuphakanyisweni kwephiko, kwaye le mali ilingana nomxhuzulane wenqwelomoya. Ngenxa yoko, iphiko kufuneka livelise amandla okuphakamisa angaphantsi kwamandla omxhuzulane. Kwaye akukho lahleko yokulinganisa!
I-Stabilizer kunye ne-destabilizer idibaniswe kwikota enye - umsila othe tye okanye i-GO.
Nangona kunjalo, ngophuhliso olukhulu lokusuka kunye nomatshini wokumisa ngamaphiko ekuqaleni kwamashumi amathathu enkulungwane edlulileyo, "idada" laphulukana nalo ncedo. Eyona nto iphambili kumatshini kukubhabha - indawo engasemva yephiko ejikelwe ezantsi. Iphantse iphindwe kabini amandla okuphakamisa iphiko, ngenxa yoko kunokwenzeka ukunciphisa isantya ngexesha lokufika nokuhamba, ngaloo ndlela usindisa ubunzima be-chassis. Kodwa i-by-product in the form of dive moment xa i-flap ikhutshwe inyuka kangangokuba i-destabilizer ayikwazi ukujamelana nayo, kodwa i-stabilizer ayikwazi ukujamelana nayo. Ukuqhawula akukwakhiwa, kulo mzekelo amandla afanelekileyo.
Ukuze iphiko lidale ukuphakama, kufuneka lijoliswe kwi-angle ukuya kwicala lokuhamba komoya ozayo. Le angle ibizwa ngokuba yi-angle yokuhlaselwa kwaye njengoko inyuka, amandla okunyusa ayanda, kodwa kungekhona ngokungapheliyo, kodwa ukuya kwinqanaba elibalulekileyo, elivela kwi-15 ukuya kwi-25 degrees. Ke ngoko, amandla e-aerodynamic ewonke ayijoliswanga phezulu ngokungqongqo, kodwa ityekele emsileni wenqwelomoya. Kwaye inokuthi iboliswe ibe licandelo eliqondiswe ngokungqongqo phezulu - amandla okuphakamisa, kwaye aqondiswe ngasemva - amandla okutsala aerodynamic. Umlinganiselo wokuphakanyiswa ukuya kumandla okutsala usetyenziselwa ukugweba umgangatho we-aerodynamic wenqwelomoya, onokuqala kwi-7 ukuya kwi-25.
Isenzeko esisebenza ngokuxhasa iskimu esiqhelekileyo yibevel yokuhamba komoya ngasemva kwephiko, ebandakanya ukuphambuka okuya ezantsi kwecala lokuhamba, kokukhona kuphakanyiswe okukhulu kwephiko. Ngoko ke, xa i-flap ijikisiwe, ngenxa ye-aerodynamics, i-angle engalunganga yokuhlaselwa kwe-stabilizer iyanda ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye, ngenxa yoko, amandla ayo okunyusa angalunganga.
Ukongezelela, imeko enje njengokuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwe-longitudinal yendiza yendiza nayo isebenza ngokuthanda inkqubo "eqhelekileyo" xa kuthelekiswa ne "canard". I-engile yokuhlaselwa kwenqwelo-moya inokutshintsha ngenxa yeentshukumo ezithe nkqo zomoya. Iinqwelo-moya ziyilwe kucingwa ngale nto yaye zizama ukumelana nokuphazamiseka. Umphezulu ngamnye wenqwelo-moya unogxininiso lwe-aerodynamic - indawo yokusetyenziswa kokunyuka kwi-lift xa i-angle yohlaselo itshintsha. Ukuba siqwalasela isiphumo sephiko kunye nokunyuka kwe-GO, ngoko ke inqwelomoya nayo inojoliso. Ukuba ugxininiso lwenqwelomoya lusemva kweziko lobunzima, ngoko ngokunyuka okungahleliweyo kwi-angle yokuhlaselwa, ukunyuka kwe-lift kudla ukuthambeka inqwelomoya ukwenzela ukuba i-angle yokuhlaselwa iyancipha. Kwaye inqwelomoya ibuyela kwindlela yayo yokubhabha yangaphambili. Kule meko, kwi-configuration "eqhelekileyo", iphiko lidala umzuzu ophazamisayo (ukwandisa i-angle yokuhlaselwa), kwaye i-stabilizer yenza umzuzu wokuzinza (ukunciphisa i-angle yokuhlaselwa), kwaye okokugqibela kunqoba malunga ne-10% . Kwi-canard, umzuzu ophazamisayo udalwa yi-destabilizer, kwaye umzuzu wokuzinzisa, omalunga ne-10% enkulu, udalwa yiphiko. Ngako oko, ukunyuka kwendawo kunye negxalaba lomsila othe tye kukhokelela ekunyuseni kozinzo kuyilo oluqhelekileyo kunye nokuncipha kwayo "kwi-canard". Zonke iimizuzu zisebenza kwaye zibalwa ngokumalunga neziko lobunzima benqwelo-moya (jonga umfanekiso 1).
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Ukuba ugxininiso lwenqwelomoya luphambi kombindi wobunzima, ngoko ngokunyuka okungahleliweyo okuncinci kwi-angle yohlaselo kwandisa ngakumbi kwaye inqwelomoya iya kuzinza. Esi sikhundla sihambelanayo sokugxila kunye neziko lobunzima lisetyenziswa kwiimfazwe zanamhlanje ukulayisha i-stabilizer kwaye nokufumana i-negative, kodwa ukuphakamisa okulungileyo kuyo. Kwaye ukuhamba kwenqwelomoya akuqinisekiswanga yi-aerodynamics, kodwa yinkqubo yozinzo eyenziwe ngokuphindwe kane ephindwe kane, ethi "iqhube" xa inqwelomoya isuka kwi-angle efunekayo yokuhlaselwa. Xa i-automation icinyiwe, inqwelomoya iqala ukujika umsila kuqala, yile nto isekelwe kuyo umzobo we-"Pugachev's Cobra", apho umqhubi wenqwelo-moya ecima ngabom i-automation kwaye, xa i-angle yokujikeleza komsila ifikelelwe, ivutha umlilo. rocket kwi-hemisphere yangasemva, kwaye emva koko ivule i-automation kwakhona.
Koku kulandelayo, siqwalasela kuphela iinqwelomoya ezizinzileyo, kuba kuphela ezo moya zinokusetyenziswa kuphapho lwasekuhlaleni.
Indawo ekugxilwe kuyo kwinqwelomoya kunye nombindi wobunzima ibonakalisa ingcamango “yokubeka phakathi.”
Ekubeni ugxininiso lusemva kombindi wobunzima, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni iphethini, umgama phakathi kwabo, obizwa ngokuba ngumda wokuzinza, ukwandisa ingalo ye-GO kwipatheni eqhelekileyo kwaye iyanciphisa "kwi-canard".
Umlinganiselo weengalo zephiko kwi-canard kukuba amandla okuphakamisa i-destabilizer kwi-deflection ephezulu ye-elevators isetyenziswe ngokupheleleyo xa inqwelo-moya iziswa kwii-angles eziphezulu zokuhlaselwa. Kwaye iya kuphoswa xa iiflaps zikhululwa. Ke ngoko, onke "amadada" omyili odumileyo waseMelika uRutan akanalo naluphi na umatshini. Inqwelomoya yakhe iVoyager yaba yeyokuqala kwihlabathi ukubhabha kwihlabathi jikelele ngaphandle kokuhla kunye nokufaka amafutha ngo-1986.
Okungafaniyo yi-Beechcraft Starship, kodwa apho, ngenjongo yokusebenzisa i-flaps, idizayini enzima kakhulu kunye nejometri ye-destabilizer eguquguqukayo isetyenzisiwe, engenakukwazi ukuziswa kwi-serial reproducible state, yingakho iprojekthi yavalwa.
Ingalo yephiko ubukhulu becala ixhomekeke ekubeni ungakanani na amandla okuphakamisa isithinteli esonyukayo xa i-engile yohlaselo inyuka ngeqondo elinye; le parameter ibizwa ngokuba yi-derivative malunga ne-engile yohlaselo lwe-coefficient yokuphakamisa okanye ngokulula i-derivative ye-destabilizer. Kwaye, incinci le derivative, ngokusondeleyo kwiphiko eliphakathi kobunzima bendiza inokubekwa, ngoko ke, incinci ingalo yephiko iya kuba. Ukunciphisa le derivative, umbhali kwi-1992 ucebise ukuphumeza i-destabilizer ngokwe-biplane scheme (2). Oku kwenza ukuba kube lula ukunciphisa igxalaba lephiko kangangokuba kuphelisa umqobo wokusebenzisa i-flap kuyo. Nangona kunjalo, umphumo wecala uvela ngendlela yokunyuka kokuchasana kwe-GO ngenxa ye-biplane. Ukongeza, kukho ingxaki kuyilo lwenqwelomoya, kuba kuyimfuneko ukwenza ii-GO ezimbini, hayi enye.
Oogxa babo babonisa ukuba i-"biplane destabilizer" yayikhona kwinqwelomoya ye-Wright Brothers, kodwa kwizinto eziqanjiweyo kungekhona nje into entsha enelungelo lobunikazi, kodwa kunye nesethi entsha yezinto. AbakwaWright babengenalo inqaku elithi "flap". Ukongeza, ukuba isethi yeempawu zento entsha iyaziwa, ngoko ukuze oku kuqanjwa kuqatshelwe, ubuncinane into enye kufuneka isetyenziselwe iinjongo ezintsha. I-Wrights isebenzise i-biplane ukunciphisa ubunzima besakhiwo, kwaye kwi-invention echazwe - ukunciphisa i-derivative.
"Weathervane Dada"
Phantse kumashumi amabini eminyaka eyadlulayo, sakhumbula ingcamango “yedada yevane” ekhankanywe ekuqaleni kweli nqaku.
Isebenzisa imozulu yemozulu enomsila othe tyaba (FGO) njengento yokususa uzinzo, equlathe i-destabilizer ngokwayo, ibekwe ngokuxhomekeke kwi-axis perpendicular to fuselage, kwaye iqhagamshelwe kwi-destabilizer ye-rudder ye-servo. Uhlobo lwendiza yoyilo oluqhelekileyo, apho iphiko lenqwelomoya liyi-FGO destabilizer, kwaye i-airplane stabilizer yi-servo ye-FGO. Kwaye le nqwelo-moya ayibhabha, kodwa ibekwe kwi-axis, kwaye yona ngokwayo ijoliswe ngokumalunga nokuhamba okuzayo. Ngokutshintsha i-angle engalunganga yokuhlaselwa kwe-servo steering, sitshintsha i-angle yokuhlaselwa kwe-destabilizer ngokumalunga nokuhamba kwaye, ngenxa yoko, amandla okuphakamisa i-FGO ngexesha lokulawula i-pitch.
Xa isikhundla sevili lokuqhuba i-servo sihlala singatshintshi ngokubhekiselele kwi-destabilizer, i-FGO ayiphenduli kwimimoya yomoya othe nkqo, i.e. utshintsho kwi-angle yokuhlasela yenqwelomoya. Ngoko ke i-derivative yayo ngu-zero. Ngokusekelwe kwiingxoxo zethu zangaphambili, olu lukhetho olufanelekileyo.
Xa uvavanya inqwelomoya yokuqala yoyilo lwe "vane canard" eyenzelwe ngu-A. Yurkonenko (3) kunye ne-FGO elayishwe ngokufanelekileyo, ngaphezu kweendlela ezimbini eziyimpumelelo zenziwa. Kwangaxeshanye, kwafunyaniswa iimpawu ezicacileyo zokungazinzi kwenqwelo-moya (4).
"Ukuqina okuphezulu"
I-Paradoxical njengoko kubonakala ngathi, ukungazinzi kwe "vane duck" sisiphumo "sozinzo oluphezulu". Umzuzu wokuzinzisa we-classic canard kunye ne-GO esisigxina yenziwe ukusuka kwixesha lokuzinzisa kwephiko kunye nomzuzu ophazamisayo we-GO ephikisana nayo. Kwidada yemozulu, i-FGO ayithathi nxaxheba ekubunjweni kwexesha lokuzinza, kwaye yenziwe kuphela ukusuka kwixesha lokuzinzisa kwephiko. Ke, umzuzu wokuzinzisa we "vane duck" uphantse ube mkhulu ngokuphindwe kashumi kunowokuqala. Ukuba i-angle yokuhlaselwa inyuka ngengozi, inqwelo-moya, phantsi kweempembelelo zomzuzu wokuzinzisa ngokugqithiseleyo kwephiko, ayibuyeli kwimodi yayo yangaphambili, kodwa "iyayigqithisa". Emva kokuba "i-overshoot," inqwelo-moya ifumana i-angle encitshisiweyo yokuhlaselwa xa kuthelekiswa nemodi yangaphambili, ngoko ke umzuzu wokuzinzisa wesibonakaliso esahlukileyo uvela, kwakhona ugqithise, kwaye ngoko ke i-self-oscillations ivela, apho umqhubi akakwazi ukucima.
Enye yeemeko zokuzinza kukukwazi ukwenza i-aircraft ithobe imiphumo yokuphazamiseka kwe-atmospheric. Ngoko ke, ngokungabikho kokuphazamiseka, ukuhamba okwanelisayo kwenqwelomoya engazinzanga kunokwenzeka. Oku kuchaza iindlela eziyimpumelelo zenqwelomoya yeYuAN-1. Kubutsha bam obukude, umbhali waba netyala xa imodeli entsha yokutyibilika ibhabha ngokuhlwa kwindawo ezolileyo kangangemizuzu engama-45 iyonke, ibonakalisa iinqwelomoya ezonelisayo kwaye ibonise ukungazinzi okubalulekileyo-ukutsiba okuhamba ngokuntywila kwinqwelomoya yokuqala enomoya. imozulu. Ngethuba nje imozulu izolile kwaye kungekho ziphazamiso, i-glider yabonisa ukubhabha okwanelisayo, kodwa ukulungiswa kwayo kwakungazinzanga. Kwakungekho sizathu sokubonisa oku kungazinzi.
I-CSF echaziweyo, ngokomgaqo, inokusetyenziswa kwi-“pseudo-duck”. Inqwelo-moya enjalo ngokusisiseko iyilo “engenamsila” kwaye inolungelelwaniso olufanelekileyo. Kwaye i-FGO yakhe isetyenziselwa kuphela ukuhlawulela umzuzu owongezelelweyo wokuntywila wephiko olwenzeka xa kukhutshwa umatshini. Kuqwalaselo lokuhamba ngenqanawa akukho mthwalo kwiFGO. Ke, i-FGO eneneni ayisebenzi kwimowudi yokubhabha ephambili, kwaye ke ukusetyenziswa kwayo kulo mzobo akunamveliso.
"KRASNOV-DUCK"
"Uzinzo olugqithisileyo" lunokupheliswa ngokunyusa i-derivative ye-CSF ukusuka ku-zero ukuya kwinqanaba elamkelekileyo. Le njongo iphunyeziwe ngenxa yokuba i-angle yokujikeleza kwe-FGO incinci kakhulu kune-angle yokujikeleza kwe-rudder ye-servo ebangelwa utshintsho kwi-angle yokuhlaselwa kwenqwelomoya (5). Ngenxa yale njongo, kusetyenziswa indlela elula kakhulu, eboniswe kumfanekiso. 2. FGO 1 kunye servo ivili lokuqhuba 3 zixhomekeke kwi-axis OO1. Ii-rod 4 kunye ne-6, ngeehenjisi 5,7, 9,10, zidibanisa i-FGO 1 kunye nevili lokuqhuba i-servo 3 kunye ne-rocker 8. I-Clutch 12 isebenza ukutshintsha ubude bentonga ye-6 ngumqhubi ngenjongo yokulawula i-pitch. Ukujikeleza kwe-FGO 1 akwenziwanga nge-angle yonke yokuphambuka kwevili lokuqhuba i-servo 3 ngokumalunga nenqwelomoya xa ulwalathiso lokuhamba okuzayo lutshintsha, kodwa kuphela ngenxalenye yalo elinganayo. Ukuba umlinganiselo ulingana nesiqingatha, ngoko phantsi kwesenzo sokunyuka okunyukayo, okukhokelela ekwandeni kwe-angle yokuhlaselwa kwendiza ngama-degrees ama-2, i-angle yangempela yokuhlaselwa kwe-FGO iya kwanda nge-1 degree kuphela. Ngokufanelekileyo, i-derivative ye-FGO iya kuba ncinane ngokuphindwe kabini xa kuthelekiswa ne-GO esisigxina. Imigca edayiweyo ibonisa indawo ye-FGO 1 kunye ne-servo rudder 3 emva kokutshintsha i-angle yokuhlaselwa kwendiza. Ukutshintsha umlinganiselo kwaye, ngaloo ndlela, ukugqiba ixabiso le-derivative inokufezekiswa ngokulula ngokukhetha imigama efanelekileyo yeehinji 5 kunye ne-7 ukuya kwi-axis OO1.
![umfanekiso]()
Ukunciphisa i-derivative ye-GO ngenxa yeentsiba ikuvumela ukuba ubeke ugxininiso kuyo nayiphi na imida, kwaye emva kwayo iziko lobunzima benqwelomoya. Lo ngumbono wolungelelwaniso lwe-aerodynamic. Ngaloo ndlela, zonke izithintelo ekusebenziseni i-wing mechanization yanamhlanje kwi-canard configuration ziyasuswa ngelixa zigcina uzinzo.
"KRASNOV-FLUGER"
Yonke into iilungile! Kodwa kukho ingxaki. Ukuze kubekho amandla okuphakamisa alungileyo kwi-FGO 1, amandla okuphakamisa angalunganga kufuneka asebenze kwi-servo steering wheel 3. Isifaniso yindlela eqhelekileyo yoyilo lwenqwelomoya. Oko kukuthi, kukho iilahleko zokulinganisa, kule meko ukulinganisa i-CSF. Ngoko ke indlela yokuphelisa le ntsilelo yinkqubo "yedada". Sibeka ivili lokuqhuba i-servo phambi kwe-FGO, njengoko kuboniswe kumfanekiso. 3.
I-FGO isebenza ngolu hlobo lulandelayo (6). Njengomphumo wesenzo se-aerodynamic forces kwi-FGO 1 kunye nevili lokuqhuba i-servo 4, i-FGO 1 ifakwe ngokuzenzekelayo kwi-angle ethile yokuhlaselwa ukuya kwicala lokuhamba okuzayo. I-angles yokuhlaselwa kwe-FGO 1 kunye ne-servo rudder 4 inomqondiso ofanayo, ngoko ke, imikhosi yokuphakamisa yale mimandla iya kuba nolwalathiso olufanayo. Oko kukuthi, i-aerodynamic force ye-servo rudder 4 ayinciphisi, kodwa inyusa amandla okuphakamisa i-FGO 1. Ukwandisa i-angle yokuhlaselwa kwenqwelomoya, umqhubi utshintshe i-thrust 6 phambili, ngenxa yoko i-servo i-rudder 4 kwihinge 5 ijikeleza ngasekunene kunye ne-engile yokuhlaselwa kwe-servo rudder 4 yonyuka. Oku kukhokelela ekunyukeni kwe-angle yokuhlaselwa kwe-FGO 1, oko kukuthi ukunyuka kwamandla ayo okuphakamisa.
Ukongeza kulawulo lwe-pitch, uxhulumaniso olwenziwa yi-thrust 7 luqinisekisa ukunyuka ukusuka kwi-zero ukuya kwixabiso elifunekayo le-derivative ye-FGO.
Masicinge ukuba inqwelomoya yangena kwi-updraft kwaye i-angle yayo yokuhlasela yanda. Kule meko, i-beam 2 ijikeleza i-counterclockwise kunye neehenjisi 9 kunye ne-8, ngokungabikho kwe-traction 7, kuya kufuneka isondele kunye. I-rod yesi-7 ithintela ukusondela kwaye ijike ivili lokuqhuba i-servo 4 ngokwewotshi kwaye ngoko yonyusa i-angle yayo yokuhlasela.
Ngaloo ndlela, xa ulwalathiso lokuhamba okuzayo lutshintsha, i-angle yokuhlaselwa kwevili lokuqhuba i-servo i-4 iyatshintsha, kwaye i-FGO 1 ibeka ngokuzenzekelayo kwi-angle eyahlukileyo ngokumalunga nokuhamba kwaye idala amandla okunyusa ahlukeneyo. Kule meko, ixabiso le-derivative lixhomekeke kumgama phakathi kweehenjisi 8 kunye ne-3, kunye nomgama phakathi kweehenjisi 9 kunye ne-5.
I-FGO ecetywayo yavavanywa kwimodeli yentambo yombane yesekethe “yedada”, ngelixa i-derivative yayo xa ithelekiswa ne-GO esisigxina yancitshiswa ngesiqingatha. Umthwalo kwi-FGO yi-68% yaloo phiko. Injongo yovavanyo yayingekokufumana imithwalo elinganayo, kodwa ukufumana ngokuchanekileyo umthwalo ophantsi we-FGO xa kuthelekiswa nephiko, ekubeni ukuba uyayifumana, akuyi kuba nzima ukufumana ezilinganayo. Kwi "amadada" ane-GO esisigxina, ukulayishwa kwe-empennage ngokuqhelekileyo i-20 - 30% ephezulu kunokulayisha iphiko.
"Inqwelomoya Efanelekileyo"
Ukuba umdibaniso wamanani amabini lixabiso elingaguqukiyo, ngoko ke isibalo sezikwere zazo siyakuba lelona lincinci ukuba la manani ayalingana. Kuba i-inductive tsala yomphezulu ophakamisayo ilingana nesikweri se-coefficient yokunyuswa kwayo, owona mda uphantsi wokutsalwa kwenqwelo-moya uya kuba kwimeko xa ezi coefficients zayo yomibini imiphezulu yokuphakamisa ilingana enye kwenye ngexesha lokuhamba ngenqwelomoya. Inqwelomoya enjalo kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo "efanelekileyo". Ukuveliswa kwe "Krasnov-duck" kunye ne "Krasnov-weather vane" kwenza kube lula ukuqonda ngokwenene ingcamango "yenqwelomoya efanelekileyo" ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ukugcinwa kozinzo ngokuzenzekela ngeenkqubo ezizenzekelayo.
Ukuthelekisa "inqwelomoya efanelekileyo" kunye nenqwelomoya yanamhlanje yoyilo oluqhelekileyo lubonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukufumana inzuzo ye-33% kumthwalo wezorhwebo ngelixa kwangaxeshanye usindisa i-23% kumafutha.
I-FGO idala ukunyuswa okuphezulu kwii-engile zohlaselo kufutshane nokubaluleke kakhulu, kwaye le ndlela iqhelekile kwisigaba sokumisa senqwelomoya. Kule meko, ukuhamba kweengqungquthela zomoya ezijikeleze indawo ethwele umthwalo kusondele kumda phakathi kwesiqhelo kunye ne-stall. Ukuphazamiseka kokuhamba ukusuka kumphezulu we-GO kukhatshwa yilahleko ebukhali yokunyuswa kuyo kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ukuthoba okukhulu kwempumlo yenqwelomoya, okubizwa ngokuba "yi-pitch." Imeko ye "peck" yintlekele ye-Tu-144 e-Le Bourget, xa yawa xa iphuma kwi-dive kanye emva kokuntywila. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-CSF ecetywayo kwenza kube lula ukusombulula le ngxaki. Ukwenza oku, kuyimfuneko kuphela ukunciphisa i-angle yokujikeleza kwe-servo steering ngokubhekiselele kwi-FGO. Kule meko, i-angle yangempela yokuhlaselwa kwe-FGO iya kulinganiselwa kwaye ayisoze yalingana neyona nto ibalulekileyo.
"I-Weathervane stabilizer"
![umfanekiso]()
Umbuzo wokusebenzisa i-FGO kwisikimu esiqhelekileyo unomdla. Ukuba awunciphisi, kodwa ngokuchaseneyo, ukwandisa i-angle yokujikeleza kwe-FGO xa kuthelekiswa nevili lokuqhuba i-servo, njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-Fig. I-4, ngoko i-derivative ye-FGO iya kuba phezulu kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa ne-stabilizer esisigxina (7).
Oku kuvumela ugqaliselo lwenqwelomoya kunye nombindi wobunzima ukuba zitshintshele ngasemva kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, umthwalo wokuhamba ngenqanawa we-FGO stabilizer ayibi, kodwa ilungile. Ukongeza, ukuba umbindi wobunzima benqwelomoya utshintshelwe ngaphaya kogxininiso ecaleni kwe-angle yokuphambuka kwe-flap (indawo yokusetyenziswa konyuso kwi-lift ngenxa yokuphambuka kwe-flap), ngoko ke isizinzisi seentsiba senza amandla okuphakamisa alungileyo kuqwalaselo lokuhlala. .
Kodwa yonke le nto inokuba yinyani logama nje singayithatheli ngqalelo isiphumo sokuqhobosha kunye nokuhamba kwe-bevel ukusuka kumphezulu wokuthwala wangaphambili ukuya ngasemva. Kucacile ukuba kwimeko "yedada" indima yale mpembelelo incinci kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuba i-stabilizer "ithwala" kumajoni omkhosi, ngoko kutheni iya kuyeka "ukuthwala" kwinqwelomoya?
"Krasnov-plan" okanye "pseudo-vane idada"
Ukunyuswa okujingayo kwesixoxisi-moya, nangona kungenzeki kangako, kusenzima ukuyila inqwelomoya. Kuyavela ukuba ukunciphisa i-derivative destabilizer kunokufezekiswa ngeendlela ezingabizi kakhulu.
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KwiFig. Umzobo we-4 ubonisa i-destabilizer 1 yenqwelo-moya ecetywayo edityaniswe ngokungqongqo kwi-fuselage (engaboniswanga kumzobo). Ixhotyiswe ngendlela yokutshintsha amandla ayo okunyusa ngendlela yevili lokuqhuba i-2, leyo, isebenzisa i-hinge 3, ifakwe kwi-bracket 4, ixhunywe ngokungqongqo kwi-destabilizer 1. Kwi-bracket efanayo 4, usebenzisa i-hinge I-5, kukho intonga yesi-6, ekupheleni kwayo ivili lokuqhuba i-servo 7 lidityaniswe ngokungqongqo Kwisiphelo sangaphambili sentonga ye-6, ecaleni kwe-hinge 5, i-lever 8 igxininiswe ngokungqongqo, isiphelo esiphezulu sayo. exhunywe kwintonga ye-9 ngokusebenzisa i-hinge 10. Ekupheleni kwentonga ye-10 kukho i-hinge 11 edibanisa kwi-lever 12 ye-trimmer 13 ye-elevator 2. Kule meko, i-trimmer ye-13 ifakwe kwindawo yangasemva yevili lokuqhuba i-14 usebenzisa i-hinge ye-2. I-Clutch ye-15 itshintsha ubude be-thrust ye-10 phantsi kolawulo lomqhubi we-pilot kulawulo lwe-pitch.
I-destabilizer ekhoyo isebenza ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Ukuba i-angle yokuhlaselwa kwenqwelomoya inyuka ngengozi, umzekelo, xa ingena kwi-updraft, isondo lokuqhuba i-servo 7 liphambukile phezulu, elibandakanya ukutshintshwa kwe-thrust 10 ukuya ngakwesobunxele, i.e. phambili kwaye kukhokelela ekuphambukeni kwe-trimmer 13 ukuya ezantsi, ngenxa yoko i-elevator 2 ijikisiwe ukuya phezulu. Isikhundla sevili lokuqhuba i-2, i-servo steering 7 kunye ne-trimmer 13 kwimeko echazwe imelwe kumzobo ngemigca edayiweyo.
Ngenxa yoko, ukonyuka kwamandla okunyusa we-destabilizer 1 ngenxa yokwanda kwe-angle yohlaselo kuya kuba kwinqanaba elithile lokulungiswa kukuphambuka okuphezulu kwe-2 ye-elevator. Umgangatho wolu mgangatho uxhomekeke kumlinganiselo wee-engile zokuphambuka kwevili lokuqhuba i-servo 7 kunye nevili lokuqhuba 2. Kwaye lo mlinganiso ubekwe ubude bee-levers 8 kunye ne-12. Xa i-angle yokuhlaselwa iyancipha, i-elevator 2 ihlanjululwe phantsi, kwaye amandla okuphakamisa i-destabilizer 1 yanda, iphakamisa ukuhla kwe-angle yokuhlaselwa.
Ngale ndlela, ukuhla kwe-derivative of destabilizer kufezekiswa xa kuthelekiswa ne-classical "idada".
Ngenxa yokuba ivili lokuqhuba i-servo 7 kunye ne-trimmer ye-13 zidibene ngokulinganayo, zilungelelana. Ukuba le balancing akwanelanga, ngoko ke kuyimfuneko ukubandakanya ubunzima balancing kuyilo, ekufuneka ibekwe nokuba ngaphakathi servo ivili lokuqhuba 7 okanye ekwandiseni intonga 6 phambi ihinge 5. I-elevator 2 kufuneka kwakhona ukulungelelana.
Ekubeni i-derivative malunga ne-angle yokuhlaselwa kwe-bearing surface imalunga nokuphindwe kabini ubukhulu be-derivative malunga ne-angle yokuphambuka kwe-flap, ngoko xa i-angle yokuphambuka kwe-rudder 2 iphindwe kabini ngaphezu kwe-engile. ukuphambuka kwe-servo rudder 7, kunokwenzeka ukufezekisa ixabiso le-derivative ye-destabilizer kufuphi ne-zero.
I-Servo rudder 7 ilingana kwindawo yokucheba i-13 ye-rudder 2 ubude. Oko kukuthi, izongezo kuyilo lwenqwelomoya zincinci kakhulu ngobukhulu kwaye zinzima ngokungakhathali.
Ke, kunokwenzeka ukuba ufumane iziphumo ezifanayo "njenge-vane canard" usebenzisa itekhnoloji yemveli yokuvelisa inqwelomoya. Ngoko ke, inqwelo-moya enesithinteli esinjalo inokubizwa ngokuba yi "pseudo-vane duck". Ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza lafunyanwa kule mveliso kunye negama elithi "Krasnov-plan" (8).
"Inqwelomoya engahoyiyo isiphithiphithi"
Kucetyiswa kakhulu ukuyila inqwelomoya apho umphezulu wokuphakamisa umphambili nasemva unento ephuma kuyo elingana noziro.
Inqwelo-moya elolo hlobo iphantse yangakuhoyi tu ukuqukuqela okuthe nkqo komoya, yaye abakhweli bayo abayi kuziva “bencokola” nokuba kukho isiphithiphithi esimandla esisemoyeni. Kwaye, ekubeni ukuhamba okuthe nkqo kwemimoya yomoya kungakhokelela ekulayisheni ngokugqithisileyo kwenqwelomoya, inokubalwa ukuba ibe nomthwalo ophantsi kakhulu wokusebenza, oya kuba nefuthe elihle kubunzima besakhiwo sayo. Ngenxa yokuba inqwelo-moya ayifumani mthwalo omninzi ngexesha lokubhabha, i-airframe yayo ayixhomekekanga ekudinweni.
Ukunciphisa i-derivative yephiko lenqwelo-moya enjalo kufezekiswa ngendlela efanayo ne-destabilizer kwi "pseudo-vane canard". Kodwa i-servo ayisebenzi kwii-elevators, kodwa kwii-flaperon zamaphiko. I-Flaperon yinxalenye yephiko elisebenza njenge-aileron kunye ne-flap. Kule meko, ngenxa yenguqu engahleliweyo kwi-angle yokuhlaselwa kwephiko, amandla ayo okunyusa ayanda ekugxininiseni kunye ne-angle yokuhlaselwa. Kwaye ukonyuka okungalunganga kumandla okuphakamisa iphiko ngenxa yokuphambukiswa kwe-flaperon nge-rudder ye-servo kwenzeka kwingqwalasela ecaleni kwe-engile yokuphambuka kwe-flaperon. Kwaye umgama phakathi kwezi foci uphantse ulingane nekota ye-avareji ye-aerodynamic chord yephiko. Njengomphumo wesenzo salo mbini wamandla ahlukeneyo, umzuzu ophazamisayo wenziwa, omele uhlawulwe ngumzuzu we-destabilizer. Kule meko, i-destabilizer kufuneka ibe ne-derivative encinci, kwaye ixabiso le-wing derivative kufuneka libe likhulu kancinane kuno-zero. Ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza le-RF elinguNombolo 2710955 lifunyenwe kwinqwelo-moya enjalo.
Isethi yezinto ezivelisiweyo imele, mhlawumbi, ulwazi lokugqibela olungasetyenziswanga kwi-aerodynamic resource yokwandisa impumelelo yezoqoqosho ye-subsonic aviation ngesithathu okanye ngaphezulu.
Yuri Krasnov
UKUFUNDA
- D. Sobolev. Imbali yekhulu leminyaka "yephiko lokubhabha", eMoscow, eRusavia, ngo-1988, iphepha le-100.
- Yu. Krasnov. RF patent No. 2000251.
- A. Yurkonenko. Enye indlela "idada". Technology - ulutsha 2009-08. Iphepha 6-11
- V. Lapin. Iza kubhabha nini imozulu yezulu? Uphapho jikelele. 2011. No.8. Iphepha 38-41.
- Yu. Krasnov. RF patent No. 2609644.
- Yu. Krasnov. RF patent No. 2651959.
- Yu. Krasnov. RF patent No. 2609620.
- Yu. Krasnov. RF patent No. 2666094.
umthombo: www.habr.com